This document provides an outline for a course on electronic data processing and databases. It covers topics such as managing files, database management systems, database models like relational and hierarchical, features of DBMS including data dictionaries and security. It also discusses databases and the new economy including e-commerce and data mining. The last section discusses ethics around manipulating media and ensuring accuracy and privacy of databases.

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Electronic Data Processing
(EDP)
Mr.Anjan Mahanta
LCCT,International Studies Program

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Course Outline
 Managing Files : Basic Concepts
How data is Organized: The Data Storage
Hierarchy
Types of Files
 Database Management Systems
Four Types of Database Access
 Database Models
Hierarchical Database
Network Database
Relational Database
Object-Oriented Database
 Features of Database Management System
Data Dictionary
Utilities
 Databases and the New Economy
E-Commerce
Data Mining
 The Ethics of Using Storage and Databases
Manipulation of Sound, Photos, Video & Television
Accuracy and Completeness

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Grade
Sub-Test Quiz Mid-Term Final Attendance Homeroom
20% 10% 25% 25% 10% 10%

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Unit 1
Managing Files: Basic Concepts
 Data can be grouped into categories
 The data storage hierarchy consists of the
levels of data stored in a computer
 Bits
 Bytes
 Fields
 Records
 Files
 Databases

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Unit 1
Managing Files: Basic Concepts
 Characters: A character (byte) is a letter,
number, or special character
Examples : A, B, C, 1, 2, 3, #, $, %
 Field: A field is a unit of data consisting of
one or more characters (bytes).
Examples: your name, address

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Unit 1
Managing Files: Basic Concepts
 Record: A record is a collection of related
fields.
Examples : Student code, name and address
 File: A file is a collection of related records.
Examples: file of students grade information

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Unit 1
Managing Files: Basic Concepts
 Database: is an organized collection of
related files.
Examples : Student information

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Unit 1
Managing Files: Basic Concepts
Type of data Contains Example
Database Several files Student database
Address, Grade, Fee
File Several records Name Address
Jack Bangkok
Rocky Chiangmai
Record Several fields Name Address
Jack Bangkok
Field Several Characters Name
Jack
Character Bits (0 or 1) S
1110 0010

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Example from MS-Access
 Student Address File

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Exercise - 1
 What are databases?
 Write five examples of databases.
 Design one database in details showing
fields and records.

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Primary Key Field
 A key field uniquely identify a record
 It helps to easily process the database
 Example:
student_code is a key field in a
student database

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Types of Files
 File is the collection of data or information
 The user gives a name to each file to save
for future use
 The file names have an extension name.
 Example –
 Microsoft Word .doc
 Microsoft Excel .xls
 Microsoft PowerPoint .ppt

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Types of Files
 There are many types of files but the
most important types are –
Program files
Data files

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Program Files
 Program files are files containing software
instructions.
 The program files are instruction files written
by a program for a particular application
 They have a file extension. For example –
.bas for BASIC, .pas for Pascal or .jav for Java
 For the processor to use a source file at first it
must be converted to an executable file,
.exe file

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Data files
 Data files are files that contain data –
words, numbers, pictures, sounds, etc.
 Data files are created by the users.

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Other types of files
 ASCII files
 .txt
 Image(graphic files)
 .bmp, .gif, .jpg, .pcx, .tif, .wmf
 Audio files
 .wav, .mid, .mp3
 Animation/video files
 .avi, .mpg
 Web files
 .html, .htm, .xml, .php, .asp

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Exercise
 What is a primary key?
 What is a file?
 What are the types of file?

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Types of Data Files
 Master file: The master files are
updated periodically
 Transaction file: The transaction file
is a temporary file that holds all
changes to be made to the master file:
additions, deletions and updations

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Example

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Data Access Methods

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Data Access Methods
 Sequential Storage: means that data is
stored and retrieved in sequence, in
alphabetically – ascending or descending
order
 Example: A tape cassette
 Advantage: less expensive
 Disadvantage: file searching is slow

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Example
 Sequential Search

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Data Access Methods
 Direct Access Storage: means that
computer can go directly to the information
you want. It is also known as random.
 Example: A CD Player
 Advantage: faster
 Disadvantage: more expensive

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Exercise
1. What is a master file?
2. What is a transaction file?
3. What is sequential storage?
4. What is direct access storage?

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Offline Storage
 Offline storage means that data is not in
the direct control on the CPU. It maybe
saved in a CD.
 The data has to be loaded onto an input
device.

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Online Storage
 Online storage means that data is
immediately accessible by the CPU.
 You need not wait for a CD.
 Storage is on the disk (direct access storage)

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Database Management Systems
DBMS
 A database is an organized collection of related files
 There are many types of databases
 To manage the information a database
management system is used
 The DBMS is a program that controls the structure
of a database and access to the data

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Advantages of DBMS
 File Sharing
 users can share files

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Advantages of DBMS
 Reduced data redundancy
 prevent duplication

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Advantages of DBMS
 Improved data integrity
 accurate and up to date

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Advantages of DBMS
 Increased security
 data can be secured by the use of passwords

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Exercise
 What is a Database Management System?
 What are the advantages of DBMS?

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Types of Database Access
 Individual database
 used by one person

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Types of Database Access
 Shared database
 shared by many people in one location

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Types of Database Access
 Distributed database
 shared by many people in many locations

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Types of Database Access
 Public databank
 information for the public
 Yahoo
 Google
 Law
 Shopping
 News
 Games

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DBA
 The Database Administrator (DBA) coordinates all
related activities and needs for an organization’s
database.
 The DBA determines user access privileges, sets
standards.
 The DBA is responsible for system back up and
recovery.

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Exercise
 Describe the four types of databases.
 What does a database administrator do?

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Database Models
 Hierarchical Database
 In a hierarchical database, fields or records are arranged in
related groups resembling a family tree, with child (lower-level)
records subordinate to parent (higher-level) records.

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Database Models

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Database Models

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Database Models
 Network Database
 A network database is similar to a hierarchical
database, but each child record can have more than
one parent record.

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Database Models
 Relational Database
 A relational database relates, or connects, data in
different files through the use of a key field, or
common data element.

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Database Models
 Relational Database

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Database Models
 Relational Database

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Structured Query Language
SQL
 SQL is the standard language used to
 Create
 Add
 Delete
 Update
relational databases

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Structured Query Language
SQL
 Example
 1. Select * from student
 2. Select * from student where firstname=“Andrew”
 3. Select * from student where grade > 2
 4. Select * from student where age > 18

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Object Oriented Database
 An object oriented database uses objects.
An object consists of graphics, audio and
video.

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Exercise
 What are the four models of database
organization?
 What is SQL?

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Application Service Provider
ASP
 ASPs allow users to subscribe to various
software applications over the Internet.
 Example in Thailand
 ADSL

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DBMS Components
 Data Dictionary
 It is a file that stores the definitions of the
structure of data used in the database.
 Example:
Keyword Description
Room_Id The room numbers of the hotel
Check_In The date when the guest check into the hotel

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DBMS Components
 Utilities
 The DBMS utilities maintains the database by
creating, editing and monitoring data input
 Example
 MS-ACCESS

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DBMS Components
 Report Generator
 It is a program that creates onscreen or printed
document
 Example
 MS-ACCESS

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DBMS Components
 Access Security
 It specifies user access privileges
 Example
 MySQL
 ORACLE

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Exercise
 1.What is data dictionary?
 2.What do DBMS utilities do?
 3.How does access security work?
 4.Explain the four types of system recovery.

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DBMS Components
 System / Data Recovery
 It enables contents of database to be recovered
after system failure
 Types of Data Recovery
 Mirroring – two copies in different locations
 Reprocessing – redoing the processing from a known
past point
 Rollforward – a variant on reprocessing
 Rollback – undoing unwanted changes

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E-Commerce
 E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce
 is the buying and selling of products and
services through computer networks
 Amazon.com, eBay, Priceline.com are the
best example for e-commerce or online
shopping

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Process of e-commerce

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Process of e-commerce

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Data Mining
 Data mining (DM) is the computer-assisted process
of sifting through and analyzing vast amounts of
data
 It is used to extract meaning and discover new
knowledge
 It’s main purpose is to describe past trends and
predict future trends
 It can be used to learn customer, marketing,
production and financial data

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Data Mining

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Data Mining Process

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Data Mining Process

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Applications of Data mining
 Marketing
 Health
 Science
 B2B
 In a business to business (B2B) system, a
business sells to other businesses, using the
Internet to cut transaction costs and increase
efficiencies.

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B2B Systems

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B2B Systems

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Exercise
 What is data mining, and how is it used?
 What is B2B system?

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The Ethics of Using Databases
 Morphing – transforming one image to
another
 Manipulation of sound
 With the help of new technology a song can be recorded by
the singers at different times and places
 Manipulation of photos
 Editing images
 Manipulation of Videos & Television
 Graphics and animation

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The Ethics of Using Databases
 Accuracy and Completeness
 Public databanks Nexis/Lexis
 Matters of Privacy
 Privacy is the right of people not to
reveal information about themselves
 Monopolizing Information