K jackson medical terminology chapter 11
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Water is vital for physiological functions and thirst signals the body's need to replace lost water through processes like sweating. Most people need around 8 glasses of water daily but more in hot weather or after heavy sweating. Polydipsia is excessive thirst and causes people to drink too much water, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances. Nocturia is waking at night to urinate, caused by producing too much urine, low bladder capacity, or a combination of the two. Polyuria is excessive urine production of over 2.5 liters per day, which can indicate bladder, urinary tract, or metabolic issues like diabetes.
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Presentation 11 Kala Frazier
The document discusses medical suffixes and conditions related to thirst and urine. It defines the suffixes -dipsia, meaning thirst, and -uria, meaning urine condition. For -dipsia, it gives the example word polydipsia, which means excessive thirst. For -uria, it gives the example word polyuria, which means excessive urine production. It describes polydipsia and polyuria in more detail, noting that both can be early symptoms of diabetes or other medical issues.
Approach of Dehydration in pediatrics & management
This document discusses dehydration, including:
1. It defines dehydration as a deficit of total body water that disrupts metabolic processes when water loss exceeds intake. There are three types based on electrolyte imbalances.
2. Causes include vomiting, diarrhea, fever, medications, and other factors that increase water loss or decrease intake.
3. Assessment involves checking weight loss, vital signs, skin signs, and urine output to determine severity. Treatment depends on severity and cause, ranging from oral rehydration for mild cases to IV fluids for severe dehydration.
Chapter 9 urinary system
The document summarizes key aspects of the urinary system, including common pathologies like urinary tract infections (UTIs), acute renal failure (ARF), and chronic renal failure (CRF). It describes the organs of the urinary system, symptoms and causes of UTIs, the urine culture test, and treatments for ARF like dialysis and preventing infection. CRF is defined as the slow loss of kidney function over time, with diabetes and high blood pressure as leading causes.
Water intoxication
Water intoxication, also known as water poisoning, occurs when too much water is consumed too quickly, causing an electrolyte imbalance that can lead to cellular swelling, especially in the brain. A 28-year-old woman died after drinking large amounts of water during a radio station contest. Drinking excessive water too quickly can cause the body's electrolyte balance to shift, causing cells including brain cells to swell. Symptoms range from headache to seizures and brain damage. Risk factors include low body mass, endurance exercise without electrolyte replenishment, psychiatric conditions, and medical treatment that does not balance fluids and electrolytes. Prevention involves drinking water in moderation over time rather than large volumes at once. Treatment focuses on fluid restriction
The Medical Assessment and Management of Oliguria
The document discusses the medical assessment and management of oliguria. It defines oliguria as urine output less than 400 mL per day in adults. Oliguria can result from prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal causes. The assessment of oliguria involves urine analysis and blood tests to evaluate electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, and acid-base balance. Medical management focuses on treating the underlying cause, managing fluid balance and hyperkalemia, and considering dialysis for complications like volume overload or refractory acidosis. Identifying and treating reversible causes is important for prognosis, which depends on etiology and comorbidities.
Thirst mechanism during dehydration
It is an essential mechanism involved in fluid balance. It arises from a lack of fluids or an increase in the concentration of certain osmolites, such as salt. If the water volume of the body falls below a certain threshold or the osmolyte concentration becomes too high, the brain signals thirst
Thirst
Thirst is a physiological response that motivates organisms to drink water when they lose it through processes like defecation, perspiration, respiration, and excretion. Dehydration occurs when there is an excessive loss of body fluid and results in increased thirst and decreased urine output. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system helps regulate blood volume and fluid balance in response to cellular dehydration by signaling the hypothalamus to stimulate drinking, the kidneys to reabsorb more water, and blood vessels to conserve water.
The kidney, functions, treatments and diseases.....
The kidneys are a pair of organs located in the lower back that filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance. Each kidney contains around a million filtering units called nephrons. The kidneys' functions include filtering blood to remove wastes and control fluid balance. Kidney diseases can damage the kidneys and impair their ability to function properly. Acute kidney failure occurs when the kidneys suddenly lose their ability to function, which can be caused by infections, blood disorders, low blood pressure, or other issues.
Recommended
Presentation 11 Kala Frazier
The document discusses medical suffixes and conditions related to thirst and urine. It defines the suffixes -dipsia, meaning thirst, and -uria, meaning urine condition. For -dipsia, it gives the example word polydipsia, which means excessive thirst. For -uria, it gives the example word polyuria, which means excessive urine production. It describes polydipsia and polyuria in more detail, noting that both can be early symptoms of diabetes or other medical issues.
Approach of Dehydration in pediatrics & management
This document discusses dehydration, including:
1. It defines dehydration as a deficit of total body water that disrupts metabolic processes when water loss exceeds intake. There are three types based on electrolyte imbalances.
2. Causes include vomiting, diarrhea, fever, medications, and other factors that increase water loss or decrease intake.
3. Assessment involves checking weight loss, vital signs, skin signs, and urine output to determine severity. Treatment depends on severity and cause, ranging from oral rehydration for mild cases to IV fluids for severe dehydration.
Chapter 9 urinary system
The document summarizes key aspects of the urinary system, including common pathologies like urinary tract infections (UTIs), acute renal failure (ARF), and chronic renal failure (CRF). It describes the organs of the urinary system, symptoms and causes of UTIs, the urine culture test, and treatments for ARF like dialysis and preventing infection. CRF is defined as the slow loss of kidney function over time, with diabetes and high blood pressure as leading causes.
Water intoxication
Water intoxication, also known as water poisoning, occurs when too much water is consumed too quickly, causing an electrolyte imbalance that can lead to cellular swelling, especially in the brain. A 28-year-old woman died after drinking large amounts of water during a radio station contest. Drinking excessive water too quickly can cause the body's electrolyte balance to shift, causing cells including brain cells to swell. Symptoms range from headache to seizures and brain damage. Risk factors include low body mass, endurance exercise without electrolyte replenishment, psychiatric conditions, and medical treatment that does not balance fluids and electrolytes. Prevention involves drinking water in moderation over time rather than large volumes at once. Treatment focuses on fluid restriction
The Medical Assessment and Management of Oliguria
The document discusses the medical assessment and management of oliguria. It defines oliguria as urine output less than 400 mL per day in adults. Oliguria can result from prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal causes. The assessment of oliguria involves urine analysis and blood tests to evaluate electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, and acid-base balance. Medical management focuses on treating the underlying cause, managing fluid balance and hyperkalemia, and considering dialysis for complications like volume overload or refractory acidosis. Identifying and treating reversible causes is important for prognosis, which depends on etiology and comorbidities.
Thirst mechanism during dehydration
It is an essential mechanism involved in fluid balance. It arises from a lack of fluids or an increase in the concentration of certain osmolites, such as salt. If the water volume of the body falls below a certain threshold or the osmolyte concentration becomes too high, the brain signals thirst
Thirst
Thirst is a physiological response that motivates organisms to drink water when they lose it through processes like defecation, perspiration, respiration, and excretion. Dehydration occurs when there is an excessive loss of body fluid and results in increased thirst and decreased urine output. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system helps regulate blood volume and fluid balance in response to cellular dehydration by signaling the hypothalamus to stimulate drinking, the kidneys to reabsorb more water, and blood vessels to conserve water.
The kidney, functions, treatments and diseases.....
The kidneys are a pair of organs located in the lower back that filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance. Each kidney contains around a million filtering units called nephrons. The kidneys' functions include filtering blood to remove wastes and control fluid balance. Kidney diseases can damage the kidneys and impair their ability to function properly. Acute kidney failure occurs when the kidneys suddenly lose their ability to function, which can be caused by infections, blood disorders, low blood pressure, or other issues.
Clinical approach to a patient complaining of polyuria
This document provides guidance on evaluating and differentiating the causes of polyuria, which is excessive urine output of more than 3 L/day. It lists physiological causes such as excessive fluid intake or environmental factors and pathological causes including endocrine disorders like diabetes mellitus, renal issues like chronic kidney disease, and drugs that can cause polyuria. The evaluation involves collecting a 24-hour urine output, performing a water deprivation test, and considering the patient's history, examination findings, and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause.
Urine analysis
This document discusses investigations for urine and blood tests to evaluate potential causes of polyuria or renal disease. Urine tests can check for diabetes, renal disease, and diabetes insipidus. Blood tests evaluate renal function, electrolytes, calcium, thyroid function, and look for signs of myeloma, collagen disease, or pituitary disorders. Further investigations may include imaging of the renal tract, renal biopsy, and imaging of the brain to identify tumors. Water deprivation and desmopressin tests can help distinguish cranial vs nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Renal system history taking & urine analysis 2012
The document provides an overview of renal anatomy, physiology, and clinical assessment of the renal system. It describes:
1) The gross anatomy and vasculature of the kidneys and their role in fluid balance, waste excretion, and hormone production.
2) Common diseases of the kidney including infections, obstructions, and congenital abnormalities.
3) Methods for evaluating the renal system through history, physical exam findings like abnormalities in urination, and urine analysis including chemical tests, microscopy, and culture.
Uti
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common, especially in bedridden patients. UTIs can affect the lower urinary tract (urethra, bladder) or upper tract (kidneys, ureters). Symptoms range from asymptomatic bacteriuria to systemic symptoms like fever. Risk factors include female sex, age, pregnancy, sexual activity, and anatomical or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract. Treatment involves antibiotics, with drug and duration depending on infection severity and location. Catheter use increases risk and they should be inserted aseptically and changed if malfunctioning to prevent UTIs.
Routine department repaired-
This document provides information about routine urinalysis, including normal ranges, potential causes of abnormal findings, types of urine samples, macroscopic and microscopic examination, and dipstick test results. It describes the appearance and potential causes of abnormal urine colors. It also lists normal ranges and clinical significance for various findings on dipstick testing for specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, leukocyte esterase, nitrite, bilirubin, and urobilinogen. Details are given about cellular and non-cellular components that may be seen microscopically in urine sediment and their clinical relevance.
Liver failure
This document discusses liver failure, distinguishing between acute liver failure caused by things like infection or drugs versus chronic liver failure usually caused by alcohol or viral hepatitis. In chronic liver failure, functional problems develop like low clotting factors and encephalopathy, while plumbing issues in the liver lead to increased portal vein pressure and blood shunting to other areas, causing complications like esophageal varices and GI bleeding. Long term prevention of bleeding focuses on beta blockers or surgical shunting.
Topic 3. hypovolemia
Hypovolemia is a deficiency of body fluid that results in a decrease in total fluid volume. It can be caused by fluid or sodium losses from the body through vomiting, diarrhea, burns, or hemorrhage. Symptoms include decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate, dry skin, nausea, and decreased urine output. Treatment involves oral or IV fluid replacement depending on the severity, with close monitoring to prevent fluid overload. Monitoring includes fluid balance charts, weight, and plasma biochemistry.
Kidney and liver diseases
This document provides an overview of kidney and liver diseases. It discusses the main types of kidney diseases including chronic kidney disease, kidney stones, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. Common symptoms of kidney disease are listed. Risk factors include high blood pressure, family history, and diabetes. Diagnosis involves tests of kidney function and imaging. Treatment focuses on controlling underlying conditions through medication, diet, exercise and lifestyle changes. Causes of liver diseases covered include viral hepatitis, autoimmune disorders, genetics, cancer and alcohol abuse. Symptoms, risk factors and prevention methods are also outlined.
Endocrine Suffixes
The document defines polyuria as excessive urine production over 2.5-3L per day and describes its common causes like diabetes and diabetes insipidus. It also defines hypercalcemia as high blood calcium over 2.6mmol/L and lists its symptoms remembered by the mnemonic "Stones, Bones, Groans, Thrones, and Psychiatric Overtones". The document further discusses various types of diuresis and states that 90% of hypercalcemia cases are caused by primary hyperparathyroidism or cancer, while renal failure and vitamin D disorders can also cause it.
Urinary tract conditions
The urinary system works with other organs to eliminate waste from the body. The kidneys filter waste from the bloodstream and produce urine, which is stored in the bladder and released through the urethra. As people age, the urinary system's muscles and filtering ability can weaken, increasing risks of infections and incontinence. Common urinary disorders include kidney diseases, bladder conditions, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and incontinence. Symptoms vary depending on the specific condition but may include blood in the urine, pain during urination, and frequent urges to urinate.
Hepatitis by Ahmed kadle
1. Toxic, infectious, parasitic, and nutritional hepatitis can cause lesions in the liver ranging from cloudy swelling to acute necrosis, depending on the cause.
2. Clinical signs of hepatitis include jaundice, light-colored feces, dark urine, abdominal pain, ascites, and neurological issues ranging from lethargy to convulsions.
3. Diagnosis involves liver function tests, biopsy, and sonography to determine the cause and severity of the hepatitis.
Urinary system disorders.pptx1
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and disorders that can affect it. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the kidneys and nephrons. Some key urinary disorders summarized include:
1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are common in women and caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract. Symptoms can include painful urination.
2. Kidney stones, solid mineral deposits that can block the urinary tract. Treatment includes shockwave lithotripsy to break up stones.
3. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate common in aging men that causes urinary problems. Treatments include medications
Urinary pathology
The document discusses several conditions that affect the urinary system, including:
1. Wilm's tumor, a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children between ages 3-4. It is treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.
2. Polycystic kidney disease, a genetic disorder where cysts develop within the kidneys, causing high blood pressure, kidney failure, and other issues.
3. Kidney stones, hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause pain when passing through the ureters. Treatment depends on stone size and symptoms.
Disorders of Kidney Function by Dr Kemi DELE
The document discusses disorders of kidney function, providing information on kidney anatomy, physiology, and common renal diseases. It describes the key components of the nephron including the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and renal tubules. Investigations for evaluating kidney function such as urine analysis, blood tests, ultrasound, and biopsy are outlined. Common renal disorders like acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, glomerular diseases including nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are mentioned.
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Urine analysis
This document discusses investigations for urine and blood tests to evaluate potential causes of polyuria or renal disease. Urine tests can check for diabetes, renal disease, and diabetes insipidus. Blood tests evaluate renal function, electrolytes, calcium, thyroid function, and look for signs of myeloma, collagen disease, or pituitary disorders. Further investigations may include imaging of the renal tract, renal biopsy, and imaging of the brain to identify tumors. Water deprivation and desmopressin tests can help distinguish cranial vs nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
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1) The gross anatomy and vasculature of the kidneys and their role in fluid balance, waste excretion, and hormone production.
2) Common diseases of the kidney including infections, obstructions, and congenital abnormalities.
3) Methods for evaluating the renal system through history, physical exam findings like abnormalities in urination, and urine analysis including chemical tests, microscopy, and culture.
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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common, especially in bedridden patients. UTIs can affect the lower urinary tract (urethra, bladder) or upper tract (kidneys, ureters). Symptoms range from asymptomatic bacteriuria to systemic symptoms like fever. Risk factors include female sex, age, pregnancy, sexual activity, and anatomical or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract. Treatment involves antibiotics, with drug and duration depending on infection severity and location. Catheter use increases risk and they should be inserted aseptically and changed if malfunctioning to prevent UTIs.
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This document provides information about routine urinalysis, including normal ranges, potential causes of abnormal findings, types of urine samples, macroscopic and microscopic examination, and dipstick test results. It describes the appearance and potential causes of abnormal urine colors. It also lists normal ranges and clinical significance for various findings on dipstick testing for specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, leukocyte esterase, nitrite, bilirubin, and urobilinogen. Details are given about cellular and non-cellular components that may be seen microscopically in urine sediment and their clinical relevance.
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Hypovolemia is a deficiency of body fluid that results in a decrease in total fluid volume. It can be caused by fluid or sodium losses from the body through vomiting, diarrhea, burns, or hemorrhage. Symptoms include decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate, dry skin, nausea, and decreased urine output. Treatment involves oral or IV fluid replacement depending on the severity, with close monitoring to prevent fluid overload. Monitoring includes fluid balance charts, weight, and plasma biochemistry.
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Urinary tract conditions
The urinary system works with other organs to eliminate waste from the body. The kidneys filter waste from the bloodstream and produce urine, which is stored in the bladder and released through the urethra. As people age, the urinary system's muscles and filtering ability can weaken, increasing risks of infections and incontinence. Common urinary disorders include kidney diseases, bladder conditions, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and incontinence. Symptoms vary depending on the specific condition but may include blood in the urine, pain during urination, and frequent urges to urinate.
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The document discusses disorders of kidney function, providing information on kidney anatomy, physiology, and common renal diseases. It describes the key components of the nephron including the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and renal tubules. Investigations for evaluating kidney function such as urine analysis, blood tests, ultrasound, and biopsy are outlined. Common renal disorders like acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, glomerular diseases including nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are mentioned.
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Präsentation auf dem DrupalMediaCamp 2009, Aarau, Schweiz
Zusammenfassung:
--------------------------
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3. define('DRUSH_BOOTSTRAP_DRUSH', 0);
Drush ohne Drupal
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4. define('DRUSH_BOOTSTRAP_DRUPAL_ROOT', 1);
Drush mit einer Drupal-Installation
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Drush mit einer Drupal-Site
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1. Drinking too much water can cause the body to produce more urine.
2. Medical conditions like urinary tract infections, diabetes, kidney stones, and tumors can cause frequent urination.
3. Certain medications, foods, drinks, and lifestyle factors like alcohol, caffeine, and constipation can also lead to urinating more often than normal.
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Polydipsia is a symptom of excessive thirst that can be caused by conditions that create a water deficit in the body like diabetes insipidus. If too much water is consumed and the kidneys cannot excrete it, it can dilute sodium levels dangerously and potentially cause seizures or cardiac arrest.
Polyuria is excessive urination of over 2.5 liters per day and can be caused by medications like diuretics, conditions like diabetes, or psychogenic polydipsia. Patients experiencing polyuria should track fluid intake, urination frequency and volume, and urine color to monitor their symptoms. Simple dietary changes may help but worsening symptoms require seeing a doctor.
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Dehydration is a condition that occurs when the body loses more fluids, primarily water than it takes in. This imbalance disrupts the body's normal functions and can lead to a range of symptoms and health problems.
Presentation1 dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses more water and electrolytes than are taken in, usually through vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, or inadequate fluid intake. It can range from mild to severe. Mild dehydration involves a 1-2% loss of body weight, while severe dehydration is a weight loss of 8% or more and involves electrolyte imbalances. Symptoms include thirst, lethargy, sunken eyes, and decreased skin elasticity. Treatment focuses on oral or IV fluid replacement depending on severity to replace fluid and electrolyte losses. Complications can include shock, seizures or brain damage if severe dehydration is left untreated.
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5 signs you are dehydrated
Most people know that thirst is a sign of dehydration. However, there are many other signs, apart from thirst, that signal dehydration.
Water
Water is an essential macronutrient that makes up about 60% of the human body. It performs many vital functions like maintaining cell health, regulating temperature, lubricating joints, and aiding digestion. The average adult needs around 9 cups of total beverages per day from drinking fluids, food moisture, and metabolic water production. Not consuming enough water can lead to dehydration, while overconsumption can cause water intoxication. Various medical conditions can also cause fluid retention in the body.
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
Water is considered as the most important nutrient for the body. It forms the greatest component of the human body, making up 50% to 60% of body weight. Lean muscle tissue contains about 73% water.
Fat tissue is about 20% water. Thus as fat content increases in the body, total body water content declines towards 50%. Water – the most versatile medium for all kinds of chemical reactions constitutes the major portion of our bodies.
Without water, the life processes would cease in a matter of days.
The water content of soft tissues ranges from 70 to 80 per cent while that of bone about 20 per cent.
The body water can be visualised to be distributed mainly in two compartments.
Intracellular fluid - a fluid present in the cells.
Extracellular fluid - a fluid present outside the cells.
The extra cellular water is further sub divided into
water in blood plasma (about 4 per cent);
interstitial water – water in tissue spaces (9 per cent) and
Lymph in the lymphatic vessels (7 per cent). Of all the nutrients, water is the most critical as its absence proves lethal within a few days. Water's importance in the human body can be loosely categorized into four basic functions: transportation vehicle, medium for chemical reactions, lubricant/shock absorber, and temperature regulator.
Regulates body temperature
Moistens tissues in the eyes, nose and mouth
Protects body organs and tissues
Carries nutrients and oxygen to cells
Lubricates joints
Lessens burden the on kidneys and liver by flushing out waste products
Helps dissolve minerals and nutrients to make them accessible to your body. Of all the nutrients, water is the most critical as its absence proves lethal within a few days. Water's importance in the human body can be loosely categorized into four basic functions: transportation vehicle, medium for chemical reactions, lubricant/shock absorber, and temperature regulator.
Regulates body temperature
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Helps dissolve minerals and nutrients to make them accessible to your body. Of all the nutrients, water is the most critical as its absence proves lethal within a few days. Water's importance in the human body can be loosely categorized into four basic functions: transportation vehicle, medium for chemical reactions, lubricant/shock absorber, and temperature regulator.
Regulates body temperature
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Carries nutrients and oxygen to cells
Lubricates joints
Lessens burden the on kidneys and liver by flushing out waste products
Helps dissolve minerals and nutrients to make them accessible to your body. Of all the nutrients, water is the most critical as its absence proves lethal within a few days.
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Polyuria refers to the excessive production of urine of more than 2.5 liters per day in adults and is often noticed at night. It is commonly accompanied by polydipsia, which is excessive fluid intake due to sensations of dry mouth. Polydipsia can be associated with mental disorders if caused by medications for those disorders, or by uncontrolled diabetes where the kidneys work to remove excess blood sugar, producing more urine and leading to thirst.
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2. Diarrhoea occurs when water and electrolytes are lost through loose stools due to infections by viruses, bacteria, or parasites, as well as certain medical conditions and malnutrition.
3. Dehydration from diarrhoea, which is the most severe threat, can be classified as early, moderate, or severe based on symptoms like thirst, sunken eyes, decreased skin elasticity, shock, or lack of urine output.
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Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses at least 1% of its total body weight through fluid loss. It is a common problem among long-term care residents and its symptoms can be mistaken for other illnesses like delirium. To address dehydration, nursing interventions include providing extra fluids with meals and activities, encouraging fluid intake throughout the day, and monitoring fluid intake and output.
Cholera Symptoms: 5 risk factors you should be anxious about
Cholera symptoms are usually mild, but in some extreme conditions, they can be fatal if left untreated. Cholera mostly prevails in poverty and places affected by natural disasters or war. People in these places live in crowded conditions, and they don’t have access to proper sanitation.
Cholera symptoms show its effects within a few hours of infection. In some cases, it may also take 3 to 5 days.
Cholera is a type of infectious disease that will cause watery diarrhea, eventually leading to dehydration. If it is left untreated, it can lead to death.
Cholera is caused by drinking water or eating food that contains a bacterium known as Vibrio Cholerae. During the 1800s, a large population of the United States was affected by cholera. But after the modernization of the water and sewage systems, the rate of this disease has lessened.
Usually, cholera symptoms are not severe. But sometimes, it may be serious as well. 1/20th of every cholera-infected person suffers diarrhea and vomiting, leading to dehydration.
Diarrhea and kidney failure
Diarrhea can cause or worsen kidney failure by reducing blood flow to the kidneys. Diarrhea leads to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and malnutrition, impairing kidney function and potentially causing kidney failure. While most cases of renal failure from diarrhea can be treated successfully, 10-20% of patients may not fully recover kidney function and require long-term dialysis. Diarrhea is usually diagnosed and treated by replacing lost fluids to prevent dehydration, and identifying and treating its underlying cause such as infection.
Diarrhea and kidney failure
Diarrhea can cause or worsen kidney failure by reducing blood flow to the kidneys. Diarrhea leads to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and malnutrition, impairing kidney function and potentially causing kidney failure. While most cases of renal failure from diarrhea can be treated successfully, 10-20% of patients may not fully recover kidney function and require long-term dialysis. Diarrhea is usually diagnosed and treated by replacing lost fluids to prevent dehydration, and identifying and treating its underlying cause such as infection.
Hydration and Senior Health
A body without enough water can be a catalyst for varied life-threatening ailments. Seniors must drink adequate amounts of water throughout the day to steer clear of the following health issues that may occur in the wake of dehydration.
Diarrhoea
The document discusses diarrhoea, defining it as loose or watery stools more than 3 times per day. It outlines the main causes as diarrhoeal pathogens like viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, as well as host factors like young age and environmental factors like season. The types of diarrhoea are described based on pathogens, duration, mechanism and clinical presentation. Management involves rehydration therapy with oral rehydration solution or intravenous fluids based on the degree of dehydration. Nursing care focuses on fluid replacement and monitoring for signs of dehydration.
Kidney
Kidneys are filter organs present in vertebrates which help in removing water soluble wastes from the blood. A normal human body possesses two kidneys which are bean shaped and weigh around 150 grams each. Kidneys function as the waste disposal system of our body.
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3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
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K jackson medical terminology chapter 11
- 1. CHAPTER 11 Kimberly Jackson July 13, 2011
- 2. Dipsia Thirst Water, which accounts for as much as 60 percent of an adult's body weight, is vital to virtually all physiological functions. Thirst is a signal to replace some of the water the body continuously loses through processes such as sweating, breathing, and elimination of waste products. Most people need to drink about 8 glasses of water or other nonalcoholic fluids a day. The need for water tends to be greater in hot weather or after activities that cause heavy perspiration. It can also be increased by illnesses such as colds and flu.
- 3. Polydipsia Polydipsia is a symptom of different conditions, but is not in itself a disease. The name means excessive thirst, and with this condition people tend to drink way too much liquid, usually water. With polydipsia people may never feel sated by the amount of water they drink and end up consuming much more water than they should, which can lead to other conditions like imbalance of saline in the body.
- 4. Uria A condition of the urine, esp. one related to a disease, often indicated by the presence of a (specified) substance in the urine: glycosuria, albuminuria
- 5. Nocturia What is nocturia? Nocturia is a condition in which you wake up during the night because you have to urinate. This condition becomes more common as people age and occurs in both men and women, sometimes for different reasons. What are the symptoms of nocturia? Normally, you should be able to sleep six to eight hours during the night without having to get up to go to the bathroom. People who have nocturia wake up more than once a night to urinate. This can cause disruptions in a normal sleep cycle. Nocturia may result from several different causes: You produce a great deal of urine (more than 2 liters) a day (polyuria) Your body produces a large volume of urine while you sleep (nocturnal polyuria) You produce more urine at night than your bladder is able to hold (low nocturnal bladder capacity). This causes you to wake up at night because you need to empty your bladder. a combination of nocturnal polyuria and low nocturnal bladder capacity (mixed nocturia) Poor sleep – some people who have poor sleep and awaken frequently will go to the bathroom whenever they awaken. Typically in these cases, it is not the need to void that awakens them.
- 6. Polyuria Polyuria is a medical condition characterized by plenty of volumes of urine discharge from the body. The amount of urine passage is around 2.5 liters over 24 hours in adults. Discharging excess fluid from the normal amount requires special attention as it indicates some serious medical problems. Some possibilities can include bladder conditions, urinary tract infections or prostate conditions. It can also be caused due to some metabolic conditions as Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes. The condition is usually found in occurrence with polydipsia. Polydipsia is occurrence of increase thirst. Although both can occur the other ways. Polydipsia can also be the cause or an effect of polyuria.