Street foods
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This document discusses common foodborne illnesses that can be acquired from eating unhygienic street foods. It lists E. coli, shigellosis, cholera, amoebiasis, typhoid fever, and hepatitis A as diseases that can result and provides details on the symptoms of each illness, such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. While street food is tempting, the document cautions that it may not be worth the health risks of contracting a foodborne disease.
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- Diarrhea can be acute (short-term), chronic (lasting over 4 weeks), or functional (no clear cause). Common causes include bacteria, viruses, parasites from contaminated food/water. Lactose intolerance is caused by a lack of the lactase enzyme.
- The small intestine absorbs water and electrolytes like sodium through villi. Secretory diarrhea occurs when absorption is impaired while chloride secretion continues, causing fluid loss. Chronic diarrhea can result from malabsorption, infections, cancers, or conditions like Addison's disease. Carcinoid tumors often cause diarrhea, flushing, and intestinal blockage. Alcohol abuse can lead to gastrointestinal inflammation and impaired water absorption.
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1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
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1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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Street foods
- 1. STREET FOODS Why not a so good idea…?
- 2. Are you a fan of eating street foods?
- 3. If YES, you gotta watch these…
- 7. Common Foodborne Diseases that can be acquired from eating unhygienic foods • Escherichea Coli (E. Coli) • Shigellosis or bacillary dysentery • Cholera • Amoebiasis or amoebic dysentery • Typhoid fever • Hepatitis A
- 8. Escherichea Coli (E. Coli) • What are the symptoms? – Bloody diarrhea. – Stomach cramps. – Nausea and vomiting.
- 9. Shigellosis or bacillary dysentery • What are the symptoms? – Acute (sudden) abdominal pain or cramping – Acute (sudden) fever – Blood, mucus, or pus in stool – Nausea and vomiting – Watery diarrhea
- 10. CHOLERA • What are the symptoms? –“rice-watery” stool –may go on to develop one or more of the following symptoms and signs: • Vomiting • Rapid heart rate • Loss of skin elasticity (washer woman hands sign; see figure 2) • Dry mucous membranes • Low blood pressure • Thirst • Muscle cramps
- 11. Amoebiasis or amoebic dysentery • What are the symptoms? – Mild symptoms: • Abdominal cramps • Diarrhea • Fatigue • Excessive gas • Rectal pain while having a bowel movement • Unintentional weight loss – Severe symptoms: • Abdominal tenderness • Bloody stools • Fever • Vomiting
- 12. Typhoid fever • What are the symptoms? – poor appetite; – abdominal pain; – headaches; – generalized aches and pains; – fever – Lethargy /abnormal drowsiness (usually only if untreated) – intestinal bleeding or perforation – diarrhea or constipation.
- 13. Hepatitis A • Hepatitis A is the inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the liver from the hepatitis A virus. • What are the symptoms? – Dark urine – Fatigue – Itching – Loss of appetite – Low-grade fever – Nausea and vomiting – Pale or clay-colored stools – Yellow skin (jaundice)
- 14. Street food is too tempting to resist, but is it worth the risk?