A successful metering strategy requires more than installing the meters. A metered data gives a direct view of energy consumption at each of the facilities; it also acts as the fundamental piece of information in computing appropriate efficiency metrics. This article explains how to derive maximum value out of metered data
Exergy Based Performance Analysis of FGPS (NTPC Faridabad)Santosh Verma
Compute energy and exergy flows using the thermodynamic property values with the real time operation parameters at terminal points of crucial systems and evaluate exergy destruction at different systems
Exergy Based Performance Analysis of FGPS (NTPC Faridabad)Santosh Verma
Compute energy and exergy flows using the thermodynamic property values with the real time operation parameters at terminal points of crucial systems and evaluate exergy destruction at different systems
Application of swarm intelligence algorithms to energy management of prosumer...IJECEIAES
The paper considers the problem of optimal control of a prosumer with a wind power plant in smart grid. It is shown that control can be performed in non-deterministic conditions due to the impossibility of accurate forecasting of the generation from renewable plants. A control model based on a priority queue of logical rules with structural-parametric optimization is applied. The optimization problem is considered from a separate prosumer, not from the entire distributed system. The solution of the optimization problem is performed by three swarm intelligence algorithms. Computational experiments were carried out for models of wind energy systems on Russky Island and Popov Island (Far East). The results obtained showed the high effectiveness of the swarm intelligence algorithms that demonstrated reliable and fast convergence to the global extreme of the optimization problem under different scenarios and parameters of prosumers. Also, we analyzed the influence of accumulator capacity on the variability of prosumers. The variability, in turn, affects the increase of the prosumer benefits from the interaction with the external global power system and neighboring prosumers.
This chapter deals with Load forecasting of different power system parts which includes the generation, transmission and distribution systems. This slide is specifically prepared for ASTU 5th year power and control engineering students.
Evaluation of the Energy Performance of the Amougdoul Wind Farm, Morocco IJECEIAES
This paper is concerned with the assessment of the the performance of the Amougdoul wind farm. We have determined the Weibull parameters; namely the scale parameter, c (m/s) and shape parameter, k. After that, we have estimated energy output by a wind turbine using two techniques: the useful power calculation method and the method based on the modeling of the power curve, which is respectively 134.5 kW and 194.19 KW corresponding to 27% and 39% of the available wind energy, which confirm that the conversion efficiency does not exceed 40%.
Estimating Infrastructure Requirements for a Near 100% Renewable Electricity ...Leonardo ENERGY
Due to increasing environmental concerns, a multitude of studies try to explore what are the best ways to reduce GHG emissions. One of the most effective actions that can be taken is to reduce emissions by increasing the share of Renewable Energy Sources in the electric sector and by increasing the share of electrification in some highly energy-intensive sectors, such as transport and heating.
This will certainly require an extreme transformation of those sectors, and it will require very significant infrastructure expansions. The magnitude of those expansions will probably be enough to have a strong impact in the economy, probably requiring an effort to develop suitable technical solutions and an increase in production capacity in some industrial sectors, all of which require time and careful planning.
It will be therefore extremely beneficial for all the affected agents to have an estimation of the associated infrastructure requirements, to be able to properly assess the impact in their respective industries, so as to be ready if the change takes place.
However, most studies are focused in estimating the reduction of the emissions, and forget to include fundamental details regarding infrastructure expansions, and a detailed description of the methodology that was used. This significantly reduces the usefulness of those reports, and makes checking the validity of the assumptions almost impossible.
A more open and transparent approach to modeling the possible scenarios would be desirable, especially in those cases where the studies have been funded by public institutions. Publicly available methodologies and full datasets will lead to better estimations and error corrections, and would unleash the full potential of those studies.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
This presentation discusses a generalized approach to handle industrial energy use data as compared to production data, in order to predict possible savings
Bulk power system availability assessment with multiple wind power plants IJECEIAES
The use of renewable non-conventional energy sources, as wind electric power energy and photovoltaic solar energy, has introduced uncertainties in the performance of bulk power systems. The power system availability has been employed as a useful tool for planning power systems; however, traditional methodologies model generation units as a component with two states: in service or out of service. Nevertheless, this model is not useful to model wind power plants for availability assessment of the power system. This paper used a statistical representation to model the uncertainty of power injection of wind power plants based on the central moments: mean value, variance, skewness and kurtosis. In addition, this paper proposed an availability assessment methodology based on application of this statistical model, and based on the 2m+1 point estimate method the availability assessment is performed. The methodology was tested on the IEEE-RTS assuming the connection of two wind power plants and different correlation among the behavior of these plants.
ACHIEVING ENERGY EFFICIENCIES IN COLD STORAGESJack Watson
Energy is the next most significant cost element in any cold storage after Manpower. Organizations globally are under pressure to reduce costs and be energy effi¬cient, while not compromising on service quality. This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages suggesting ways to collect and analyze energy and to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
Achieving Energy Efficiencies in Cold Storagesaayamkhatri
Energy is the next most significant cost element in any cold storage after Manpower. Organizations globally are under pressure to reduce costs and be energy effi¬cient, while not compromising on service quality. This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages suggesting ways to collect and analyze energy and to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
Wipro EcoEnergy-Achieving Energy Efficiencies in Cold StoragesNidhi Vora
This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages. It suggests ways to collect and analyze energy, asset performance, product and operations data to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
Energy is the next most significant cost element in any cold storage after Manpower. Organizations globally are under pressure to reduce costs and be energy effi¬cient, while not compromising on service quality. This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages suggesting ways to collect and analyze energy and to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
Wipro EcoEnergy-Achieving Energy Efficiencies in Cold StoragesShreeja Sahadevan
This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages. It suggests ways to collect and analyze energy, asset performance, product and operations data to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
Energy is the next most significant cost element in any cold storage after Manpower. Organizations globally are under pressure to reduce costs and be energy efficient, while not compromising on service quality. This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages suggesting ways to collect and analyze energy and to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
Application of swarm intelligence algorithms to energy management of prosumer...IJECEIAES
The paper considers the problem of optimal control of a prosumer with a wind power plant in smart grid. It is shown that control can be performed in non-deterministic conditions due to the impossibility of accurate forecasting of the generation from renewable plants. A control model based on a priority queue of logical rules with structural-parametric optimization is applied. The optimization problem is considered from a separate prosumer, not from the entire distributed system. The solution of the optimization problem is performed by three swarm intelligence algorithms. Computational experiments were carried out for models of wind energy systems on Russky Island and Popov Island (Far East). The results obtained showed the high effectiveness of the swarm intelligence algorithms that demonstrated reliable and fast convergence to the global extreme of the optimization problem under different scenarios and parameters of prosumers. Also, we analyzed the influence of accumulator capacity on the variability of prosumers. The variability, in turn, affects the increase of the prosumer benefits from the interaction with the external global power system and neighboring prosumers.
This chapter deals with Load forecasting of different power system parts which includes the generation, transmission and distribution systems. This slide is specifically prepared for ASTU 5th year power and control engineering students.
Evaluation of the Energy Performance of the Amougdoul Wind Farm, Morocco IJECEIAES
This paper is concerned with the assessment of the the performance of the Amougdoul wind farm. We have determined the Weibull parameters; namely the scale parameter, c (m/s) and shape parameter, k. After that, we have estimated energy output by a wind turbine using two techniques: the useful power calculation method and the method based on the modeling of the power curve, which is respectively 134.5 kW and 194.19 KW corresponding to 27% and 39% of the available wind energy, which confirm that the conversion efficiency does not exceed 40%.
Estimating Infrastructure Requirements for a Near 100% Renewable Electricity ...Leonardo ENERGY
Due to increasing environmental concerns, a multitude of studies try to explore what are the best ways to reduce GHG emissions. One of the most effective actions that can be taken is to reduce emissions by increasing the share of Renewable Energy Sources in the electric sector and by increasing the share of electrification in some highly energy-intensive sectors, such as transport and heating.
This will certainly require an extreme transformation of those sectors, and it will require very significant infrastructure expansions. The magnitude of those expansions will probably be enough to have a strong impact in the economy, probably requiring an effort to develop suitable technical solutions and an increase in production capacity in some industrial sectors, all of which require time and careful planning.
It will be therefore extremely beneficial for all the affected agents to have an estimation of the associated infrastructure requirements, to be able to properly assess the impact in their respective industries, so as to be ready if the change takes place.
However, most studies are focused in estimating the reduction of the emissions, and forget to include fundamental details regarding infrastructure expansions, and a detailed description of the methodology that was used. This significantly reduces the usefulness of those reports, and makes checking the validity of the assumptions almost impossible.
A more open and transparent approach to modeling the possible scenarios would be desirable, especially in those cases where the studies have been funded by public institutions. Publicly available methodologies and full datasets will lead to better estimations and error corrections, and would unleash the full potential of those studies.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
This presentation discusses a generalized approach to handle industrial energy use data as compared to production data, in order to predict possible savings
Bulk power system availability assessment with multiple wind power plants IJECEIAES
The use of renewable non-conventional energy sources, as wind electric power energy and photovoltaic solar energy, has introduced uncertainties in the performance of bulk power systems. The power system availability has been employed as a useful tool for planning power systems; however, traditional methodologies model generation units as a component with two states: in service or out of service. Nevertheless, this model is not useful to model wind power plants for availability assessment of the power system. This paper used a statistical representation to model the uncertainty of power injection of wind power plants based on the central moments: mean value, variance, skewness and kurtosis. In addition, this paper proposed an availability assessment methodology based on application of this statistical model, and based on the 2m+1 point estimate method the availability assessment is performed. The methodology was tested on the IEEE-RTS assuming the connection of two wind power plants and different correlation among the behavior of these plants.
ACHIEVING ENERGY EFFICIENCIES IN COLD STORAGESJack Watson
Energy is the next most significant cost element in any cold storage after Manpower. Organizations globally are under pressure to reduce costs and be energy effi¬cient, while not compromising on service quality. This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages suggesting ways to collect and analyze energy and to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
Achieving Energy Efficiencies in Cold Storagesaayamkhatri
Energy is the next most significant cost element in any cold storage after Manpower. Organizations globally are under pressure to reduce costs and be energy effi¬cient, while not compromising on service quality. This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages suggesting ways to collect and analyze energy and to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
Wipro EcoEnergy-Achieving Energy Efficiencies in Cold StoragesNidhi Vora
This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages. It suggests ways to collect and analyze energy, asset performance, product and operations data to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
Energy is the next most significant cost element in any cold storage after Manpower. Organizations globally are under pressure to reduce costs and be energy effi¬cient, while not compromising on service quality. This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages suggesting ways to collect and analyze energy and to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
Wipro EcoEnergy-Achieving Energy Efficiencies in Cold StoragesShreeja Sahadevan
This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages. It suggests ways to collect and analyze energy, asset performance, product and operations data to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
Energy is the next most significant cost element in any cold storage after Manpower. Organizations globally are under pressure to reduce costs and be energy efficient, while not compromising on service quality. This paper discusses the challenges in energy management for cold storages suggesting ways to collect and analyze energy and to arrive at energy saving strategies that when applied would help in cost, performance and energy efficiencies.
The purpose of this paper is to examine the need for smart metering of facilities at the branch circuit level and
determine if such implementations would pay back their investment.
Using Big Data for Operations & Energy Management in HospitalityAabha Sejpal
The hospitality industry is increasingly focusing on better energy management as it looks to improve guest comfort levels while optimizing energy consumption. This paper talks about the data analytics-based approach to determine Operational Effectiveness and Energy Management (OE&EM) for the hospitality industry.
Using big-data-for-operations-energy-management-in-hospitalitysiya4
The hospitality industry is increasingly focusing on better energy management as it looks to improve guest comfort levels while optimizing energy consumption. This paper talks about the data analytics-based approach to determine Operational Effectiveness and Energy Management (OE&EM) for the hospitality industry.
Using big-data-for-operations-energy-management-in-hospitalitymalini87
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Using Big Data for Operations & Energy Management in HospitalityJack Watson
The hospitality industry is increasingly focusing on better energy management as it looks to improve guest comfort levels while optimizing energy consumption. This paper talks about the data analytics-based approach to determine Operational Effectiveness and Energy Management (OE&EM) for the hospitality industry.
The hospitality industry is increasingly focusing on better energy management as it looks to improve guest comfort levels while optimizing energy consumption. This paper talks about the data analytics-based approach to determine Operational Effectiveness and Energy Management (OE&EM) for the hospitality industry.
Using Big Data for Operations & Energy Management in Hospitalityaayamkhatri
The hospitality industry is increasingly focusing on better energy management as it looks to improve guest comfort levels while optimizing energy consumption. This paper talks about the data analytics-based approach to determine Operational Effectiveness and Energy Management (OE&EM) for the hospitality industry.
Defining monitoring & targeting, Elements of monitoring & targeting, Data and information-analysis, Techniques -energy consumption,Production, Cumulative sum of differences (CUSUM).
AN EVENT-LOG ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION-BASED APPROACH FOR QUANTIFYING SUSTAINAB...Sudhendu Rai
This paper describes a discrete-event simulation and event-log analysis based approach for computing sustainability metrics in production environments to perform various types of comparative analysis and assessments. Event logs collected from the production environment are analyzed to compute current state sustainability metrics such as energy usage, carbon footprint and heating/cooling requirements. Bootstrapping based forecasting leveraging expert input is utilized to estimate future demand. The forecasted demand is then simulated to predict sustainability metrics. The discrete-event simulation results from the forecasted data and computation of heat produced is combined with thermodynamic
models of heat transfer through the thermal envelope of the facility to provide more accurate estimates of true carbon footprint associated with the production operations while also enabling cross-comparative studies of setting operations in different geographical locations. The framework and software tool enables the integration of productivity metrics and sustainability metrics in decision-making process for designing
and operating production environments.
Hotel facilities worldwide are under mounting pressure to do more with less - to provide superior guest experience while controlling costs and eliminating waste. This document describes how Wipro EcoEnergy’s Managed Energy Services Program (MESP) for the hospitality sector addresses these challenges and continuously delivers sustained savings.
A Large Consumer Electronics Retailer Switched to ResultsJack Watson
The need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing customer in-store experience and for achieving energy savings target was achieved by continuous identification and commissioning of energy saving strategies through dynamic control of connected stores. This helped to achieve operational efficiency in managing and maintaining lighting, HVAC and plug load across the chain with over 60% remote resolutions.
A Big Data Approach to Energy Management in RetailJack Watson
Retail businesses spend billions of dollars each year on energy. The industry faces the dual challenge of not only reducing carbon footprint, but also imbibing sustainable strategies that balance business objectives with environmental responsibilities. This paper discusses how the effective usage of Big Data Analytics can revolutionize energy sustainability initiatives for retailers, driving consumption pattern analysis, establishing efficiency blueprints and supporting maintenance efforts.
7 Steps to ‘Power’ Your Restaurant BusinessJack Watson
Energy is one of the Top 3 costs for a restaurant operator and also the fastest growing. This paper talks about a 7-step easy-to-implement method to save energy costs without any equipment upgrades, retrofits, or overhauls. The proposed steps provide a framework for launching a data-driven continuous improvement program with no capital expenditure.
Switch to Results in Educational InstitutionsJack Watson
Energy efficiency requires more technological changes beyond traditional investments in retrofits. Institutions have cut spending in key areas such as maintenance, capital investment and staffing. This document address the challenges of skyrocketing energy costs, facilities maintenance budget overruns, and compliance of energy reduction targets while helping you receive net cash to be utilized as necessary to maintain highest of standards of education.
A Fortune 500 Financial Services Giant Switched To ResultsJack Watson
The need to leverage the power of analytics for low cost-high impact operations and for centralizing technology performance has been addressed in the document. Swift reductions in energy consumption and improved working environment have been achieved through advanced analytics.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. 2
Table of Contents
03 .................................................................................... Introduction
03 .................................................................................... Benchmarking
04 .................................................................................... Schedule Mismatch
04 .................................................................................... Base Load
05 .................................................................................... Seasonality and Weather Impact
05 .................................................................................... Load Breakup
05 .................................................................................... Analytics & Forecasting
06 .................................................................................... Peak Shaving/Shifting
07 .................................................................................... Contract Demand
06 .................................................................................... Equipment Effeciency
07 .................................................................................... Loss Reduction
07 .................................................................................... Utility Meter Faults & Billing Errors
07 .................................................................................... Billing at multi-tenanted sites
07 .................................................................................... Emissions Reporting
07 .................................................................................... About the Author
3. Energy metering and sub-metering is being proposed
as a crucial element of energy efficiency at almost
every organization. With a maxim of “Measure to
save”, over 5 % of energy cost saving is often pegged
to granular metering.
Presently, the energy consumption is tracked at least once a month at
facility level, if not more. This explains the consumption at overall
facility level and helps one compare the energy consumption of a
facility during same months over the years and tracks any anomalies.
Depending on the objective and availability of funds, sub-metering may
be considered to provide load-wise energy consumption details.
Through advanced meters that are being deployed nowadays, it is
additionally possible to get time series data at pre-determined intervals.
Over a period of time, these can generate a huge set of valuable data.
A successful metering strategy requires more than installing the meters.
This article explains how to derive maximum value out of metered data.
3
Introduction
ANALYZE. ACHIEVE. ACCELERATE
Especially from interval-metering and sub-metering of energy
consumption in an organization.
Benchmarking:
In multi-facility organizations, it becomes imperative for management
teams to know how each of the different facilities are performing in
terms of energy consumption and how they fare in terms of
efficiency. While metered data gives a direct view of energy
consumption at each of the facilities, it also acts as the fundamental
piece of information in computing appropriate efficiency metrics.
Metrics used could be ones like Energy Usage Intensity (EUI) which
is kWh per sq.m/sq.ft or Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) which is
Total Facility Energy divided by IT Energy. These kinds of metrics not
only enable determining which facility is efficient irrespective of the
magnitude of energy consumption, but also helps in comparing with
other peers and industry benchmarks. This enables organizations to
set efficiency goals and charter a plan for achieving them.
4. 4
Base Load:
Data collected during off-hour periods indicate the base load of the
facility. It is the energy requirement of the facility irrespective of any
active operations. Hence this is the minimum energy that is used by the
facility and incur at least this much cost. However, the observed base
load may not be justified. By understanding the loads that are expected
to be operational, the actual energy consumption data could be
verified and it may turn out to be more than expected.Any reduction
that is subsequently achieved in base load will bring about the most
savings for single shift facilities and gradually to a lesser extent for
extended hours or multi shift facilities.
Schedule Mismatch:
Most organizations have schedules of operation that impact energy
consumption.They could be based on work hours of employees,varying
equipment/business loads in different shifts, off-hours/holiday/weekend
schedules etc.Analyzing metered data helps identify compliance to these
schedules.Any deviation observed is a potential area for energy savings.
For e.g., consider the working hours of a facility to be from 9 am to 6
pm.However,energy consumption data could indicate that 70% to 80%
of work hour energy consumption continues on till 8pm which may be
unjustifiable.The situation can then be investigated and appropriate
corrective action taken.
FACILITY
EUI
(kWh/Sq. Ft./Yr)
TYPE
ANNUAL ENERGY
(kWh)
AREA
(Sq.Ft.)
Site A
Site B
Site C
Site E
Site D
Office
Office
Office
Office
Office
17000
20000
15000
8000
13500
357000
360000
285000
184000
27000
21
18
19
23
20
As can be seen, the highest consuming facility is not necessarily the most inefficient.
Fig. 1: Schedule Mismatch
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
BaseLoad
Off-Hours Off-HoursWork Hours
5. 5
ANALYZE. ACHIEVE. ACCELERATE
Seasonality and Weather Impact:
Energy consumption of facilities could follow a seasonal pattern based
either on weather, business cycles or holidays/festival periods.
Analyzing data over longer time horizons of at least a year helps in
identifying these patterns. And checking if these are in line with known
events or cycles could identify energy saving opportunities.
Comparison could also be done of cycles across multiple years which
could bring out differences in consumption pattern. Investigation
into the root-cause of differences would help control energy
consumption better. Typical optimizations here relate to thermal
insulation of facilities, equipment energy efficiency and controls.
Analytics & Forecasting:
One of the significant values of having metered data over long periods
of time is in enabling prediction of energy consumption. Energy
models of building take into account various infrastructure details,
geo-specific weather data and other key impacting parameters to
forecast energy consumption. The accuracy of prediction improves
when historical data is considered, as enabled through metering and
monitoring of different key parameters. In day-to-day operations, the
Load Break-up:
One of the primary reasons and benefits of sub-metering is to gain an
insight into load breakup and identify loads that are sub-optimal in
energy efficiency. This could either be based on absolute consumption
details or in relation to other load values. For e.g., in a Data Center
what is the HVAC load with respect to IT load. The load relationship
could also be studied for different time periods to understand the way
it is changing. For e.g., how is it varying between day and night, work
and off day, summer and winter etc. These insights would help justify
or improve the energy consumption.
55%32%
5%
8%
Fig. 3: Load Distribution
Business Load HVAC Lighting Others
forecasted consumption can be used as a reference to control energy
consumption proactively rather than reactively. Dynamic operating
environments can provide energy saving opportunities on a
continuous basis. Analytics of metered data on an ongoing basis
would enable organizations to leverage maximum potential at the
earliest opportunity. For example, they could highlight spikes,
anomalies in usage pattern, growth or drop in energy consumption,
changes in key impacting parameters etc.
1,800
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Jan Feb Mar Apr JunMay Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fig. 2: Seasonal Consumption Pattern
Energy Consumption (MWh) Mean Temp (C)
6. 6
Equipment Efficiency:
With appropriate level of sub-metering it is possible to determine the
actual performing efficiency of equipment. This not only tells whether
the units are performing at expected levels, but also brings to
attention any maintenance needs when it drops unexpectedly. This
prevents avoidable losses in terms of energy as well as cost. For e.g.,
it would be possible to determine the efficiencies of equipment like
UPS and CRAC units using sub-metered data. Metrics like EER used
for CRAC units would require other associated parameters to be
monitored as well.
Peak Shaving/Shifting:
Metered data can be used to identify usage patterns, sources of energy
consumption and classification of peak loads into critical and
non-critical. This insight can then be used to determine if any of the
peak loads can be shifted to non-peak hours or if non-critical loads be
reduced. This helps in decreasing the peak load charges.
With increasing demand for energy and supply lagging behind, utility
companies face challenge in providing peak demand requirements.
While augmenting their peak supply capacities, some utility
companies offer demand response programs that incentivize
end-users to reduce their demand. Metered data analysis and peak
shaving/shifting would also enable one to participate in such demand
response programs and claim incentives.
Fig. 4: Actual vs. Predicted Consumption
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0
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00:00
Predicted Actual
Fig. 5a: Pre Peak Load Shaving
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0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Base Load Non-Critical Load Cooling Load
Fig. 5b: Post Peak Load Shaving
Base Load Non-Critical Load Cooling Load
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7. 7
ANALYZE. ACHIEVE. ACCELERATE
Contract Demand:
It is typical of organizations to forecast their business growth and
associated energy requirements while applying for a contract demand
from utilities. And the requested demand would be much more than
what is required presently. This unutilized capacity comes at additional
recurring cost which is justified by many to be worth the hassle/risk of
getting additional capacity at short notice. However, it would be a
worthwhile exercise to periodically review the predicted business
growth and energy requirement. It can so happen that due to business
decisions or turbulent market conditions, actual energy requirement
will be much below the predicted. Even considering the lead time of
procuring additional capacity, such instances can enable releasing of
excess capacity and make the exercise cash positive. Metered data
provides a strong basis for analyzing the peak demand requirement
and the demand growth that has actually been seen over a period of
time to make this call.
Loss Reduction:
Quality of power has a bearing on performance reliability, efficiency
and life of equipment. Many meters allow data points to be monitored
that enable determination of power quality like Power Factor and
Harmonics. Enabling them could highlight problem areas which could
then be addressed appropriately to the extent possible.
Utility Meter Faults & Billing Errors:
The availability of sub-metering on main lines enables one to detect
any fault in the main utility meters. Though rare, utility meter fault
could go undetected especially if it has been present over a period of
Raviraj Kadiyala heads the Energy Management Services practice atWipro EcoEnergy forTelecom,Transportation and
Logistics customers.
His current work encompasses developing propositions that deliver energy efficiency,reduce energy costs and add value to
core business needs of customers through M2M, IoT, analytics, central monitoring and managed services. His experience in
the fields of Energy Management and Telecom Networks covers solution architecture, product development, pre-sales,
commercials and delivery. He can be reached at raviraj.kadiyala@wipro.com.
About the Author
time. Installation of sub-meters enables one to detect existing
problem as well any new ones that may arise. With granular view into
consumption, metered data can be used to compute utility charges
independently. This can then be used to verify the correctness of
received invoices and reconcile with utility companies.
Billing at multi-tenanted sites:
In multi-tenanted facilities, contracts could be in place that charge
based on occupied area and not necessarily on energy consumption.
Metered data can be used by organizations to renegotiate contracts
that charge more in line with their actual consumption or restructure
them to be charged, based on actuals.
Emissions Reporting:
One of the big challenges in reporting emissions is collecting reliable
data on energy consumption. Metered data monitored through a
central system not only enables auditable data, but also dramatically
reduces the time required in data collection and report preparation.
Metering and monitoring requires investment. And at times, it
becomes difficult to justify it. However it has also been seen that at
places where investments have already been made, the use of data is
restricted only to a limited subset. It is the author’s hope that readers
of this article would be able to tap the full value of benefits realizable
from their metered data.
This article was published in Energyn
Manager magazine, Volume 5, Issue 1, Jan-Mar 2012
This paper was also included in the Resource library of Retail Industry Leaders Association