The document outlines a call for research projects aimed at final year B.E and M.E students in electrical and electronics disciplines, providing hardware assembly support in research labs under expert guidance. It includes details about various electrical instruments, their principles of operation, classifications, and types including analog voltmeters and ammeters. Additionally, it discusses measurement techniques and the principles behind different types of measuring instruments used in the field.

1. EXPERT SYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Email: expertsyssol@gmail.com
expertsyssol@yahoo.com
Cell: 9952749533
www.researchprojects.info
PAIYANOOR, OMR, CHENNAI
Call For Research Projects Final
year students of B.E in EEE, ECE,
EI, M.E (Power Systems), M.E
(Applied Electronics), M.E (Power
Electronics)
Ph.D Electrical and Electronics.
Students can assemble their hardware in our
Research labs. Experts will be guiding the
projects.

2. EI1361-MEASUREMENT
AND INSTRUMENTATION
-C. KAMALA KANNAN
Lecturer/EEE

3. UNIT - 2
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTS
Principle and types of analog voltmeters
Principle and types of digital voltmeters
Principle and types of Multimeter
Single and three phase wattmeter
Single and three phase energy meters.
Magnetic measurements
Determination of B-H curve
Measurements of iron loss
Instrument transformers
Instruments for measurement of frequency and phase
3

4. Analog Instruments
 An analog device is one in which the
output or display is a continuous function
of time and bears a constant relation to its
input.

5. Classification
 Classified based upon the quantity they measure
(ammeter, voltmeter)
 Classified according to the current that can be
measured by them.(DC,AC)
 Classified according to the effects used for
working.
 Classified as Indicating, Recording, Integrating.
 Classified on the basis of method used for
comparing the unknown quantity. (Direct /
Comparison measurement )

6. Principle of operation
 Magnetic Effect.
 Thermal Effect.
 Electrostatic Effect
 Induction Effect.
 Hall Effect.

7. Magnetic Effect

9. Force Between Current carrying
Magnet

10. Force Between Two Current
Carrying Coils

11. Hall Effects

12. Operating Forces
 Deflecting Force.
 Controlling Force.
 Damping Force.

13. Supporting the moving element
 Suspension
 Taut Suspension
 Pivot and jewel bearings.

14. Control Systems
 Gravity Control.
 Spring Control.

15. Analog Ammeters
 Ammeters are connected in series in the
circuit whose current is to be measured. The
power loss in an ammeter is I2Ra.Therefore
ammeters should have a low electrical
resistance so that they cause a small voltage
drop and consequently absorb small power.

16. Analog Voltmeters
 Voltmeters are connected in parallel in the
circuit whose voltage is to be measured.
The power loss in an ammeter is
V2/RV.Therefore voltmeters should have a
high electrical resistance so that they cause
a small voltage drop and consequently
absorb small power.

17. Types of Instruments
 Permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC).
 Moving Iron
 Electro-dynamometer type.
 Hot wire type.
 Thermocouple type.
 Induction type.
 Electrostatic type.
 Rectifier type.

18. PMMC

19. Moving Iron Instruments
Attraction Type

20. Repulsion Type Moving Iron
Instruments

21. Electrodynamometer Type

22. Wattmeter

23. Power Measurement in 3 phase 3
wire system

24. Two wattmeter method

27. Energy meters

28. Single Phase Energy Meter

29. Poly Phase Energy Meter

30. THANK YOU