Defining monitoring & targeting, Elements of monitoring & targeting, Data and information-analysis, Techniques -energy consumption,Production, Cumulative sum of differences (CUSUM).
An energy audit is an inspection survey and an analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building. It may include a process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output. In commercial and industrial real estate, an energy audit is the first step in identifying opportunities to reduce energy expense and carbon footprint.
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An energy audit is an inspection survey and an analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building. It may include a process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output. In commercial and industrial real estate, an energy audit is the first step in identifying opportunities to reduce energy expense and carbon footprint.
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Demand Side Management” means the actions of a Distribution Licensee, beyond the customer's meter, with the objective of altering the end-use of electricity
Industrial energy auditing and reportingVignesh Sekar
Industrial Energy Audit is defined as the verification, monitoring and analysis of energy use including submission of technical report containing all the recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost analysis and an action plan to reduce consumption
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Design Calculations for Solar Water Heating Systemsangeetkhule
Chapter 1 City of Residence
Chapter 2 Estimation of Available Solar Resources
Chapter 3 Site Survey
Chapter 4 Load Estimation
Chapter 5 Estimation of Required Absorber Area
Chapter 6 Market Survey & Estimation of No. of Tubes for ETC
Chapter 7 Economical Analysis & Estimation of Payback Period
Chapter 8 Conclusion
HVAC is typically responsible for around 40% of the energy consumption in a building. Frequently, this is the largest energy consuming type of equipment on a site and can therefore provide significant scope for saving energy and money. This fact sheet covers common types of HVAC and will guide you in the right direction to identify energy efficient HVAC initiatives.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Payback and Process- Energy Monitoring PaybackHelioPower
This article highlights the direct and indirect payback from energy monitoring. Direct payback comes from changes in organizational behavior while indirect payback comes from altering tariff schedules and usage practices, billing and peak demand, and load profiling. There is a great visual flow graph on the last page. Payback is dependent on monitoring key variables and these variables can’t be identified without monitoring. Two very illustrative case studies on a school and manufacturing plant and included to prove the point of energy monitoring further.
In today’s commercial buildings, installing an effective
WAGES (water, air, gas, electricity, steam) metering
system can be a source of substantial energy and cost
savings. This white paper examines WAGES metering
as the essential first step toward a comprehensive
energy management strategy. Best practices for
selecting meters, and identifying metering points are
described. In addition, metrics for measuring gains in
energy efficiency are explained.
Demand Side Management” means the actions of a Distribution Licensee, beyond the customer's meter, with the objective of altering the end-use of electricity
Industrial energy auditing and reportingVignesh Sekar
Industrial Energy Audit is defined as the verification, monitoring and analysis of energy use including submission of technical report containing all the recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost analysis and an action plan to reduce consumption
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Design Calculations for Solar Water Heating Systemsangeetkhule
Chapter 1 City of Residence
Chapter 2 Estimation of Available Solar Resources
Chapter 3 Site Survey
Chapter 4 Load Estimation
Chapter 5 Estimation of Required Absorber Area
Chapter 6 Market Survey & Estimation of No. of Tubes for ETC
Chapter 7 Economical Analysis & Estimation of Payback Period
Chapter 8 Conclusion
HVAC is typically responsible for around 40% of the energy consumption in a building. Frequently, this is the largest energy consuming type of equipment on a site and can therefore provide significant scope for saving energy and money. This fact sheet covers common types of HVAC and will guide you in the right direction to identify energy efficient HVAC initiatives.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Payback and Process- Energy Monitoring PaybackHelioPower
This article highlights the direct and indirect payback from energy monitoring. Direct payback comes from changes in organizational behavior while indirect payback comes from altering tariff schedules and usage practices, billing and peak demand, and load profiling. There is a great visual flow graph on the last page. Payback is dependent on monitoring key variables and these variables can’t be identified without monitoring. Two very illustrative case studies on a school and manufacturing plant and included to prove the point of energy monitoring further.
In today’s commercial buildings, installing an effective
WAGES (water, air, gas, electricity, steam) metering
system can be a source of substantial energy and cost
savings. This white paper examines WAGES metering
as the essential first step toward a comprehensive
energy management strategy. Best practices for
selecting meters, and identifying metering points are
described. In addition, metrics for measuring gains in
energy efficiency are explained.
Getting value from your energy metering data, with samples for three types of real-world situations.
Presented at 2016 EnergyExchange conference, Providence, RI.
Meter Data Analytics-Deriving Maximum Value from Meter DataNidhi Vora
A successful metering strategy requires more than installing the meters. A metered data gives a direct view of energy consumption at each of the facilities; it also acts as the fundamental piece of information in computing appropriate efficiency metrics. This article explains how to derive maximum value out of metered data.
Meter data-analytics-deriving-maximum-value-from-meter-datamalini87
A successful metering strategy requires more than installing the meters. A metered data gives a direct view of energy consumption at each of the facilities; it also acts as the fundamental piece of information in computing appropriate efficiency metrics. This article explains how to derive maximum value out of metered data.
Customized Energy Solutions for Meter Data AnalyticsShreeja Sahadevan
Metered data can be used to identify usage patterns, sources of energy consumption and classi_cation of peak loads into critical and non-critical. This insight can then be used to determine if any of the peak loads can be shifted to non-peak hours or if non-critical loads be reduced. This helps in decreasing the peak load charges.
Meter data-analytics-deriving-maximum-value-from-meter-datasiya4
A successful metering strategy requires more than installing the meters. A metered data gives a direct view of energy consumption at each of the facilities; it also acts as the fundamental piece of information in computing appropriate efficiency metrics. This article explains how to derive maximum value out of metered data.
Meter Data Analytics-Deriving Maximum Value from Meter Dataaayamkhatri
A successful metering strategy requires more than installing the meters. A metered data gives a direct view of energy consumption at each of the facilities; it also acts as the fundamental piece of information in computing appropriate efficiency metrics. This article explains how to derive maximum value out of metered data.
Meter Data Analytics: DERIVING MAXIMUM VALUE FROM METER DATAJack Watson
A successful metering strategy requires more than installing the meters. A metered data gives a direct view of energy consumption at each of the facilities; it also acts as the fundamental piece of information in computing appropriate efficiency metrics. This article explains how to derive maximum value out of metered data
This presentation discusses a generalized approach to handle industrial energy use data as compared to production data, in order to predict possible savings
Meazon white paper_building_energy_profilingGiannis Gionas
Understanding the type and amounts of energy consumed by various systems within a building is fundamental in creating an energy policy and driving consumption down. Building sectors are responsible for approximately 42% of the world’s total annual energy consumption. Most of this energy is used for the provision of lighting, HVAC systems and electricity based office appliances. Buildings in the developed countries account for 50%-60% of electricity use.
Savings can start from the modest and conservative 2% due to simple behavioral changes of the building’s inhabitants and systems’ managers and go up to the impressive 20%++ due to systems automation introduction as well as building envelope interventions. For a portfolio of buildings belonging to the same company, an annual saving of 2% that can be raised to 20%, under certain conditions, could be translated to millions of Dollars or Euros bottom line results, improving EBITDA drastically.
Reverse osmosis Process with Modified V-SEP technologySagar Joshi
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL
REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) PLANT”.
Membrane
Pressure vessel
RO uses a high-pressure which is larger than osmosis pressure on the high
concentration side. So, the carrier is preferentially permeated, while the retentate contains
the rejected solute (contaminant). Thus, the membrane divides the water from the
contaminants. The main aim is to purify water and not dilute the contaminants.‖
Classification, Advantages and applications, Commercially viable
waste heat recovery devices, Saving potential.
Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical
reaction, and then “dumped” into the environment even though it could still be reused for some
useful and economic purpose. The essential quality of heat is not the amount but rather its
“value”. The strategy of how to recover this heat depends in part on the temperature of the waste
heat gases and the economics involved.
Vapor compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerants,
Coefficient of performance, Capacity, Factors affecting Refrigeration and Air conditioning
system performance and savings opportunities.
Vapor absorption refrigeration system: Working principle, Types and comparison with
vapor compression system, Saving potential
Pumps come in a variety of sizes for a wide range of applications. They can be classified
according to their basic operating principle as dynamic or displacement pumps. Dynamic
pumps can be sub-classified as centrifugal and special effect pumps. Displacement pumps can
be sub-classified as rotary or reciprocating pumps.
Light source, Choice of lighting, Luminance requirements, and Energy
conservation avenues
Lighting is an essential service in all the industries. The power consumption by the industrial
lighting varies between 2 to 10% of the total power depending on the type of industry.
Innovation and continuous improvement in the field of lighting, has given rise to tremendous
energy saving opportunities in this area.
Lighting is an area, which provides a major
Types of air compressors, Compressor efficiency, Efficient compressor
operation, Compressed air system components, Capacity assessment, Leakage test,
Factors affecting the performance and efficiency
Types, Combustion in boilers, Performances evaluation, Analysis of losses, Feed
water treatment, Blow down, Energy conservation opportunities.
Types, Combustion in boilers, Performances evaluation, Analysis of losses, Feed
water treatment, Blow down, Energy conservation opportunities.
Investment-need, Appraisal and criteria, Financial analysis techniques-Simple pay back period, Return on investment, Net present value, Internal rate of return, Cash flows, Risk and sensitivity analysis; Financing options, Energy performance contracts and role of ESCOs.
The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize profits (minimize
costs) and enhance competitive positions”
The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output while holding constant or reducing total costs of producing the output from these systems”
Energy is the ability to do work and work is the transfer of energy from one form to another. In
practical terms, energy is what we use to manipulate the world around us, whether by exciting
our muscles, by using electricity, or by using mechanical devices such as automobiles. Energy
comes in different forms - heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and
nuclear energy.
The frame is an integral structural part of an automobile.
It supports power plant , transmission system, wheels and tyres etc.
The body is also fitted on it.
Attachment of all these parts and systems may be rigid or flexible.
The front and rear wheels are connected with the frame by means of spring shackles.
Frames are supported by a suspension system which is attached to the wheels.
This is done for comfortable driving.
Clutch is a mechanism which enables the rotary motion of one shaft to be transmitted, when desired, to a second shaft the axis of which is coincident with that of first.
Clutch is used to engage or disengage the engine to the transmission or gear box.
Lathe is one of the most important machine tools in the metal working industry. A lathe operates on the principle of a rotating work-piece and a fixed cutting tool.
Lathe machine also called “Engine Lathe” because the first type of lathe was driven by a steam engine
Plasma-arc machining (PAM) employs a high-velocity jet of high-temperature gas to melt and displace material in its path. Called PAM, this is a method of cutting metal with a plasma-arc, or tungsten inert-gas-arc, torch.
Plasma-arc machining (PAM) employs a high-velocity jet of high-temperature gas to melt and displace material in its path. Called PAM, this is a method of cutting metal with a plasma-arc, or tungsten inert-gas-arc, torch.
In this process gases are heated and charged to plasma state.
Plasma state is the super heated and electrically ionized gases at approximately
5000° C.
IDP AND UDP PROJECT OF GTU . DETAIL INFORMATIONSagar Joshi
I.D.P. Orientation Program by G.T.U.
Udisha Club
Structure of GTU Innovation Council
IDP/UDP
Review of Techniques & Skill Needed
As it say user defined projects are those projects which are selected by students or are given by faculty but which has a close social resemblances; the work is to be carried out the same way of I.D.P.
Remote Sensing (Look-Look, No Touch) is a much wider field than we will discuss in this lecture series. We will concentrate on that part of RS dealing with
EARTH LAND RESOURCES
REMOTE SENSING includes all methods and techniques used to gain qualitative and quantitative information about distant objects without coming into direct contact with these objects.
Remote Sensing (Look-Look, No Touch) is a much wider field than we will discuss in this lecture series. We will concentrate on that part of RS dealing with
EARTH LAND RESOURCES
INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION INSAT FAMILY ,
Asteroid / Comet flyby mission: Possible time frame- 2015
Mission to Mars :Timeframe- 2019
Human Mission : Timeframe 2020
Missions to other planets (Venus, Mercury…Vision beyond 2020)
Asteroid / Comet flyby mission: Possible time frame- 2015
Mission to Mars :Timeframe- 2019
Human Mission : Timeframe 2020
Missions to other planets (Venus, Mercury…Vision beyond 2020)
Asteroid / Comet flyby mission: Possible time frame- 2015
Mission to Mars :Timeframe- 2019
Human Mission : Timeframe 2020
Missions to other planets (Venus, Mercury…Vision beyond 2020)
Television Broadcasting
Direct To Home (DTH)
TV & Radio Networking
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
8. ENERGY MONITORING AND TARGETING
Syllabus
Energy Monitoring and Targeting: Defining monitoring & targeting, Elements of
monitoring & targeting, Data and information-analysis, Techniques -energy consumption,
Production, Cumulative sum of differences (CUSUM).
8.1 Definition
Energy monitoring and targeting is primarily a management technique that uses energy
information as a basis to eliminate waste, reduce and control current level of energy use and
improve the existing operating procedures. It builds on the principle “you can’t manage
what you don’t measure”. It essentially combines the principles of energy use and statistics.
While, monitoring is essentially aimed at establishing the existing pattern of energy
consumption, targeting is the identification of energy consumption level which is desirable as
a management goal to work towards energy conservation.
Monitoring and Targeting is a management technique in which all plant and building utilities
such as fuel, steam, refrigeration, compressed air, water, effluent, and electricity are managed
as controllable resources in the same way that raw materials, finished product inventory,
building occupancy, personnel and capital are managed. It involves a systematic, disciplined
division of the facility into Energy Cost Centers. The utilities used in each centre are closely
monitored, and the energy used is compared with production volume or any other suitable
measure of operation. Once this information is available on a regular basis, targets can be set,
variances can be spotted and interpreted, and remedial actions can be taken and implemented.
The Monitoring and Targeting programs have been so effective that they show typical
reductions in annual energy costs in various industrial sectors between 5 and 20%.
8.2 Elements of Monitoring & Targeting System
The essential elements of M&T system are:
• Recording -Measuring and recording energy consumption
• Analysing -Correlating energy consumption to a measured output, such as production
quantity
• Comparing -Comparing energy consumption to an appropriate standard or benchmark
• Setting Targets -Setting targets to reduce or control energy consumption
• Monitoring -Comparing energy consumption to the set target on a regular basis
• Reporting -Reporting the results including any variances from the targets which have
been set
• Controlling -Implementing management measures to correct any variances, which may
have occurred.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency 172
2. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
Particularly M&T system will involve the following:
• Checking the accuracy of energy invoices
• Allocating energy costs to specific departments (Energy Accounting Centres)
• Determining energy performance/efficiency
• Recording energy use, so that projects intended to improve energy efficiency can be
checked
• Highlighting performance problems in equipment or systems
8.3 A Rationale for Monitoring, Targeting and Reporting
The energy used by any business varies with production processes, volumes and input.
Determining the relationship of energy use to key performance indicators will allow you to
determine:
• Whether your current energy is better or worse than before
• Trends in energy consumption that reflects seasonal, weekly, and other operational
parameters
• How much your future energy use is likely to vary if you change aspects of your business
• Specific areas of wasted energy
• Comparison with other business with similar characteristics - This “benchmarking”
process will provide valuable indications of effectiveness of your operations as well as
energy use
• How much your business has reacted to changes in the past
• How to develop performance targets for an energy management program
Information related to energy use may be obtained from following sources:
• Plant level information can be derived from financial accounting systems—utilities cost
centre
• Plant department level information can be found in comparative energy consumption data
for a group of similar facilities, service entrance meter readings etc.
• System level (for example, boiler plant) performance data can be determined from sub-
metering data
• Equipment level information can be obtained from nameplate data, run-time and schedule
information, sub-metered data on specific energy consuming equipment.
The important point to be made here is that all of these data are useful and can be processed
to yield information about facility performance. The Figure 8.1 shows the various steps
involved in a comprehensive energy monitoring and targeting system.
8.4 Data and Information Analysis
Electricity bills and other fuel bills should be collected periodically and analysed as below.
A typical format for monitoring plant level information is given below in the Table 8.1.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency 173
3. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
TABLE 8.1 ANNUAL ENERGY COST SHEET
Thermal Energy Bill Electricity Bill Total
Energy Bill
Month Fuel
1
Fuel
2
Fuel
3
Total
Rs. Lakh
Day
kWh
Night
kWh
Maximum
Demand
Total
Rs.Lakh
Rs. Lakh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Sub-
Total
%
After obtaining the respective annual energy cost, a pie chart (see Figure 8.1) can be drawn
as shown below:
HSD
5%LPG
12%
38%
Furnace Oil
Electricity
45%
Figure 8.1 % Share of Fuels Based on Energy Bill
Pie Chart on Energy Consumption
All the fuels purchased by the plant should be converted into common units such as kCal.
The following Table 8.2 is for that purpose.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency 174
4. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
TABLE 8.2: FUEL CONVERSION DATA
Energy source Supply unit Conversion Factor to kCal
Electricity kWh 860
HSD kg 10,500
Furnace Oil kg 10,200
LPG kg 12,000
After conversion to a common unit, a pie chart can be drawn showing the percentage
distribution of energy consumption as shown in Figure 8.2.
5%LPG
15%
18%
Electricity
HSD
Furnace Oil
62%
Figure 8.2 %Share of Fuels Based on Consumption in kCals
8.5 Relating Energy Consumption and Production.
Graphing the Data
A critical feature of M&T is to understand what drives energy consumption. Is it production,
hours of operation or weather? Knowing this, we can then start to analyse the data to see how
good our energy management is.
After collection of energy consumption, energy cost and production data, the next stage of
the monitoring process is to study and analyse the data to understand what is happening in
the plant. It is strongly recommended that the data be presented graphically. A better
appreciation of variations is almost always obtained from a visual presentation, rather than
from a table of numbers. Graphs generally provide an effective means of developing the
energy-production relationships, which explain what is going on in the plant.
Use of Bar Chart
The energy data is then entered into a spreadsheet. It is hard to envisage what is happening
from plain data, so we need to present the data using bar chart. The starting point is to collect
and collate 24/12 months of energy bills. The most common bar chart application used in
energy management is one showing the energy per month for this year and last year (see
Figure 8.3) – however, it does not tell us the full story about what is happening. We will also
need production data for the same 24/12-month period.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency 175
5. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
Having more than twelve months of production and energy data, we can plot a moving
annual total. For this chart, each point represents the sum of the previous twelve months of
data. In this way, each point covers a full range of the seasons, holidays, etc. The Figure 8.4
shows a moving annual total for energy and production data.
Figure 8.3 Energy Consumption :Current Year(2000) Vs. Previous year(1999)
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
E
N
E
R
G
Y
Figure 8.4 Moving Annual Total – Energy and Production
This technique also smoothens out errors in the timing of meter readings. If we just plot
energy we are only seeing part of the story – so we plot both energy and production on the
same chart – most likely using two y-axes. Looking at these charts, both energy and
productions seem to be “tracking” each other – this suggests there is no major cause for
concern. But we will need to watch for a deviation of the energy line to pick up early
warning of waste or to confirm whether energy efficiency measures are making an impact.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency 176
6. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
For any company, we also know that energy should directly relate to production. Knowing
this, we can calculate Specific Energy Consumption (SEC), which is energy consumption per
unit of production. So we now plot a chart of SEC (see Figure 8.5).
S
E
C
Figure 8.5: Monthly Specific Energy Consumption
At this point it is worth noting that the quality of your M&T system will only be as good as
the quality of your data – both energy and production. The chart shows some variation – an
all time low in December 99 followed by a rising trend in SEC.
We also know that the level of production may have an effect on the specific consumption.
If we add the production data to the SEC chart, it helps to explain some of the features. For
example, the very low SEC occurred when there was a record level of production. This
indicates that there might be fixed energy consumption – i.e. consumption that occurs
regardless of production levels. Refer Figure 8.6.
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
S
E
C
Figure 8.6 SEC With Production
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7. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
The next step is to gain more understanding of the relationship of energy and production, and
to provide us with some basis for performance measurement. To do this we plot energy
against production – In Microsoft Excel Worksheet, this is an XY chart option. We then add
a trend line to the data set on the chart. (In practice what we have done is carried out a single
variable regression analysis!). The Figure 8.7 shown is based on the data for 1999.
Figure 8.7: Energy vs Production
We can use it to derive a “standard” for the up-coming year’s consumption. This chart shows
a low degree of scatter indicative of a good fit. We need not worry if our data fit is not good.
If data fit is poor, but we know there should be a relationship, it indicates a poor level of
control and hence a potential for energy savings.
In producing the production/energy relationship chart we have also obtained a relationship
relating production and energy consumption.
Energy consumed for the period = C + M x Production for same period
Where M is the energy consumption directly related to production (variable) and C is the
“fixed” energy consumption (i.e. energy consumed for lighting, heating/cooling and general
ancillary services that are not affected by production levels). Using this, we can calculate the
expected or “standard” energy consumption for any level of production within the range of
the data set.
We now have the basis for implementing a factory level M&T system. We can predict
standard consumption, and also set targets – for example, standard less 5%. A more
sophisticated approach might be applying different reductions to the fixed and variable
energy consumption. Although, the above approach is at factory level, the same can be
extended to individual processes as well with sub metering.
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8. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
At a simplistic level we could use the chart above and plot each new month’s point to see
where it lies. Above the line is the regime of poor energy efficiency, and below the line is the
regime of an improved one.
8.6 CUSUM
Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) represents the difference between the base line (expected or
standard consumption) and the actual consumption points over the base line period of time.
This useful technique not only provides a trend line, it also calculates savings/losses to date
and shows when the performance changes.
A typical CUSUM graph follows a trend and shows the random fluctuation of energy
consumption and should oscillate around zero (standard or expected consumption). This
trend will continue until something happens to alter the pattern of consumption such as the
effect of an energy saving measure or, conversely, a worsening in energy efficiency (poor
control, housekeeping or maintenance).
CUSUM chart (see Figure 8.8) for a generic company is shown. The CUSUM chart shows
what is really happening to the energy performance. The formula derived from the 1999 data
was used to calculate the expected or standard energy consumption.
Energy
Figure 8.8 CUSUM Chart
From the chart, it can be seen that starting from year 2000, performance is better than
standard. Performance then declined (line going up) until April, and then it started to improve
until July. However, from July onwards, there is a marked, ongoing decline in performance –
line going up.
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9. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
When looking at CUSUM chart, the changes in direction of the line indicate events that have
relevance to the energy consumption pattern. Clearly, site knowledge is needed to interpret
better what they are. For this sample company since we know that there were no planned
changes in the energy system, the change in performance can be attributed to poor control,
housekeeping or maintenance.
8.7 Case Study
The CUSUM Technique
Energy consumption and production data were collected for a plant over a period of 18
months. During month 9, a heat recovery system was installed. Using the plant monthly data,
estimate the savings made with the heat recovery system. The plant data is given in Table
8.3:
Table: 8.3 Month Wise Production With Energy Consumption
Month Eact - Monthly Energy Use
( toe * / month)
P - Monthly Production
( tonnes / month)
1 340 380
2 340 440
3 380 460
4 380 520
5 300 320
6 400 520
7 280 240
8 424 620
9 420 600
10 400 560
11 360 440
12 320 360
13 340 420
14 372 480
15 380 540
16 280 280
17 280 260
18 380 500
*toe = tonnes of oil equivalent.
Steps for CUSUM analysis
1. Plot the Energy – Production graph for the first 9 months
2. Draw the best fit straight line
3. Derive the equation of the line
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10. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
The above steps are completed in Figure 8.9, the equation derived is E = 0.4 P + 180
4. Calculate the expected energy consumption based on the equation
5. Calculate the difference between actual and calculated energy use
6. Compute CUSUM
These steps are shown in the Table 8.4.
7. Plot the CUSUM graph
8. Estimate the savings accumulated from use of the heat recovery system.
Table 8.4 CUSUM
Month Eact P Ecalc
(0.4 P + 180)
Eact – Ecalc CUSUM
(Cumulative
Sum)
1 340 380 332 +8 +8
2 340 440 356 -16 -8
3 380 460 364 +16 +8
4 380 520 388 -8 0
5 300 320 308 -8 -8
6 400 520 388 +2 -6
7 280 240 276 +4 -2
8 424 620 428 -4 -6
9 420 600 420 0 -6
10 400 560 404 -4 -10
11 360 440 356 +4 -6
12 320 360 324 -4 -10
13 340 420 348 -8 -18
14 372 480 372 0 -18
15 380 540 396 -16 -34
16 280 280 292 -12 -46
17 280 260 284 -4 -50
18 380 500 380 0 -50
Eact- Actual Energy consumption Ecalc - Calculated energy consumption
From the Figure 8.10, it can be seen that the CUSUM graph oscillates around the zero line
for several months and then drops sharply after month 11. This suggests that the heat
recovery system took almost two months to commission and reach proper operating
conditions, after which steady savings have been achieved. Based on the graph 8.10 (see
Table 8.4), savings of 44 toe (50-6) have been accumulated in the last 7 months. This
represents savings of almost 2% of energy consumption.
44
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11. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
x 100 = 1.8 %
2352#
#Eact for the last 7 months (from month 12 to month 18 in Table 8.4)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
P-Production(t/month)
Energy(toe/month)
Ecalc=0.4 P+180
Figure 8.9 Energy Production Graph
CUSUM chart for last 18 months is shown in Figure 8.10.
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Months
CUSUM
Figure 8.10 Example CUSUM Graph
The CUSUM technique is a simple but remarkably powerful statistical method, which
highlights small differences in energy efficiency performances. Regular use of the procedure
allows the Energy Manager to follow plant performance and spot any trends early.
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12. 8. Energy Monitoring and Targeting
QUESTIONS
1. What is the difference between monitoring and targeting?
2. Explain briefly the essential elements of a monitoring and targeting system.
3. What are the benefits of a monitoring and targeting system?
4. What do you understand by the term “benchmarking” and list few benefits?
5. Explain the difference between internal and external benchmarking.
6. Explain how a CUSUM chart is drawn with an example.
7. Narrate the type of energy monitoring and targeting systems in your industry.
REFERENCES
1. Energy conservation – The Indian experience, Department of Power & NPC
Publication
2. Energy Audit Reports of National Productivity Council
3. Cleaner Production – Energy Efficiency Manual prepared for GERIAP, UNEP,
BANGKOK by National Productivity Council
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