The document discusses the differences between direct and reported speech. It provides examples of how to change verbs and other elements when changing direct speech into reported speech depending on the tense, including changing the present tense to past tense and changing future forms to conditional forms. It also discusses how imperative sentences are changed by making the verb an infinitive when reporting.

1. "I've called an
assembly," said Jack.
Jack said that he had
called an assembly.

2. Direct Speech
-gives the quoted material
as a separate quote,
allowing the writing to focus
on the quote and its original
speaker
"I've called an assembly,"
said Jack.

3. Reported Speech
-takes the stand of a
separate person, a reporter
narrating the occurrence of
someone speaking
Jack said that he had called
an assembly.

4. Changing Direct
Speech to
Reported Speech

5. How to change direct
speech to reported
speech:

6. 1. Delete the
quotation marks and
introduce the reported
statement with "that".

7. Example:
Direct: "I've called an
assembly," said Jack.
Reported: Jack said that
he had called an assembly.

8. 2. If the introductory
statement is in the past while
the verb in the direct
statement is in the present,
change the quoted verb to
the past.

9. Example:
Direct: "I drink coffee," she
said.
Reported: She said that she
drank coffee.

10. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Simple Present Simple Past
"I drink
coffee," she
said.
She said that
she drank
coffee.

11. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Present Continuous Past Continuous
"I am reading
a book," John
explained.
John
explained that
he was
reading a
book.

12. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Simple Past Past Perfect
"Bill arrived
on Saturday,"
he said.
He said that
Bill had
arrived on
Saturday.

13. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Present Perfect Past Perfect
"I have been
to Spain," he
told.
He told me
that he had
been to Spain.

14. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Past Perfect Past Perfect
"I had just
turned out the
light," he
explained.
He explained
that he had
just turned
out the light.

15. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Present Perfect
Continuous
Past Perfect
Continuous
They
complained,
"We have
been waiting
for hours."
They
complained
that they had
been waiting
for hours.

16. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Continuous
"We were
living in
Paris," the
children told
me.
The children
told me that
they had
been living in
Paris.

17. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Simple Future Present Conditional
"I will be in
Milan on
Saturday,"
she said.
She said that
she would be
in Milan on
Saturday.

18. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Future Continuous
Conditional
Continuous
Nikki said, "I'll
be using the
car next
Friday."
Nikki said that
she would be
using the car
next Friday.

19. *When an imperative
sentence is reported:
a. The reported verb is
changed to infinitive.
b. The introductory verb "said"
is changed to "told".
c. Words like "please" and "let
me" are omitted.

20. Example:
Direct: The teacher told her
students, "Please, keep quiet."
Reported: The teacher told her
students to keep quiet.