The document summarizes energy flow through ecosystems. It explains that all energy on Earth comes from the sun and is absorbed by producers like plants through photosynthesis. Producers are then eaten by primary consumers like herbivores and secondary consumers like carnivores. Decomposers break down waste and dead organisms, releasing energy and returning nutrients to the system. This flow of energy is depicted through food chains and food webs. Only 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels, causing energy pyramids to narrow at higher levels. Key matter cycles like water, carbon, and oxygen are driven by the ecosystem and also flow in loops through producers, consumers, and decomposers.

1. ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM

2. 2. Ecosystems and Biomes 2.1 Energy Flow 2.1.1 Energy roles Consumer Producers Decomposer 2.1.2 Food Chain and Food web 2.1.3 Energy Pyramids 2.2 Cycles of Matter 2.2.1 Water cycle 2.2.2 Carbon and oxygen cycles .

3. Where does the energy come from?

4. Organisms and Energy All the energy on Earth comes from the sun!!

5. Producers Organisms that use the energy from the sun to produce their own food. Ex: Plants, algae and some bacteria.

6. Photosynthesis

7. Consumers Organisms that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms. 3-Types Herbivores Carnivores Scavengers and decomposers

8. Herbivores Heterotrophs that consume plants only. Ex: cows, deer, rabbits… (First order consumers)

9. Carnivores Heterotrophs that consume other animals. Ex: Humans, cats… (Second… order consumers.)

10. Scavengers Feed on dead organisms. Ex: vultures

11. Decomposers Break down wastes and dead organisms and return the raw materials to the ecosystem. Ex: Bacteria and fungus

12. Are the decomposer nature´s recyclers? While obtain energy for their own needs, decomposer return simple molecules to the environment. These molecules can be used again by other organisms.

13. How does energy flow through the ecosystem??? In ONE direction only The movement of the energy through the ecosystem can be show in diagram called food chain

14. Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57 Sun-Producers-Consumers-Decomposers- Released as heat Autotrophs First-order heterotrophs Third-order heterotrophs Second-order heterotrophs Decomposers

15. Food chain and Food web The energy enter as sunlight and converted to food molecules by producer. After this energy is transfer to each organism that eat a producer And to another organism that feed on these consumers.

16. Food Chain DEFINITION: It´s a series of events in which one organism eats another to get energy The figure represent a simplest exchange of energy.

19. Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHFdl0PzFiE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBagx9Qhdx8&feature=relate d

20. Food Web: Many interconnected and overlapping food chains

21. Food Web FOOD WEB

22. Ecological Pyramids Shows how energy flows through the ecosystem

23. Energy Pyramid Shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web Only 10% of the energy is passed onto the next level.

24. Energy Pyramid The most energy is available at the producer level of the pyramid As you move up the pyramid, each level has less energy available than the level below.

25. Cycles of the matter What is a cycle? Is a series of things that repeat over and over again What are some example of cycles? Water cycle Oxygen cycle Carbon dioxide cycle

26. Nutrients Nutrients cycle through the ecosystem, never disappearing. nutrients nutrients nutrients

27. Water Cycle 3 parts… Evaporation Condensation Precipitation

28. Evaporation The process by which molecules of liquid water absorb energy and change to a gas From oceans, lakes, river. From living things: Leaves of trees, liquid wastes and when you exhale.

29. Condensation This process by which a gas changes to a liquid. When the gas rises the atmosphere , it cool down and a little drop are formed. The water droplets collect around particles of dust , eventually forming clouds.

30. Precipitation To more water condenses the drop grow larger and heavy then fall back to earth as precipitation. Over ocean and lake When fall in land may soak and become groundwater.

31. Water Cycle

32. Carbon Cycle

33. Class work See the video and complete the worshhet. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3SZKJVKRxQ

34. Carbon cycle

35. Oxygen Cycle

36. Oxygen and carbon cycle These two elements are essential to the life on the earth In ecosystems the process of carbon and oxygen cycles are linked Producers, consumers, and decomposers play important roles in recycling carbon and oxygen.

37. Carbon cycle The cycle can start when producers take in carbon dioxide gas from the air and release oxygen during photosynthesis. They take the carbon and make food molecules such as sugar and starches to get energy

38. Carbon cycle When consumers eat producers, they take in the carbon-containing food molecules to obtain energy. The consumer break down the carbon compounds in a process called respiration in this time they release Then carbon dioxide is cycled back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

39. Oxygen cycle The oxygen is found through the ecosystems Producers release oxygen in the photosynthesis process. The organisms take the oxygen from air or water and use it to carry out their life process.

40. Human Impact (Released CO2) Industrial pollutions, when people burn oil or fuels. Clear forests and burn Less trees – less absortion f CO2 from the environment.