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Maria Francisca Rojas
Victoriano
Languages



                       Contain




  Lexicon      Phonology    Morphology           Syntax
(Vocabulary)    (Sound)     (Word Structure)   (Grammar)
English                  West
                                         Germanic



                                         Germanic


              Indo European      Proto-Germanic
                   (IE)              (PGmc)
Other Proto
Languages
                             Proto-Indo-
                            European (PIE)




               Languages
World Languages by percentage of
                       speakers

             1.50%
                     3.50%               Indo-European
             5%
       6%
  2%                                     Niger-Congo
5%                                       Dravidian
                               45%
                                         Sino-Tibetan
                                         Afro-Asiatic
       22%
                                         Austroasiatic
                        6%               Altaic
                                         Austronesian
                                         Tai-Kadai
                  4%
                                         Other
Some
              modern
                         similarities
            languages
                            of two
Languages       have
                          language
  share      inherited
                           families
  genes,      features
                         are shown
            from Older
                         in the next
            languages
                          slideshow
Numbers one, two and
        three in some Romance
        languages.
        Italian   French   Spanish   Portuguese   Latin




One     Uno       Un       Uno       Um           Unus




Two     Due       Deux     Dos       Dois         Duo




Three   Tre       Trois    Tres      Tres         Tres
Numbers one, two and
        three in some Germanic
        languages.
        English   Dutch   German   Swedish   Yiddish




One     One       Een     Eins     En        Eyns




Two     Two       Twee    Zwei     Två       Tsvey




Three   Three     Drie    Drei     Tre       Dray
   Romance languages share an
       ancestor language: LATIN.




 Germanic language’s ancestor must
  be inferred, a case different from
 Latin, because Germanic was never
               written.
Some Germanic
   vocabulary words that
   express genetic relation
English   Dutch    German   Swedish   Yiddish




Love      Liefde   Liebe    Ljuv      Libe




Mother    Moeder   Mutter   Mo(de)r   Muter




House     Huis     Haus     Hus       Hoyz
The Indo-European
                        Language Family



 A family of languages that where            Identified in the
  spoken by an important part of               18th and 19th
         Europe and Asia.                       centuries.




                                               The concept is
                             Of the 11         linguistic; the
   The IE family                                   term is
                         subgroups, one of
contains about 140
 languages, which
                              them is            geographic
 are classified into
                         Germanic, where        (easternmost:
                           English comes          India and
   11 subgroups.
                               from.
                                                westernmost:
                                                   Europe)
Indo-European
     Language Family




      Anatolian


 Indo-             Indic
Iranian           Iranian
Greek


 Italic


Germanic
Celtic


Tocharian


 Baltic
Slavic


Armenian


Albanian
Fragmentary Languages              (languages
that only survive in fragments, inscriptions, also
classified as IE)




   Ligurian                        Thracian

   Messapic                         Phrygian

   Sicel and Sicanian               Illyrian

   Venetic                           Others
Phonological
          correspondence
Phonology among some PIE
          languages



 PIE   Sanskrit   Hittite   Latin


  p       p          p       p



 Kw      k/c        ku       qu
PIE reconstructions based on
   vocabulary from IE languages

                     Hittite            Greek    PIE




    three              teri-            treîs    *trei-




    foot               pata-x           podós°   *ped-



X: The form is Hieroglyphic Luwian
°: The genitive case reveals the stem
Morphology
                        ‘PIE, considered a fusional language,
                        is a language were nouns, adjectives,
                         pronouns, indicate their grammatical
                            relationship to other words in a
                            sentence and mark gender and
                         number agreement among words in
                                        phrases’
        ‘The
 protolanguage is
  reconstructed
 with 8 or 9 cases                         Cases:
   which indicate              Nominative, genitive, dative, ac
  grammatical and              cusative, ablative, locative, inst
semantic distinction’              rumental and vocative.
Such as
                                                There is a variety
                            In PIE and
                                its
                                               of syntactic patterns           Modern
                           descendants             from different              English
                                                     languages                or French
   Syntax
                                                       Due to




Word order is not
 a grammatical
                                             Word order               Case endings
     device


                                                            Like in
                    ‘Strawberries, I like’
      PIE
                               As in
                                                          Modern
                                                          English
                    Grammatically
        While in    fix elements in                 We usually
                       a sentence

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English as an indo European language PPT

  • 2. Languages Contain Lexicon Phonology Morphology Syntax (Vocabulary) (Sound) (Word Structure) (Grammar)
  • 3.
  • 4. English West Germanic Germanic Indo European Proto-Germanic (IE) (PGmc) Other Proto Languages Proto-Indo- European (PIE) Languages
  • 5. World Languages by percentage of speakers 1.50% 3.50% Indo-European 5% 6% 2% Niger-Congo 5% Dravidian 45% Sino-Tibetan Afro-Asiatic 22% Austroasiatic 6% Altaic Austronesian Tai-Kadai 4% Other
  • 6. Some modern similarities languages of two Languages have language share inherited families genes, features are shown from Older in the next languages slideshow
  • 7. Numbers one, two and three in some Romance languages. Italian French Spanish Portuguese Latin One Uno Un Uno Um Unus Two Due Deux Dos Dois Duo Three Tre Trois Tres Tres Tres
  • 8. Numbers one, two and three in some Germanic languages. English Dutch German Swedish Yiddish One One Een Eins En Eyns Two Two Twee Zwei Två Tsvey Three Three Drie Drei Tre Dray
  • 9. Romance languages share an ancestor language: LATIN.  Germanic language’s ancestor must be inferred, a case different from Latin, because Germanic was never written.
  • 10. Some Germanic vocabulary words that express genetic relation English Dutch German Swedish Yiddish Love Liefde Liebe Ljuv Libe Mother Moeder Mutter Mo(de)r Muter House Huis Haus Hus Hoyz
  • 11. The Indo-European Language Family A family of languages that where Identified in the spoken by an important part of 18th and 19th Europe and Asia. centuries. The concept is Of the 11 linguistic; the The IE family term is subgroups, one of contains about 140 languages, which them is geographic are classified into Germanic, where (easternmost: English comes India and 11 subgroups. from. westernmost: Europe)
  • 12. Indo-European Language Family Anatolian Indo- Indic Iranian Iranian
  • 16. Fragmentary Languages (languages that only survive in fragments, inscriptions, also classified as IE) Ligurian Thracian Messapic Phrygian Sicel and Sicanian Illyrian Venetic Others
  • 17.
  • 18. Phonological correspondence Phonology among some PIE languages PIE Sanskrit Hittite Latin p p p p Kw k/c ku qu
  • 19. PIE reconstructions based on vocabulary from IE languages Hittite Greek PIE three teri- treîs *trei- foot pata-x podós° *ped- X: The form is Hieroglyphic Luwian °: The genitive case reveals the stem
  • 20. Morphology ‘PIE, considered a fusional language, is a language were nouns, adjectives, pronouns, indicate their grammatical relationship to other words in a sentence and mark gender and number agreement among words in phrases’ ‘The protolanguage is reconstructed with 8 or 9 cases Cases: which indicate Nominative, genitive, dative, ac grammatical and cusative, ablative, locative, inst semantic distinction’ rumental and vocative.
  • 21. Such as There is a variety In PIE and its of syntactic patterns Modern descendants from different English languages or French Syntax Due to Word order is not a grammatical Word order Case endings device Like in ‘Strawberries, I like’ PIE As in Modern English Grammatically While in fix elements in We usually a sentence