Emetics
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Emetics are drugs that induce vomiting. They are classified as reflux producing or centrally acting. Reflux producing emetics like copper sulfate and zinc sulfate cause local irritation of the gastric mucosa. Centrally acting emetics like apomorphine and morphine act directly on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain to induce vomiting. Emetics are important in cases of poisoning to expel toxic substances from the stomach. While they have medical uses, side effects like headaches and dizziness are common.
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This document discusses emetics and expectorants. Emetics induce vomiting by irritating the gastric mucosa or acting on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. They are used to expel toxic substances in poisoning cases. Expectorants either increase sputum fluidity or respiratory tract secretions to loosen sputum. They are classified as sedative or stimulant based on their mechanisms of action. Sedative expectorants stimulate gastric reflexes while stimulant expectorants directly or indirectly stimulate respiratory tract secretions.
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Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
ANTIASTHMATICS EXPECTORANTS ANTITUSSIVES RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobranchial tree to a variety of stimuli resulting in widespread spasmodic narrowing of the air passages which may be relieved spontaneously or by therapy.
Cough is a protective reflex, its purpose being expulsion of respiratory secretions or foreign particles from air passages.
It occurs due to stimulation of mechano or chemoreceptors in throat,
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ANTIASTHMATICS EXPECTORANTS ANTITUSSIVES RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS
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Cough is a protective reflex, its purpose being expulsion of respiratory secretions or foreign particles from air passages.
It occurs due to stimulation of mechano or chemoreceptors in throat,
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Act peripherally in the respiratory tract to reduce tussal impulses.
They aim to control rather than eliminate cough.
Many H-1 anti histamines have been conventionally added to antitussive /expectorant formulations.
Antihistamines afford relief in cough due to their sedative and Anticholinergic actions but lack selectivity for cough centre.
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Coma or fainting.
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but margin of safety is narrow.
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This document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, sublingual, rectal, nasal, and others. It provides details on each route, including advantages and disadvantages. The parenteral route is described in further detail, outlining specific methods such as intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, and others.
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The document discusses opioid analgesics, including their uses, actions, adverse reactions, contraindications, and precautions. It explains that opioids are used to treat moderate to severe pain according to the WHO pain ladder. Their main action is binding to mu and kappa receptors in the central nervous system to reduce pain perception and cause side effects like respiratory depression. Common adverse reactions include nausea, constipation, sedation, and respiratory issues. Opioids are contraindicated in conditions like asthma, increased intracranial pressure, or pregnancy. Precautions must be taken with opioid-naive patients and older adults due to risk of respiratory depression.
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This document discusses various routes of drug administration. It begins by defining key terms like pharmacology and first-pass effect. It then identifies the appropriate routes for different drug formulations like ear drops, injections, insulin etc. The various routes covered are oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous etc. Factors influencing route selection and new advanced drug delivery systems are also discussed. The document is authored by Dr Lokendra Sharma and aims to provide an overview of different routes of drug administration.
Emetics and antiemetics
This document discusses drugs used to induce vomiting (emetics) and prevent vomiting (antiemetics). It lists common emetics like apomorphine, mustard, and ipecacuanha, and their mechanisms and uses. Common antiemetics classes include prokinetics like metochlorpramide, antimuscarinics like hyoscine, antihistamines like cyclizine, neuroleptics like chlorpromazine, and 5-HT3 antagonists like ondansetron. Nursing considerations for antiemetic administration include assessing for contraindications, monitoring for side effects, and instructing patients on proper use.
Routes of administration
Route of administration refers to how a drug enters the body and is classified by location. Common routes include enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal), parenteral (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous), inhalation, and topical. The appropriate route depends on factors like the drug's properties, desired effects, and patient condition. Enteral routes are generally safest and most convenient while parenteral ensures complete absorption but requires more expertise.
Pharmacology part 1
This document provides an overview of pharmacology and the use of drugs. It discusses:
- How drugs have advanced significantly from a limited number a century ago to thousands today, with further progress expected.
- The benefits drugs have provided to human health, but also the real risks of harm that must be considered given their potent effects.
- The basic duties of those prescribing drugs, which include restricting use only when warranted, carefully choosing appropriate drugs and doses, obtaining consent, and monitoring patients.
- Key considerations when developing a treatment plan, such as a patient's age, health conditions, the possibility of pregnancy, drug history, and personal beliefs and goals.
narcotics
Narcotics are opioid drugs derived from opium poppy that are addictive and affect mood. They work by acting on receptors in the brain and nervous system to reduce pain and slow breathing. Common routes of administration include oral, intravenous, and inhalation. While narcotics have medical uses for pain relief, side effects include addiction, sedation, and trouble breathing. Treatment for narcotic addiction involves medication, counseling, and rehabilitation to support abstinence and prevent relapse.
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Emetics
- 1. DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY NAGPUR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, WANADONGRI ,NAGPUR
- 2. Author: Dr Sanjana N Gaikwad Department :Pharmaceutics Subject: Inorganic Chemistry Nagpur college of Pharmacy, Wanadongri ,Nagpur EMETICS
- 3. • To understand the medicinal and pharmaceutical importance • To know about pharmaceutical compounds and their uses as emetics PURPOSE
- 4. 1. What are Emetics 2. Classification 3. Uses LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- 5. EMETICS • Emetics are derived from word emesis which mean vomiting • Vomiting is forceful expulsion of contents present in stomach through mouth sometimes through nose • Emetics are the drugs which give rise to forced emesis by which the contents of the stomach get expelled through the oral cavity. • They are very important in cases ofPoisoning.
- 7. • Added to cough preparation to lower the dose • Most salts in higher doses act as emetics • Used as mechanical antidotes • Not to be given in state of shock , unconsciousness and depression • Important in case of poisoning or other harmful substances
- 9. The emetics can be acting by 2 types: 1. Reflux producing irritation : by local irritation of gastric mucosa. e.g. Copper sulphate, sodium chloride, Zinc sulphate 2. Centrally acting emetics: directly on the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ) in the floor of IV th ventricle in medulla e.g. Apomorphine & Morphine MECHANISM OF ACTION
- 11. 1.Vomiting is primarily considered to be a respiratory function, its ultimate result would cause the evacuation of the stomach thus emetics produces a reflux aaction by which 2.Toxic substances gets expelled in case of poisoning. 3.Emetics are sometimes added to cough preparations in low doses to stimulate flow of respiratory tract secretions. 4.Side effects: Headache, constipation, and dizziness are the most commonly reported side effects associated with its use USES
- 12. • Emetics are substances which are primarily used for emesis in poisoning which act by different mode of action • Emesis and related behaviors, should be addressed not only by researchers of emesis, but by disciplines researching energy balance and ingestive behavior. • The drugs which give rise to forced regurgitation (emesis) by which the contents of the stomach get expelled through the oral cavity. • They are very important in cases of poisoning. SUMMARY
- 13. 1. G.R Chatwal:Pharmaceutical Chemistry Inorganic, himalaya publishing house Vol 1 2. P. Gundu Rao, Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 3rd Edition 3. M.L Schroff, Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry BIBLIOGRAPHY
- 14. 1. What are emetics ? Classify them? 2. Explain the mechanism of action of emetic. QUESTIONS?