1. Energy from the sun is stored by producers like plants through photosynthesis and stored as glucose. Producers are then eaten by primary consumers like herbivores. Higher-level consumers like carnivores eat those primary consumers.
2. Food chains and food webs show the transfer of energy between organisms in an ecosystem. Food chains show a single pathway while food webs show the complex interconnected feeding relationships.
3. Energy pyramids illustrate that only about 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels, so the amount of energy decreases at each higher level. Producers form the base and consumers occupy higher levels.
Middle school slide show for ecology unit. Sun as source of energy. Producers, consumers, decomposers, trophic levels. Loss of available energy from trophic level to trophic level.
In ecology, energy flow, also called the calorific flow, refers to the flow of energy through a food chain. In an ecosystem, ecologists seek to quantify the relative importance of different component species and feeding relationships.
A general energy flow scenario follows:
Solar energy is fixed by the photoautotrophs, called primary producers, like green plants. Primary consumers absorb most of the stored energy in the plant through digestion, and transform it into the form of energy they need, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through respiration. A part of the energy received by primary consumers, herbivores, is converted to body heat (an effect of respiration), which is radiated away and lost from the system. The loss of energy through body heat is far greater in warm-blooded animals, which must eat much more frequently than those that are cold-blooded. Energy loss also occurs in the expulsion of undigested food (egesta) by excretion or regurgitation.
Secondary consumers, carnivores, then consume the primary consumers, although omnivores also consume primary producers. Energy that had been used by the primary consumers for growth and storage is thus absorbed into the secondary consumers through the process of digestion. As with primary consumers, secondary consumers convert this energy into a more suitable form (ATP) during respiration. Again, some energy is lost from the system, since energy which the primary consumers had used for respiration and regulation of body temperature cannot be utilised by the secondary consumers.
Tertiary consumers, which may or may not be apex predators, then consume the secondary consumers, with some energy passed on and some lost, as with the lower levels of the food chain.
A final link in the food chain are decomposers which break down the organic matter of the tertiary consumers (or whichever consumer is at the top of the chain) and release nutrients into the soil. They also break down plants, herbivores and carnivores that were not eaten by organisms higher on the food chain, as well as the undigested food that is excreted by herbivores and carnivores. Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi are decomposers, and play a pivotal role in the nitrogen and carbon cycles.
The energy is passed on from trophic level to trophic level and each time about 90% of the energy is lost, with some being lost as heat into the environment (an effect of respiration) and some being lost as incompletely digested food (egesta). Therefore, primary consumers get about 10% of the energy produced by autotrophs, while secondary consumers get 1% and tertiary consumers get 0.1%. This means the top consumer of a food chain receives the least energy, as a lot of the food chain's energy has been lost between trophic levels. This loss of energy at each level limits typical food chains to only four to six links.
Middle school slide show for ecology unit. Sun as source of energy. Producers, consumers, decomposers, trophic levels. Loss of available energy from trophic level to trophic level.
In ecology, energy flow, also called the calorific flow, refers to the flow of energy through a food chain. In an ecosystem, ecologists seek to quantify the relative importance of different component species and feeding relationships.
A general energy flow scenario follows:
Solar energy is fixed by the photoautotrophs, called primary producers, like green plants. Primary consumers absorb most of the stored energy in the plant through digestion, and transform it into the form of energy they need, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through respiration. A part of the energy received by primary consumers, herbivores, is converted to body heat (an effect of respiration), which is radiated away and lost from the system. The loss of energy through body heat is far greater in warm-blooded animals, which must eat much more frequently than those that are cold-blooded. Energy loss also occurs in the expulsion of undigested food (egesta) by excretion or regurgitation.
Secondary consumers, carnivores, then consume the primary consumers, although omnivores also consume primary producers. Energy that had been used by the primary consumers for growth and storage is thus absorbed into the secondary consumers through the process of digestion. As with primary consumers, secondary consumers convert this energy into a more suitable form (ATP) during respiration. Again, some energy is lost from the system, since energy which the primary consumers had used for respiration and regulation of body temperature cannot be utilised by the secondary consumers.
Tertiary consumers, which may or may not be apex predators, then consume the secondary consumers, with some energy passed on and some lost, as with the lower levels of the food chain.
A final link in the food chain are decomposers which break down the organic matter of the tertiary consumers (or whichever consumer is at the top of the chain) and release nutrients into the soil. They also break down plants, herbivores and carnivores that were not eaten by organisms higher on the food chain, as well as the undigested food that is excreted by herbivores and carnivores. Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi are decomposers, and play a pivotal role in the nitrogen and carbon cycles.
The energy is passed on from trophic level to trophic level and each time about 90% of the energy is lost, with some being lost as heat into the environment (an effect of respiration) and some being lost as incompletely digested food (egesta). Therefore, primary consumers get about 10% of the energy produced by autotrophs, while secondary consumers get 1% and tertiary consumers get 0.1%. This means the top consumer of a food chain receives the least energy, as a lot of the food chain's energy has been lost between trophic levels. This loss of energy at each level limits typical food chains to only four to six links.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
Flow of energy 2013-2014
1. Flow of Energy Through Living Systems
Food Chains
Food Webs
Energy Pyramids
2. • Begins with the SUNBegins with the SUN
• PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2
3. Photosynthesis
• Is a chemical reaction where green plantsIs a chemical reaction where green plants
useuse waterwater andand carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide to store theto store the
sun’sun’s energys energy in the form ofin the form of glucose.glucose.
• ENERGY is stored in glucoseENERGY is stored in glucose
• Glucose isGlucose is
stored asstored as
starchstarch inin
plantsplants
4. Organisms that can make glucose
during photosynthesis are called
PRODUCERS.
5. 5
ProducersProducers
use most of theuse most of the
energy they makeenergy they make
for themselves.for themselves.
copyright cmassengale
13. Some
of the energy
is not lost to the atmosphere
or used by the consumer.
This energy is available for
another consumer.
(about 10%)
14. A consumer that eats another
consumer for energy:
• Is called a secondary or
second order consumer
• May be a carnivore
or an omnivore
• May be a predator
• May be a scavenger
15. Most
of the energy the
secondary consumer gets
from the primary consumer is
used by the secondary
consumer.
Secondary
consumer
16. Some
of the energy
is lost as heat,
but some energy
is stored and can be passed on
to another consumer
(about 10%).
17. A consumer that eats a consumer
that already ate a consumer:
• Is called a third order or tertiary consumer
• May be a carnivore or an omnivore
• May be a predator
• May be a scavenger
18. Consumers that eat xx
producers & other consumers
• Are called omnivores
• Omnivores eat plants
and animals
19. Consumers
that hunt & kill other consumers
are called predators.
The animals that are
hunted & killed are called prey.
22. The transfer of energy
from sun
to producer
to primary consumer
to secondary consumer
to tertiary consumer
can be shown in a FOOD CHAIN.
23. FOOD CHAINS
A food chain shows the path of
energy from one organism to the
next
– energy flows from producers to
consumers
– arrows point to who is eating
(plant is eaten by herbivore)
– Can vary in lengthCan vary in length
– Usually decomposers are left out
25. Another way of showing the
transfer of energy in an
ecosystem is the
ENERGY PYRAMID.
26. 10% Rule
ONLY 10% of the energy from an
organism on one level can be passed
on to an organism on the next level.
27. Energy Pyramids
show • That the amount of available
energy decreases up the
food chain
• It takes a large number of
producers to support a small
number of primary
consumers
• It takes a large number of
primary consumers to
support a small number of
secondary consumers
E
N
E
R
G
Y
L
O
S
S
29. Food WebsFood Webs
• FeedingFeeding relationshipsrelationships are much moreare much more
complicated than a single, one-waycomplicated than a single, one-way
chainchain
• Many animals eat more than one kindMany animals eat more than one kind
of foodof food
• Food webs show these relationshipsFood webs show these relationships
30. Food Webs:
• Are interconnected
food chains
• They show the
feeding relationships
in an ecosystem
31. FOOD WEBS
• Typically, food webs go like this:
PRODUCER
CONSUMER
(HERBIVORE)
CONSUMER
(CARNIVORE)
CONSUMER
(OMNIVORE)
DECOMPOSER
remember:
decomposers
receive energy
from all other
organisms in
an ecosystem
32. FOOD CHAINS AND WEBS
• Practice! Draw a food
chain that includes the
following organisms:
– grasshopper
– mouse
– grass
– owl
• Now label the organisms
as producers, consumers
(which type?), or
decomposers PRODUCER
CONSUMER
(HERBIVORE)
CONSUMER
(CARNIVORE)
CONSUMER
(CARNIVORE)
33. FOOD CHAINS, WEBS & ENERGY PYRAMIDS
• Food chains/webs can
be written as a pyramid:
– Producers form the
base of the pyramid
– Consumers
form the upper
layers
34. ReviewReview
Identify the following as producers orIdentify the following as producers or
consumers.consumers.
• FungiFungi
• CowsCows
• HumansHumans
• MushroomsMushrooms
• GrassGrass
• TreesTrees
• MouseMouse
35. ReviewReview
Young rabbits that eat grass are sometimes eaten
by raccoons, which also eat seeds and berries.
Bacteria help to decompose the excretions of the
raccoon. Which statement about these nutritional
relationships is accurate?
1.1. Bacteria are scavengers.Bacteria are scavengers.
2.2. Rabbits are secondary consumers.Rabbits are secondary consumers.
3.3. Raccoons eat only producers.Raccoons eat only producers.
4.4. Raccoons are both primary and secondary consumers.Raccoons are both primary and secondary consumers.
36. ReviewReview
Base your answer on the chart and yourBase your answer on the chart and your
knowledge of biology. Which is an example ofknowledge of biology. Which is an example of
the nutritional pattern of a primary consumer?the nutritional pattern of a primary consumer?
1.1.prickly pear cactuses – desert ratsprickly pear cactuses – desert rats
2.2.grasshoppers – lizardsgrasshoppers – lizards
3.3.scorpions – bacteriascorpions – bacteria
4.4.lizards – roadrunnerlizards – roadrunner
37. ReviewReview
Which statement best describes anWhich statement best describes an
energy pyramid?energy pyramid?
1.1.There is more energy at the consumer level thanThere is more energy at the consumer level than
at the producer level.at the producer level.
2.2.There is more energy at the producer level that atThere is more energy at the producer level that at
the consumer level.the consumer level.
3.3.There is more energy at the secondary-consumerThere is more energy at the secondary-consumer
level than at the primary-consumer level.level than at the primary-consumer level.
4.4.There is more energy at the decomposer levelThere is more energy at the decomposer level
than at the consumer level.than at the consumer level.
38. ReviewReview
The diagrams represent four members of a foodThe diagrams represent four members of a food
chain. Which sequence best represents thechain. Which sequence best represents the
transfer of energy between these organisms?transfer of energy between these organisms?
1.1.toads – predaceous insects – herbivoroustoads – predaceous insects – herbivorous
insects – plantsinsects – plants
2.2.predaceous insects – herbivorous insects –predaceous insects – herbivorous insects –
plants – toadsplants – toads
3.3.plants – herbivorous insects – predaceousplants – herbivorous insects – predaceous
insects – toadsinsects – toads
4.4.plants – herbivorous insects – toads –plants – herbivorous insects – toads –
predaceous insectspredaceous insects
39. ReviewReview
If birds eat insects that feed on corn, whichIf birds eat insects that feed on corn, which
pyramid level in the diagram would birdspyramid level in the diagram would birds
occupy?occupy?
1.1. AA
2.2. BB
3.3. CC
4.4. DD
40. ReviewReview
Compared to the energy contained in theCompared to the energy contained in the
plants eaten by cows, the amount of energyplants eaten by cows, the amount of energy
available to the organisms that eat the cows isavailable to the organisms that eat the cows is
less, since cowsless, since cows
1.1. reproduce rapidly and pass on most of the energy toreproduce rapidly and pass on most of the energy to
their offspringtheir offspring
2.2. convert solar energy to foodconvert solar energy to food
3.3. store all their energy in milkstore all their energy in milk
4.4. use energy for their own metabolismuse energy for their own metabolism
41. ReviewReview
In an ecosystem, the more livingIn an ecosystem, the more living
requirements that two different speciesrequirements that two different species
have in common, the more intense will behave in common, the more intense will be
their…their…
1.1.ecological successionecological succession
2.2.competitioncompetition
3.3.energy requirementsenergy requirements
4.4.adaptationadaptation