This document discusses business writing genres and standard formats and document design principles. It provides examples of common business writing genres like letters, memos, emails, reports and proposals. It also discusses how workplace readers typically scan documents looking for needed information. The document outlines the CRAP principles of visual hierarchy - contrast, repetition, alignment and proximity. It provides examples of formatting conventions for common documents like emails, business letters, and memos.
now i will talk about business letter.what is business letter,various of business letter,function,and sample of business letter.
i just share what i have learned,if you found any mistake just leaving any comments below
thank you^^
this slide covers all aspects about business letter writing.it contains animations and transitions which are captivating and attention seeking. it helps in understanding
now i will talk about business letter.what is business letter,various of business letter,function,and sample of business letter.
i just share what i have learned,if you found any mistake just leaving any comments below
thank you^^
this slide covers all aspects about business letter writing.it contains animations and transitions which are captivating and attention seeking. it helps in understanding
Letter writing is the exchange of written or printed messages. Distinctions are commonly drawn between personal letters (sent between family members, friends, or acquaintances) and business letters (formal exchanges with businesses or government organizations).
↓↓↓↓ Read More:
Watch my videos on snack here: --> --> http://sck.io/x-B1f0Iy
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
Chapter 29Writing in Business and Scientific Genres{.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 29
Writing in Business and Scientific Genres
{
Categories or types of texts.
Movies, for example, could be action adventure, romantic comedy, or film noir.
What’s a genre?
Many of your decisions – from subject choice to organizational structure, length, formatting, and design – are all affected by the audience’s genre expectations.
Why does it matter?
As you look at documents in your text, analyze the way language and design (typography, color, white space, and visuals) are used to inform and guide readers.
What language choices and design features made the documents easy to read?
What choices and features make finding specific information easy?
What choices and features make the documents easier to use?
Things to look for…
The business letter is the document most used for correspondence between representatives of one organization and another (although email is increasingly being used in place of business letters).
Business Letters
Letterhead: provides full contact information
Full-block format: each new line starts at left margin
Date: In formal format
Full address of recipient in formal format
Addressee: The person to whom you’re writing.
Turn to page 719
Purpose clearly stated, followed by elaboration, support and/or detail.
Spacing: Single with double spaces between paragraphs.
Signature
Turn to page 719
To obtain information about a company’s products,
To register or respond to a complaint,
To introduce other documents (such as a proposal) that accompany the letter,
To apply for a job
What are they used for?
Whether the letter is delivered electronically (email) or in print, the expectations are the same:
The writer should state the purpose of the letter in the first few lines, provide supporting information in the paragraphs that follow, maintain a courteous and professional tone.
What to remember:
Like other business correspondence, email messages are usually concise, direct, and limited to a single subject.
Email
Although most business letters sent by email should be fairly formal, other email messages may be polite but informal.
In anything other than an email to friends, you should maintain a professional tone.
Tone
Avoid sarcasm and humor, which may not come across as you intend.
Be sure to proofread and spell check before sending it.
Because emails are accessible to many people besides the intended recipient, always be careful about what you write in an email.
Always double check your attachment to make sure, 1, it’s attached, and, 2, that it’s the correct item.
Content
You can set up a signature on your email account that will populate every time you send/respond to an email.
Grayson Edds, MFA
McLennan Community College
English Department
Signature
A résumé is used to acquaint a prospective employer with your work experience, education, and accomplishments.
All résumés contain basic information: name, address, phone ...
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Table of Contents
About business writing genres 3-4
About standard formats and document design 5
Visual Hierarchy and CRAP Principles 10
Crap Principle 1: Contrast 7-9
Crap Principle 2: Proximity 10
Crap Principle 3: Alignment 11
Crap Principle 4: Repetition 12
Standard formatting conventions 13
Email 14-19
Business Letters 20-27
Memos /Memo Reports 28-29
2
3. Genres are categories of business writing. Here are just a few
examples:
• Business Correspondence: letters, memos, emails, and texts.
• Reports, Proposals, and White Papers: informal and formal
reports; marketing white papers.
• Application Materials: cover letter, resume, Linked-In profile page.
• Multimedia and Visual Media: podcasts, slidecasts, screencasts,
infographics (static and interactive).
• Social Media: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Website.
About business writing genres.
3
4. Workplace readers do not read
linearly from start to finish as
they would a book.
Instead, they read like
newspaper readers do.
They look for the information
they need and may or may not
read an entire document or may
only skim other parts.
How workplace readers read.
4
5. 1. Standard Formats evolved
over time in response to
common business writing
situations. Using standard
formatting conventions
allows the reader to discern
at-a-glance what the
document is – its genre (and
hence, what it’s for).
2. Document Design is the
practice of presenting
information in a way that
fosters efficient and effective
understanding of it.
About standard formats and document design.
5
6. Effective Visual
Hierarchy provides
cues as to how the
information is
related.
Poor Visual
Hierarchy. Elements
are just scattered on
the page.
Visual hierarchy is the central
principle of document design. It
refers to how text and images are
arranged on a page that implies
how they are related
To achieve effective visual
hierarchy use the
CRAP PRINCIPLES of document
design (Contrast, Repetition,
Alignment, and Proximity).
Visual Hierarchy
6
7. Contrast means difference and
using contrast helps to cue the
reader what information should
be read first.
To create contrast in documents
use:
Headings (and heading levels),
Bold Text of Headings,
White “Negative” Space.
If composing a document for an
external audience, consider using
color for headings and/or using a
different font style for headings.
Crap Principle 1: Contrast
7
8. Avoid using more than three or
four levels of headings.
Try using the styles feature in
Word for headings.
Using heading levels.
8
10. Proximity means grouping similar
elements together. It helps readers
by giving them an idea of what
information is subordinate to other
information.
To create proximity in
documents use:
Bullets,
Numbered Lists,
Indent Heading Levels
Crap Principle 2: Proximity
10
11. Alignment means to align text
or other elements to a real or
imaginary vertical axis.
It tightens the design and
creates an ordered look.
Crap Principle 3: Alignment
11
12. Repetition refers to formatting
the same type of information in
the same way to help readers
recognize patterns.
Repetition creates a consistent
look and feel to documents (or
web pages).
Crap Principle 4: Repetition
12
13. • Emails
• Business Letters
• Memos / Memo Reports
Standard Formatting Conventions for
13
14. Use a formal salutation when you do not know the recipient followed
by the person's full name.
Dear John Doe
Hello John Doe
Use a formal closing.
Sincerely
Best regards
I look forward to hearing from you
If you have one, add a digital signature.
These greetings and closing statements help establish a connection
with a reader you do not know.
Email Salutation and Closing
14
15. Formal greetings and closings are usually not needed when you
know the recipient such as a co-worker.
In this case, an informal greeting followed by the person's first
name is used and the closing is usually just your name or initials or
the word thanks if appropriate.
Hi John
[email text]
Thanks
Jane
Email Salutation and Closing continued
15
16. In formal email salutations that use "Dear," place a colon after the
recipient's name because it sets a formal tone.
Dear John Doe: (formal)
Much ink has been spent by grammatical purists who insist a
comma should be be used in a direct address greeting: one that
uses "Hello" or "Hi." They rest their case on the fact that "Hi" is an
interjection while "Dear" is an adjective.
Hello, John Doe:
Hi, John
BUT.....
Punctuating email salutations.
16
17. Well, I'll leave it out then.
Writer's ignore the "comma rule" with such regularity that only the
grammar geeks fret over it. Here's a quote from Grammar Girl on the
email comma:
I’m always torn about whether to use the comma. It is correct, but it
seems a bit pedantic given the widespread use of the incorrect
alternative — especially when you are replying to someone who has
already done it the wrong way. Use your own judgment. I usually put
it in, but you’ll be in good company if you leave it out.
Writers frequently ignore this advice..
17
18. I'm so happy to
know that.
Follow the closing word or phrase with a comma. There seems to be
less of a concern about this from grammar geeks.
Sincerely,
Thanks,
Best regards,
Punctuating email closings.
18
19. Typically a signature section
will include the writer's name,
title, business or organization
name, snail mail address,
phone number and office
location if applicable.
For students, it’s a good idea
to include your major.
Email signature information.
19
20. Date
Inside Address which is the Recipient's
Name
Title if Applicable
Address
Subject (not always used)
Salutation
Body
Closing
Signature Information
Enclosures (if applicable)
Standard format for business letters.
20
21. Use a formal salutation followed by the recipients full name and
ending with a colon.
Dear John Doe:
Hello John Doe:
Use a formal closing followed by a comma.
Sincerely,
Best regards,
I look forward to hearing from you,
If sending as an attachment, add a digital signature.
If sending through snail mail, sign the letter.
Business letter salutation and closing.
21
22. Subject lines immediately cue the reader as to
what your business letter is about.
In American English, the subject line is
commonly placed above the salutation.
In British English, the subject line is commonly
placed below the salutation.
To distinguish your subject line from the rest of
the letter use “Subject:” or ”Re:” (which is an
abbreviation for “regarding.”
Using a subject line.
22
23. 1. Block
2. Modified Block
3. Semi Block
Three standard layouts for business letters.
23
24. Block Business Letter Format
Company Name and/or Logo
8223 South Third St.
Fort Myers, FL 33905
Today’s Date (i.e. October 14, 2016)
Recipient Business or Organization Name
Recipient Name and Title
892 Redwood St.
Warwick, RI 02886
Subject:
Dear Recipient Full Name:
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin mauris massa, ultricies
vitae nunc non, vestibulum cursus massa. Suspendisse aliquam justo volutpat, dignissim
metus sed, cursus sem. Ut dictum nisl in nunc commodo fringilla. Donec eleifend mi
ante, a egestas tortor feugiat lacinia. Pellentesque ultricies volutpat ante. Sed posuere
purus nibh, eget tincidunt nisi interdum non. Donec rhoncus laoreet dignissim. Etiam ac
lorem felis. Cras condimentum tempus massa, quis tincidunt neque congue malesuada.
Pellentesque congue efficitur nibh ac volutpat.
Aliquam cursus dolor dignissim, tincidunt dolor in, accumsan justo. Aenean dictum, leo
in sodales eleifend, est justo porta metus, at molestie neque erat eu orci. Maecenas vel
magna sed purus blandit tincidunt. Suspendisse ac quam cursus, fringilla ipsum vulputate,
tincidunt erat. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Class aptent taciti
sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Aenean et nisi
velit. Nam tempor risus in metus interdum, nec consectetur dui vehicula. Donec eget nibh
et nunc tristique tempor vel ac diam. Aenean metus eros, vehicula vel tortor eu, euismod
sollicitudin lacus.
Closing (Sincerely etc.)
Sender Name
Position in Company (i.e. Business Partner Relationship Manager)
Company Name
Most common format for
business letters.
All elements of the letter are
aligned to the left margin of
the page.
It has a neat and simple
appearance and is
considered the most formal of
the three layouts.
Block Format
24
25. In the modified block style
the sender's address (if not
using letterhead)
date, closing and signature
information are slightly to the
right of the center of the
paper.
This format is considered less
formal.
Modified Block Format
25
26. In the semi block style is the
same as block format but
paragraphs are indented.
Again, this format is
considered less formal.
Semi Modified Block Format
26
27. For all documents that are over one page, the pages after the first
one, need information in the header area and page numbers.
The information should cue the reader to know which document they
are reading and the page numbers alert them to where they are at in
the document.
Learning how to use the heading templates in Word with the field
feature (Mac) or quick parts (PC) to add page numbers is useful
because once the header is set up, you don't have to type it again.
Standard format for secondary pages (all print documents).
27
28. The title “memo” or
"memorandum" signals the reader
is getting an internal document.
The section below the title creates
a record of who received the
document, who wrote it, when,
and why (conveyed by the subject
line).
Use single-spaced, left-justified
text, and add a line of white space
to separate paragraphs.
Typically, a memo or memo report
does not use a closing line.
Standard format for memos and memo reports.
28
29. When someone requests information from you, remind them in an
introductory paragraph that they requested it and add a forecasting
statement about what is in the document.
Here is the information you requested about X. Included in the
sections that follow are A, B, and C.
This memo contains the information you requested about X. The
following sections explain A, B, and C.
When readers didn’t request the information, make it clear why you
are writing in the first sentence.
This memo explains problems we are having with X. The extent
of the problems are . . .
Standard rhetorical moves for introductions.
29