The study of drugs or chemicals and the effects they have on living animals is called
pharmacology. Pharmacology explains what drugs are, what they do to body functions and
what the body does to them. Pharmacology also explains why a person may experience side
effects when they take drugs and why there is such a wide spectrum of differences between
drug actions in different people. Everyone at one stage or another in life will rely on a
pharmaceutical product, whether it is for themselves, a friend or a family member.
Therefore, it is useful to have a basic understanding of pharmacology
general pharmacology is information about drug abd human body mechanism . it shows about route of administration . pharmacological terminologies ADME of bady and their factors. bioavilability of drugs and related factor . general principle of drug action on body . After that descriptioun about mechanism of drug action . factor modifying drug action and dur interaction.
Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living systems. It has two main areas - pharmacokinetics, which examines what the body does to drugs, and pharmacodynamics, which examines what drugs do to the body. There are several factors that influence drug absorption including the route of administration, physicochemical properties of the drug, dosage form, and concentration of the drug. Absorption involves movement of the drug from its site of entry into blood or lymph without chemical change, and can occur via passive diffusion, active transport, or endocytosis.
The document discusses principles of drug administration, including the different routes of administration. It describes the five rights of drug administration as well as local and systemic routes. The main local routes are topical and infiltration, while the main systemic routes are enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal) and parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, etc.). Factors such as drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition influence route selection.
The document provides information about pharmacology and drug administration. It discusses the course objectives which are to study general pharmacology principles to safely use drugs in nursing practice. It covers pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug classes, routes of administration, and the nurse's role in drug administration. Key topics include how the body acts on drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and how drugs interact with the biological system.
This document provides an introduction to the field of pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of how drugs interact with living systems, including their effects, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The document outlines the key branches and concepts of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug sources, nomenclature, administration routes, and factors affecting drug absorption.
This document provides definitions and information related to general pharmacology for physiotherapists. It defines key terms like pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and discusses topics like drug sources, routes of administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and mechanisms of drug action including drug receptors. The summary covers essential concepts in a concise manner.
PH 1.1 & 1.3 Sources and Drug delivery system - 1.pptxDr Veena R M
This document discusses routes of drug administration and pharmaceutical formulations. It begins by defining dosage form, formulation and excipients. It then lists and provides examples of different drug formulations including oral, sublingual, rectal, cutaneous, and transdermal delivery. Advantages and disadvantages of each route are explained. Transdermal drug delivery systems are described in detail including their parts and examples. Sources of drug information are also listed, such as primary sources like medical journals, and tertiary sources like drug compendias including National List of Essential Medicines, Pharmacopoeias, Formularies, Martindale, and Physicians' Desk Reference.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology concepts including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It discusses how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated by the body. Key concepts covered include drug absorption through the gastrointestinal tract, distribution to tissues, the blood-brain barrier, and first-pass hepatic metabolism. Factors that influence drug absorption such as solubility, pH, formulation and blood flow are also summarized.
general pharmacology is information about drug abd human body mechanism . it shows about route of administration . pharmacological terminologies ADME of bady and their factors. bioavilability of drugs and related factor . general principle of drug action on body . After that descriptioun about mechanism of drug action . factor modifying drug action and dur interaction.
Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living systems. It has two main areas - pharmacokinetics, which examines what the body does to drugs, and pharmacodynamics, which examines what drugs do to the body. There are several factors that influence drug absorption including the route of administration, physicochemical properties of the drug, dosage form, and concentration of the drug. Absorption involves movement of the drug from its site of entry into blood or lymph without chemical change, and can occur via passive diffusion, active transport, or endocytosis.
The document discusses principles of drug administration, including the different routes of administration. It describes the five rights of drug administration as well as local and systemic routes. The main local routes are topical and infiltration, while the main systemic routes are enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal) and parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, etc.). Factors such as drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition influence route selection.
The document provides information about pharmacology and drug administration. It discusses the course objectives which are to study general pharmacology principles to safely use drugs in nursing practice. It covers pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug classes, routes of administration, and the nurse's role in drug administration. Key topics include how the body acts on drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and how drugs interact with the biological system.
This document provides an introduction to the field of pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of how drugs interact with living systems, including their effects, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The document outlines the key branches and concepts of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug sources, nomenclature, administration routes, and factors affecting drug absorption.
This document provides definitions and information related to general pharmacology for physiotherapists. It defines key terms like pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and discusses topics like drug sources, routes of administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and mechanisms of drug action including drug receptors. The summary covers essential concepts in a concise manner.
PH 1.1 & 1.3 Sources and Drug delivery system - 1.pptxDr Veena R M
This document discusses routes of drug administration and pharmaceutical formulations. It begins by defining dosage form, formulation and excipients. It then lists and provides examples of different drug formulations including oral, sublingual, rectal, cutaneous, and transdermal delivery. Advantages and disadvantages of each route are explained. Transdermal drug delivery systems are described in detail including their parts and examples. Sources of drug information are also listed, such as primary sources like medical journals, and tertiary sources like drug compendias including National List of Essential Medicines, Pharmacopoeias, Formularies, Martindale, and Physicians' Desk Reference.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology concepts including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It discusses how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated by the body. Key concepts covered include drug absorption through the gastrointestinal tract, distribution to tissues, the blood-brain barrier, and first-pass hepatic metabolism. Factors that influence drug absorption such as solubility, pH, formulation and blood flow are also summarized.
General pharmacology Diploma in pharmacy second year YogeshShelake
The General pharmacology ,Toxicology & Pharmacotherapeutics
To Undastanding the general pharmacology & Definitions of PHARMACODYNAMECIS ,PHARMACOKINITICS (Absorbation,Distribution,Metabolism,Excreation )Pharmacology ,Toxicology ,Pharmacotherapeutic ,
Advantages of Routs of Administration & Their Disadvantages
Factors affecting of absorpation ,excreation of drug,factor modifing deug action
Absorption of drugs through non oral routesAzhar iqbal
This document discusses various non-oral routes of drug administration and factors affecting drug absorption through these routes. It describes routes such as buccal/sublingual, rectal, topical, intramuscular, subcutaneous, pulmonary, intranasal, intraocular and vaginal administration. For each route, it provides details on absorption mechanisms, examples of drugs used, advantages and disadvantages. It also compares different routes based on onset of action and absorption mechanism.
This document discusses drug administration and metabolism. It covers the following key points:
1. Drugs are metabolized through four stages: absorption, transportation, biotransformation, and excretion. The rate of absorption depends on factors like pH and presence of food or disease.
2. Common routes of drug administration include oral, parental, rectal, inhalation and others. Parental routes include subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injections.
3. Many factors can influence drug metabolism, such as age, health conditions, and genetic factors. Proper drug administration follows the "Five Rights" to ensure safety.
This document provides an overview of general pharmacology. It discusses various topics including:
1. Routes of drug administration such as oral, parenteral, topical, inhalation, and transdermal. The advantages and disadvantages of different routes are described.
2. Pharmacokinetics concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Factors that influence absorption and distribution are outlined.
3. Pharmacodynamics refers to how drugs act on the body through various biochemical interactions and physiological effects. Adverse drug reactions are also discussed briefly.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in pharmacology, including objectives, definitions of terms like half-life and bioavailability, factors that influence drug absorption and distribution, the processes of drug metabolism and elimination, and various routes of drug administration. It covers basic concepts such as the pharmacokinetic properties of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination that determine a drug's effects. Various factors that influence drug absorption, distribution, and bioavailability are also summarized.
This document outlines key concepts in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It discusses the 4 main processes that determine a drug's concentration over time in the body: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Factors that influence each process are explained, such as how drug properties and route of administration impact absorption rate and extent. Common routes of administration like oral, intravenous, intramuscular are compared in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. The role of tissues, membranes, and drug properties in determining distribution is also covered.
The document provides information on general pharmacology concepts. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It describes the key processes involved in pharmacokinetics as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). Absorption refers to how the drug enters the bloodstream. Distribution involves the transport of drug molecules within the body. Metabolism is how drugs are broken down and biotransformed by the body. Excretion is the removal of drugs from the body, mainly through the kidneys or bile.
The document provides information on general pharmacology concepts. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It describes the key processes involved in pharmacokinetics as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). Absorption refers to how the drug enters the bloodstream. Distribution involves the transport of drug molecules within the body. Metabolism is how drugs are broken down and biotransformed by the body. Excretion is the removal of drugs from the body, mainly through the kidneys or bile.
This document discusses the nature and sources of drugs as well as routes of drug administration. It defines a drug and categorizes drugs based on their purpose. The sources of drugs are described as being natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic. Natural sources include plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and humans. Common routes of drug administration are described as enteral (oral), parenteral (injection), and local. Specific types of injections like intravenous, intramuscular, and inhalation are outlined along with their advantages and disadvantages.
The dose of propranolol administered intravenously is less than that administered orally because of first pass effect through the liver.
When a drug is administered orally, it is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the portal circulation, which carries blood directly from the intestines to the liver. This exposes the drug to high concentrations of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes before it reaches systemic circulation. Many drugs, including propranolol, are extensively metabolized in the liver during first pass. This reduces the amount of unchanged/active drug that reaches the systemic circulation compared to intravenous administration, which bypasses first pass metabolism. Therefore, a higher oral dose is needed to achieve the same systemic drug concentration as a lower intravenous dose.
This document provides definitions and an overview of basic pharmacology concepts. It defines pharmacology as the study of drug action and effects in living tissues, and pharmacodynamics as the study of drug mechanisms of action in the body. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to drugs and includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The document also reviews various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, inhalation, topical, transdermal, and rectal.
1) Pharmacokinetics involves the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that determine the concentration of drugs in the body over time.
2) Absorption refers to how drugs enter the bloodstream after administration by various routes like oral, parenteral, topical. Factors like dosage form, food, and pH affect absorption.
3) Distribution describes how drugs are transported in blood and delivered to tissues throughout the body, influenced by properties like protein binding and water/fat solubility.
4) Metabolism (biotransformation) alters drugs chemically in the liver mainly, producing inactive or active metabolites. The first-pass effect impacts oral bioavailability.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. Drugs can be administered through various routes including oral, parenteral, and topical. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient needs. Common routes include oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, inhalation, and transdermal. Each route has advantages and disadvantages with respect to onset of action, convenience, and safety.
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of drug movement in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves drug movement from site of administration into systemic circulation. Drugs are absorbed through passive diffusion or active transport processes. Distribution involves reversible transfer of drug between blood and tissues. Factors like blood flow, protein binding, and membrane barriers influence distribution. Metabolism involves chemical alteration of drugs by the liver and other tissues, converting compounds to more polar, excretable metabolites. Excretion is the removal of drugs and metabolites from the body, mainly through urine by the kidneys or feces by the intestines. Understanding pharmacokinetics helps determine dosing schedules and predict drug
Introduction and sources of drugs, routs of drug administration, principles ...Subramani Parasuraman
This document discusses the introduction to pharmacology including the history and sources of drugs, routes of drug administration, and principles of drug action. It covers how pharmacology evolved from herbal medicine and alchemy. The major sources of drugs are described as plants, animals, microbes, minerals, and synthesis. Common routes of administration include oral, inhalation, and parenteral. The principles of drug action are that drugs alter physiological activity by interacting with targets like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors as agonists, antagonists, or other mechanisms.
This document discusses pharmacokinetics and the movement of drugs through the body over time. It covers the typical processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination that drugs undergo. It also describes various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, inhalation and others. Factors that influence drug absorption like pH, blood flow, surface area and contact time are also examined.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
General pharmacology Diploma in pharmacy second year YogeshShelake
The General pharmacology ,Toxicology & Pharmacotherapeutics
To Undastanding the general pharmacology & Definitions of PHARMACODYNAMECIS ,PHARMACOKINITICS (Absorbation,Distribution,Metabolism,Excreation )Pharmacology ,Toxicology ,Pharmacotherapeutic ,
Advantages of Routs of Administration & Their Disadvantages
Factors affecting of absorpation ,excreation of drug,factor modifing deug action
Absorption of drugs through non oral routesAzhar iqbal
This document discusses various non-oral routes of drug administration and factors affecting drug absorption through these routes. It describes routes such as buccal/sublingual, rectal, topical, intramuscular, subcutaneous, pulmonary, intranasal, intraocular and vaginal administration. For each route, it provides details on absorption mechanisms, examples of drugs used, advantages and disadvantages. It also compares different routes based on onset of action and absorption mechanism.
This document discusses drug administration and metabolism. It covers the following key points:
1. Drugs are metabolized through four stages: absorption, transportation, biotransformation, and excretion. The rate of absorption depends on factors like pH and presence of food or disease.
2. Common routes of drug administration include oral, parental, rectal, inhalation and others. Parental routes include subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injections.
3. Many factors can influence drug metabolism, such as age, health conditions, and genetic factors. Proper drug administration follows the "Five Rights" to ensure safety.
This document provides an overview of general pharmacology. It discusses various topics including:
1. Routes of drug administration such as oral, parenteral, topical, inhalation, and transdermal. The advantages and disadvantages of different routes are described.
2. Pharmacokinetics concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Factors that influence absorption and distribution are outlined.
3. Pharmacodynamics refers to how drugs act on the body through various biochemical interactions and physiological effects. Adverse drug reactions are also discussed briefly.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in pharmacology, including objectives, definitions of terms like half-life and bioavailability, factors that influence drug absorption and distribution, the processes of drug metabolism and elimination, and various routes of drug administration. It covers basic concepts such as the pharmacokinetic properties of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination that determine a drug's effects. Various factors that influence drug absorption, distribution, and bioavailability are also summarized.
This document outlines key concepts in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It discusses the 4 main processes that determine a drug's concentration over time in the body: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Factors that influence each process are explained, such as how drug properties and route of administration impact absorption rate and extent. Common routes of administration like oral, intravenous, intramuscular are compared in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. The role of tissues, membranes, and drug properties in determining distribution is also covered.
The document provides information on general pharmacology concepts. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It describes the key processes involved in pharmacokinetics as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). Absorption refers to how the drug enters the bloodstream. Distribution involves the transport of drug molecules within the body. Metabolism is how drugs are broken down and biotransformed by the body. Excretion is the removal of drugs from the body, mainly through the kidneys or bile.
The document provides information on general pharmacology concepts. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It describes the key processes involved in pharmacokinetics as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). Absorption refers to how the drug enters the bloodstream. Distribution involves the transport of drug molecules within the body. Metabolism is how drugs are broken down and biotransformed by the body. Excretion is the removal of drugs from the body, mainly through the kidneys or bile.
This document discusses the nature and sources of drugs as well as routes of drug administration. It defines a drug and categorizes drugs based on their purpose. The sources of drugs are described as being natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic. Natural sources include plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and humans. Common routes of drug administration are described as enteral (oral), parenteral (injection), and local. Specific types of injections like intravenous, intramuscular, and inhalation are outlined along with their advantages and disadvantages.
The dose of propranolol administered intravenously is less than that administered orally because of first pass effect through the liver.
When a drug is administered orally, it is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the portal circulation, which carries blood directly from the intestines to the liver. This exposes the drug to high concentrations of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes before it reaches systemic circulation. Many drugs, including propranolol, are extensively metabolized in the liver during first pass. This reduces the amount of unchanged/active drug that reaches the systemic circulation compared to intravenous administration, which bypasses first pass metabolism. Therefore, a higher oral dose is needed to achieve the same systemic drug concentration as a lower intravenous dose.
This document provides definitions and an overview of basic pharmacology concepts. It defines pharmacology as the study of drug action and effects in living tissues, and pharmacodynamics as the study of drug mechanisms of action in the body. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to drugs and includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The document also reviews various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, inhalation, topical, transdermal, and rectal.
1) Pharmacokinetics involves the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that determine the concentration of drugs in the body over time.
2) Absorption refers to how drugs enter the bloodstream after administration by various routes like oral, parenteral, topical. Factors like dosage form, food, and pH affect absorption.
3) Distribution describes how drugs are transported in blood and delivered to tissues throughout the body, influenced by properties like protein binding and water/fat solubility.
4) Metabolism (biotransformation) alters drugs chemically in the liver mainly, producing inactive or active metabolites. The first-pass effect impacts oral bioavailability.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. Drugs can be administered through various routes including oral, parenteral, and topical. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient needs. Common routes include oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, inhalation, and transdermal. Each route has advantages and disadvantages with respect to onset of action, convenience, and safety.
Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of drug movement in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves drug movement from site of administration into systemic circulation. Drugs are absorbed through passive diffusion or active transport processes. Distribution involves reversible transfer of drug between blood and tissues. Factors like blood flow, protein binding, and membrane barriers influence distribution. Metabolism involves chemical alteration of drugs by the liver and other tissues, converting compounds to more polar, excretable metabolites. Excretion is the removal of drugs and metabolites from the body, mainly through urine by the kidneys or feces by the intestines. Understanding pharmacokinetics helps determine dosing schedules and predict drug
Introduction and sources of drugs, routs of drug administration, principles ...Subramani Parasuraman
This document discusses the introduction to pharmacology including the history and sources of drugs, routes of drug administration, and principles of drug action. It covers how pharmacology evolved from herbal medicine and alchemy. The major sources of drugs are described as plants, animals, microbes, minerals, and synthesis. Common routes of administration include oral, inhalation, and parenteral. The principles of drug action are that drugs alter physiological activity by interacting with targets like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors as agonists, antagonists, or other mechanisms.
This document discusses pharmacokinetics and the movement of drugs through the body over time. It covers the typical processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination that drugs undergo. It also describes various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, inhalation and others. Factors that influence drug absorption like pH, blood flow, surface area and contact time are also examined.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1. Mr. Mayur A. Haral
Department of
Pharmacology
Ishwar Deshmukh Institute
of Pharmacy, Digras 445203
2. Topic in This chapter
• General Pharmacology
• Introduction and scope of Pharmacology
• Various routes of drug administration - advantages and disadvantages
• Drug absorption - definition, types, factors affecting drug absorption
• Bioavailability and the factors affecting bioavailability
• Drug distribution - definition, factors affecting drug distribution
• Biotransformation of drugs - Definition, types of biotransformation
reactions, factors influencing drug metabolisms
• Excretion of drugs - Definition, routes of drug excretion
3. Introduction and scope of Pharmacology
• "Pharmacology” can be defined as the study of interactions between drug and
biological system. It can be defined as the science of drugs or study of drug. The
word “pharmacology " derived from Greek word.
• Pharmacon – Drug, Logos – studied Which means pharmacology is the study of
drug and their action of living body. It includes the knowledge of history source,
biochemistry and physiological effects, mechanism of action and therapeutic uses
of drug.
“Branch of pharmacology”
1. Pharmacokinetics 2. Pharmacodynamics
3. Therapeutics 4. Toxicology
5. Chemotherapy
4. Definition
1. Pharmacokinetics:– What body does to the drug. In this the study of the action
of drugs on target organ. It deals with the study of absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion of drugs. (what body does with the drug)
2. Pharmacodynamics: – What drugs dose the body. It deals with the mechanism
of action and pharmacological effect of drug. (what drug does with the body)
3. Therapeutic:- Is branch, which deals with the cure of disease and is defined as
“to take care of”
4. Toxicology :- Toxicology is traditionally defined as "the science of poisons." It
deals with effect of poisons methods for their detection, diagnosis and treatment.
5. Chemotherapy:- It is the branch of pharmacology that deals with drugs, capable
of destroying the causative organism without destroying host cells. The mechanism
undertaken in chemotherapy.
7. Various Routes of Drug Administration
Oral
In this route of administration the drug either
liquid or solid preparation is placed in mouth
cavity is swallowed along with drinks such as
water, milk etc.
• Advantage:-
1.Most of medicinal preparations are consumed
orally.
2.Economical chance of acute drug reaction.
Very convenient for children and aged people.
• Disadvantage:-
1.Onset of action is very slow.
2.Irritation to gastric mucosa.
3.It is not useful in emergency cases.
Topical / Local Route
1. It is the simplest route
2. Drugs used for local application are dusting
powder, lotions, pastes, ointments& plasters
3. The site where drugs are commonly applied
are skin, eye, nose, throat, ear, rectum &
vagina
4. In this techniques drug absorption through
intact skin depends upon lipid solubility of
drugs
8. Various Routes of Drug Administration
Sublingual
This dosage form is placed under the tongue and
allow to dissolve in the mouth cavity. The drug
is absorbed by sublingual mucosa.
• Advantage:-
1. Onset of action very quick.
2. 100% absorption is possible as degradation
of drug by digestive enzymes is prevented.
• Application:-
1. Tri-nitroglycerine in angina pectoris.
2. Isoprenaline in bronchial asthma.
Buccal route
In buccal route drug kept within the mouth
around the cheeks or buccal cavity, where it
disintegrates and get absorbed.
• Advantage:-
1. Rapid absorption of the drug.
2. Drugs do not undergo first- pass
metabolism.
3. Portal circulation is by passed.
• Disadvantages:-
1. Only small dose can take.
2. Sometime complete drug is not absorbed.
3. Not effective in emergencies.
9. Various Routes of Drug Administration
Parenteral Administration
Intramuscular (IM) Route
In this route the drug is administration into the
muscles.
Advantage
1. Rapid onset of action.
2. No G.I.T. related factors.
3. Mild irritants can be metabolism.
4. The absorption is reasonably uniform.
Disadvantage
1. Only 10ml of drug is given.
2. Local pain cause, Abscess and infection.
3. Can cause nervous damage.
Intravenous (IV) Route
IV is the route of drug administration in which
the drugs are administered into the veins.
Injection are preferred for orally unabsorbed
Drugs like Atracurium (neuromuscular
blocker).IV route shows rapid effect the
maintains level of drug in circulation.
Advantage:-
1. 100% bioavailability.
2. It this route shows rapid effect.
3. This route is the best in the case of diarrhea
and vomiting.
Disadvantage:-
1. This route is less safe than oral route.
2. Technical and trained person required.
3. Inconvenient and painful causing irritation,
cellulitis and thrombophlebitis.
10. Parenteral Administration
Subcutaneous Route (SC)
This route of administration the drug gives under
the skin.
Example:- Hormonal drug (Insulin injection)
Advantage
1. Can be easily self-administering by the
patient.
2. Complete but slow adsorption.
3. Low risk of systematic infection.
Disadvantage:-
1. Maximum 2ml of drug may be injected.
2. Less painful then the IV /IM route.
3. Irritatant drugs cause tissue damage.
Intra-arterial
This route of drug administration the drugs are
given into the arteries. Vasodilator, anticancer
drugs are given by skin route.
Advantage:-
1. Rapid onset of action.
2. No G.I.T. related factors.
3. Mild irritants can be metabolism.
4. The absorption is reasonably uniform.
Disadvantage:-
1. Only 10ml of drug is given.
2. Local pain cause, Abscess and infection.
3. Can cause nervous damage.
11. Various Routes of Drug Administration
Parenteral Administration
ID – Intradermal
SC – Subcutaneous
IV – Intravenous
IM – Intramuscular
12. Drug Absorption
Absorption is movement of the drug from its site of administration into the circulation. Not only the fraction of the
administered dose that gets absorbed but also the rate of absorption is important.
Disintegration- Breaking up of solid dosage form into granules.
Dissolution- Entry of granules the aqueous phase.
Absorption- Entry of dissolved drug molecules into the blood flow.
Physiology
• Plasma membrane mediates entrance and exit of material
• This ability of plasma membrane to permit certain substances to enter & exit, but to restrict passage of others, is
referred to as “ Selective permeability”
• Plasma membrane is a tri-laminar structure containing phospholipid & protein layer.
• Absorption of drug from gut obeys the laws of transfer of molecules across the biological membranes.
Transport Mechanism
Most of the drugs are absorbed by “Passive Diffusion”.
Few of the active agents are absorbed by “Active transport” or “Carrier mediated transport” mechanism.
13. Passive Diffusion
• This is the most commonest mechanism by which most
of the drugs are transport across cell membrane.
• Passive transport process is referred to as “Diffusion”
and occurs when there is greater movement of
molecules or ions from a region of their higher
concentration to a region of their lower concentration.
• Thus “passive diffusion” is dependent on “
concentration gradient”
• Drugs, which are lipid soluble (unionized) are
transferred across the cell membrane by passive
diffusion.
• In this process, bi-directional movement of the
concerned molecules depends on the concentration
gradient without involvement of energy.
• This process in not depend on pH of medium, provided
the drug dissolve in intestinal fluid and reaches the
absorption surface.
14. Active transport
• This is a well defined and specialized process in which drug is transported
against a concentration gradient with the involvement of energy.
• The drug attached to a special carrier in the membrane which facilities diffusion
across membrane and release the drug
• Inorganic ions like sodium, potassium, chloride & calcium are absorbed by
active transport.
• Drugs like synthetic drugs, steroids and hormones are absorbed by this
transport.
Significance
Knowledge regarding the rate of absorption is necessary
• To determine the frequency of absorption
• To define duration of effective action.
• For anticipation of desired and undesired effect of drug.
15.
16. Factor affecting Absorption of Drugs
1. Physical Properties: (a) Particle Size (b) Lipid and water solubility
2. Dosage form: (a) Particle size (b) Formulation
3. Physiological factors: (a) pH (b) Ionization (c) Presence of other agents (d) Presence of disease
(e) Area of absorption (f) Gastro- Intestinal time.