This document discusses two types of learning: classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning, proposed by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning through association, such as a dog salivating when it hears a bell due to being conditioned to associate the bell with food. Operant conditioning, proposed by B.F. Skinner, involves learning through reinforcement and punishment, such as a rat learning to press a lever for food pellets. Both types of learning involve changes in behavior through conditioning and consequences.

2. TYPES OF LEARNING
Classical and operant learning
Presented by;
Mah-e-Noor
M.Yaqoob

3. LEARNING:
• Learning means acquiring knowledge and information.
• In psychology, learning means change in behavior.
• Any activity that brings change in behavior.

4. TYPES OF LEARNING:
There many types of learning. The most common and
famous types of learning
• Classical learning
• Operant learning.

5. CLASSICAL LEARNING
• The theory of classical learning given by famous Russian
psychologist.
• He lived from 1849 to 1936.
• He made many discoveries in psychology field.
• He won noble prize in psychology in 1904.

6. CLASSICAL LEARNING:

7. CLASSICAL LEARNING

9. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
LEARNING:
• According to . When first time dog listen the bell it was
neutral conditioning learning. Because there was no
learning.
• When bell rung second time and shown food, it was
unconditioning stimulus.
• When next time bell rung salivate automatically start
coming from the mouth of dog. Conditioning stimulus.

10. No conditioning, no learning
Condition, learning
Learning forever in same condition
Learning occur due to the
condition

11. APPLICATION OF CLASSICAL
LEARNING
• First day of class, student walk into class and teacher sit
at desk.
• Teacher goes towards board when ready to teach and
children quiet down.
• Second day of class, students are chatty when the
teacher goes to board. Teacher ask to be quiet.
• Third day of class, students are automatically quiet when
the teacher walks to the board.

12. OPERANT LEARNING
• The theory was given by B.F skinner.
• was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.
• He gave the theory of operant, which is base on behavior.

13. OPERANT LEARNING
• Type of learning in which a person repeats a behavior that has been reinforced or
cease a behavior that has punished.
OR
• The behavior is followed by a consequences, and the nature of the consequences
modify the organisms tendency to repeat the behavior in the future.
• You will follow the same result when get the environment.

14. EXPERIMENT:
• He kept a rat in box with lever at once end, by pushing
that lever food was arranged.
• Rat unintentionally preesed the lever and get the food
plate.
• After the trial and error he got and idea that by pressing
the lever he will get the food.
• Operann? Pressing lever
• Reinforces the behavior? Food pellet.

16. PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT
CONDITIONING
Reinforcemen Negativ Positive
Punishment Negativ Positive

17. NOTE: LEARNING ACCORDING THE TO
RESULT OF BEHAVIOR AND ADOPTION
OF THE SAME BEHAVIOR
Trial and error
Result (+ve/-ve)
Same behavior

18. REINFORCEMENT
• Positive:
An organism repeats a response because it gives
satisfactory or pleasant consequences.
e.g. rat got food after pressing the lever that would
consider satisfactory consequences and repeated activity.

19. • Negative:
An organism never repeat the response when it
does not give unsatisfactory or unpleasant consequences.
e.g. after three or four time pressing lever food stop
coming then rat will avoid pressing

20. IN CLASSROOM
• Teacher gave candies to student for maintaining
discipline when principle take round.
• Student will remain silent but once teacher will not give
reward for being silent student will avoid to maintain
behavior.

21. PUNISHMENT
An act of removing or doing something.
• E.g. one bark on unknown people who were entering on
house he start barking and jump on them. Unfortunately
they were the relatives of owner first time came at their
home.

22. • Master or owner of the dog do not gave food on that act
of dog.
• This punishment effect positively that without recognizing
the behavior or dog never jump on unknown person.
• Second chances which is negative even dog does not
bark or jump on even theif.
• Negativity based on continuity or may once attempt.

23. IN CLASSROOM
• Teacher punished on misbehavior of student now student
never going to misbehave.(positive)
• She got slap from teacher many time in that condition the
next slap will not effect on student efforts to control the
behavior.