A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
An undergraduate project explaining the working and science of a bio-mass gasifier for production of bio-fuel used for heating, cooking and other purposes. Research on the bio-mass gasifier was done at a manufacturing plant in Savli, Gujarat, India.
A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
An undergraduate project explaining the working and science of a bio-mass gasifier for production of bio-fuel used for heating, cooking and other purposes. Research on the bio-mass gasifier was done at a manufacturing plant in Savli, Gujarat, India.
Energy sources in rural areas can be supplemented by woody, non-woody agro -residue, and degradable aquatic biomass. Process inputs can give small industries supplying biofuels.
Energy sources in rural areas can be supplemented by woody, non-woody agro -residue, and degradable aquatic biomass. Process inputs can give small industries supplying biofuels.
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performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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2. What is Biogas
A gas obtained due to anaerobic decomposition of
organic matter (cattle dung)
It is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulphide, water vapor, oxygen, nitrogen and
hydrogen.
Biogas has been known as swamp gas, sewer gas,
fuel gas, marsh gas etc.
In Pakistan, it is more commonly known as ‘gobar’
gas.
The digester in which the decomposition takes place
is known as BIOGAS PLANT
2
4. Common Uses of biogas
Cooking
Lighting
Power generation
Engine running
4
5. Energy Equivalence of biogas
Use of 1m3 of biogas as fuel can save other
sources of energy as:
0.52 litre of diesel
0.62 litre of kerosene oil
3.40 kg of wood
12.30 kg of cow dung cakes
0.43 kg of LPG
1.46 kg of coal
4.70 KW of electricity
5
6. Commonly used organic matter
used for generation of biogas
Cattle dung
Kitchen and dining hall waste
Vegetable market waste
Poultry dropping
Crop residue
Pig and horse excreta
Aquatic weeds such as water hyacinth
Agro industrial waste
Sewage Sludge
6
7. Comparative Biogas Production of
Different Feed Stocks
S No Type of feed stock Gas Yield per
Kg ( m3 )
Normal Feed availability per
animal per day (Kg)
1 Cattle dung 0.036 10 to 15
2 Human excreta 0.07 0.5
3 Horse dung 0.045 10
4 Sheep dropping 0.042 1
5 Camel droppings 0.056 6
6 Piggery waste 0.08 2.25
7 Poultry droppings 0.062 0.18
7
8. Overall scheme for anaerobic digestion of
organic matter
1st Phase- hydrolysis of complex organic materials,
i.e.,carbohydrates,fats,proteins, nitrogen compounds,salts
etc. into soluble organic compounds, i.e., sugars,fatty
acids,amino acids etc.
2nd Phase- soluble organic compounds are reduced to
simpler compounds, i.e., organic acids (acetic acid,
propionic acid etc.) , simpler alcohols and acetone.
3rd Phase- Organic acids ,mainly acetic acid and certain
other oxidised compounds are converted to methane and
carbon dioxide by methanogenic bacteria.
8
9. Role of Biogas plants in saving of
environment
Direct and immediate impact :
Save other fuels and hence less stress on other fuels
Using biogas as a kitchen fuel can prevent
deforestation and hence soil erosion
Change of environment in the house as biogas is a
clean fuel. Other fuels being commonly used creates
pollution by generating smoke.
The use of biogas prevents chances of eye diseases
and respiratory diseases. Hence healthy life of rural
woman.
Clean kitchen and utensils and hence saving in the
time of women
Clean House and hence less expenditure for
maintenance of house
9
10. Costs of a Biogas Plant
Categories of costs
As far as costs are concerned there are three major categories:
Manufacturing or acquisition costs (production costs)
Operation and maintenance costs (running costs)
Capital costs
10
11. Production Costs
The production costs of biogas plants are determined by the
following factors:
Purchasing costs or opportunity costs for land which is needed
for the biogas plant and slurry storage
Model of the biogas plant
Size and dimensioning of the biogas unit
Amount and prices of material
Labor input and wages
Degree of participation of the future biogas user and his
opportunity costs for labor
11
12. Running Costs
The operation and maintenance costs consist of wage and
material cost for:
Acquisition (purchase, collection and transportation) of the
substrate
Water supply for cleaning the stable and mixing the substrate
Feeding and operating of the plant
Supervision, maintenance and repair of the plant
Storage and disposal of the slurry
Gas distribution and utilization
Administration
12
13. Capital Costs
Capital costs consist of redemption and
interest for the capital taken up to finance the
construction costs. For dynamic cost
comparison the capital fixed in the plant is
converted into equal annual amounts.
13
15. Economic Viability
The Economic viability of projects points out the financial
feasibility of investment alternatives. Three types of questions
need to be answered.
Which project is the least expensive among an array of
options that produce the same output (least cost analysis)
Which project shows the highest net benefit (benefit minus
cost) among an array of options (cost benefit analysis)
Is a project a financially viable solution to the problem on
hand? (absolute viability)
15
16. Investment Criteria
The dynamic approach deals with a consideration of
benefits and costs over several years.
Investment criteria are, as follows:
A. Net Present Value(NPV)
B. Internal Rate of Return(IRR)
C. Dynamic Unit cost criterion
16
17. Net Present Value
The most common investment criteria is the NPV and
is defined as follows. Where
PV - Net Present Value
Ct - Costs in year
Bt - Benefits in year t
k - discount rate
t - number of years from the present
n - total number of the years of the analysis period
Please refer to example given below
17
18. Internal Rate of Return
A further criterion which can be applied for the
purpose of viability calculation is the internal rate of
return (IRR). It is the discount rate at which the
present value of cost is equal to the present value of
the benefits. In other words, it is the discount rate at
which the net present value is zero:
18
19. Dynamic Unit Cost
Criterion
To gain additional transparency, the Dynamic Unit
Cost criterion (Cdyn) stands for the calculation of the
financial analysis performed on a per unit basis (if Ct
> Bt):
19
21. As the Population is increasing; so is the
demand for energy is increasing, we
can use the Bio-gas as an alternative
fuel to cope-up with the growing
demands
Thank-You
21
Editor's Notes
For Example: Given a biogas plant with an investment cost of 2000 US$ within the first year of the project and assuming annual running costs of 70 US$ during the following 9 years of operation and estimating an annual benefit of 450 US$ during the operation time (due to incomes from gas production and fertilizer production), the NPV results as follows:
NPV = 2000/(1,08)0 + [(450/(1,08)1 + 450/(1,08)2 + ... + 450/(1,08)9) - (70/(1,08) 1 + 70/(1,08)2
+ ... + 70/(1,08)9)] = 374 US$
Applying the net present value method the investment can count as being profitable as its
NPV is positive. It means that the interest rate on capital is higher than the assumed discount
rate. Investing in the biogas plant would allow a higher return to the investor than an
investment on capital market.
Assuming the project data of the example of NPV, the internal rate of return results as
follows:
0 = 2000/(IRR)0 + [(450/(IRR)1 + 450/(IRR)2 + ... + 450/(IRR)9) - (70/(IRR) 1 + 70/(IRR)2 + ... +
70/(IRR)9)]
The resulting interest rate (IRR) at which the NPV is zero amounts to 12,45%. The investors
decision to deal with a biogas plant investment leads to high capital gains, since an IRR of
12,45% exceeds the minimum acceptable rate of 8% (interest rate).
The IRR method is closely linked with the NPV-method and is recommendable for viability
calculation for a single project, as the project’s IRR is compared with the IRR of the market.
As this criterion is linked to the NPV-method, no differences in calculation procedure occur. This decision criterion enables the various options with different outputs to be compared on a per unit basis. The main advantage of the concept is that options of different sizes (output) can easily be compared with each other regarding to their financial viability.