2. 2
Course Outline
Managing Files : Basic Concepts
How data is Organized: The Data Storage
Hierarchy
Types of Files
Database Management Systems
Four Types of Database Access
Database Models
Hierarchical Database
Network Database
Relational Database
Object-Oriented Database
Features of Database Management System
Data Dictionary
Utilities
Databases and the New Economy
E-Commerce
Data Mining
The Ethics of Using Storage and Databases
Manipulation of Sound, Photos, Video & Television
Accuracy and Completeness
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Unit 1
Managing Files: Basic Concepts
Data can be grouped into categories
The data storage hierarchy consists of the
levels of data stored in a computer
Bits
Bytes
Fields
Records
Files
Databases
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Unit 1
Managing Files: Basic Concepts
Characters: A character (byte) is a letter,
number, or special character
Examples : A, B, C, 1, 2, 3, #, $, %
Field: A field is a unit of data consisting of
one or more characters (bytes).
Examples: your name, address
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Unit 1
Managing Files: Basic Concepts
Record: A record is a collection of related
fields.
Examples : Student code, name and address
File: A file is a collection of related records.
Examples: file of students grade information
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Unit 1
Managing Files: Basic Concepts
Database: is an organized collection of
related files.
Examples : Student information
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Unit 1
Managing Files: Basic Concepts
Type of data Contains Example
Database Several files Student database
Address, Grade, Fee
File Several records Name Address
Jack Bangkok
Rocky Chiangmai
Record Several fields Name Address
Jack Bangkok
Field Several Characters Name
Jack
Character Bits (0 or 1) S
1110 0010
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Exercise - 1
What are databases?
Write five examples of databases.
Design one database in details showing
fields and records.
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Primary Key Field
A key field uniquely identify a record
It helps to easily process the database
Example:
student_code is a key field in a
student database
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Types of Files
File is the collection of data or information
The user gives a name to each file to save
for future use
The file names have an extension name.
Example –
Microsoft Word .doc
Microsoft Excel .xls
Microsoft PowerPoint .ppt
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Types of Files
There are many types of files but the
most important types are –
Program files
Data files
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Program Files
Program files are files containing software
instructions.
The program files are instruction files written
by a program for a particular application
They have a file extension. For example –
.bas for BASIC, .pas for Pascal or .jav for Java
For the processor to use a source file at first it
must be converted to an executable file,
.exe file
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Data files
Data files are files that contain data –
words, numbers, pictures, sounds, etc.
Data files are created by the users.
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Exercise
What is a primary key?
What is a file?
What are the types of file?
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Types of Data Files
Master file: The master files are
updated periodically
Transaction file: The transaction file
is a temporary file that holds all
changes to be made to the master file:
additions, deletions and updations
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Data Access Methods
Sequential Storage: means that data is
stored and retrieved in sequence, in
alphabetically – ascending or descending
order
Example: A tape cassette
Advantage: less expensive
Disadvantage: file searching is slow
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Data Access Methods
Direct Access Storage: means that
computer can go directly to the information
you want. It is also known as random.
Example: A CD Player
Advantage: faster
Disadvantage: more expensive
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Exercise
1. What is a master file?
2. What is a transaction file?
3. What is sequential storage?
4. What is direct access storage?
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Offline Storage
Offline storage means that data is not in
the direct control on the CPU. It maybe
saved in a CD.
The data has to be loaded onto an input
device.
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Online Storage
Online storage means that data is
immediately accessible by the CPU.
You need not wait for a CD.
Storage is on the disk (direct access storage)
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Database Management Systems
DBMS
A database is an organized collection of related files
There are many types of databases
To manage the information a database
management system is used
The DBMS is a program that controls the structure
of a database and access to the data
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Types of Database Access
Shared database
shared by many people in one location
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Types of Database Access
Distributed database
shared by many people in many locations
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Types of Database Access
Public databank
information for the public
Yahoo
Google
Law
Shopping
News
Games
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DBA
The Database Administrator (DBA) coordinates all
related activities and needs for an organization’s
database.
The DBA determines user access privileges, sets
standards.
The DBA is responsible for system back up and
recovery.
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Database Models
Hierarchical Database
In a hierarchical database, fields or records are arranged in
related groups resembling a family tree, with child (lower-level)
records subordinate to parent (higher-level) records.
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Database Models
Network Database
A network database is similar to a hierarchical
database, but each child record can have more than
one parent record.
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Database Models
Relational Database
A relational database relates, or connects, data in
different files through the use of a key field, or
common data element.
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Structured Query Language
SQL
Example
1. Select * from student
2. Select * from student where firstname=“Andrew”
3. Select * from student where grade > 2
4. Select * from student where age > 18
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Object Oriented Database
An object oriented database uses objects.
An object consists of graphics, audio and
video.
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Application Service Provider
ASP
ASPs allow users to subscribe to various
software applications over the Internet.
Example in Thailand
ADSL
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DBMS Components
Data Dictionary
It is a file that stores the definitions of the
structure of data used in the database.
Example:
Keyword Description
Room_Id The room numbers of the hotel
Check_In The date when the guest check into the hotel
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DBMS Components
Utilities
The DBMS utilities maintains the database by
creating, editing and monitoring data input
Example
MS-ACCESS
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DBMS Components
Report Generator
It is a program that creates onscreen or printed
document
Example
MS-ACCESS
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Exercise
1.What is data dictionary?
2.What do DBMS utilities do?
3.How does access security work?
4.Explain the four types of system recovery.
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DBMS Components
System / Data Recovery
It enables contents of database to be recovered
after system failure
Types of Data Recovery
Mirroring – two copies in different locations
Reprocessing – redoing the processing from a known
past point
Rollforward – a variant on reprocessing
Rollback – undoing unwanted changes
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E-Commerce
E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce
is the buying and selling of products and
services through computer networks
Amazon.com, eBay, Priceline.com are the
best example for e-commerce or online
shopping
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Data Mining
Data mining (DM) is the computer-assisted process
of sifting through and analyzing vast amounts of
data
It is used to extract meaning and discover new
knowledge
It’s main purpose is to describe past trends and
predict future trends
It can be used to learn customer, marketing,
production and financial data
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Applications of Data mining
Marketing
Health
Science
B2B
In a business to business (B2B) system, a
business sells to other businesses, using the
Internet to cut transaction costs and increase
efficiencies.
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The Ethics of Using Databases
Morphing – transforming one image to
another
Manipulation of sound
With the help of new technology a song can be recorded by
the singers at different times and places
Manipulation of photos
Editing images
Manipulation of Videos & Television
Graphics and animation
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The Ethics of Using Databases
Accuracy and Completeness
Public databanks Nexis/Lexis
Matters of Privacy
Privacy is the right of people not to
reveal information about themselves
Monopolizing Information