Electron Configuration
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1. Elements in the same row of the periodic table belong to the same period and have similar atomic structures. 2. Elements in the same column are members of the same group and have similar chemical properties. 3. Elements that have many similar properties belong to the same group. 4. As you move from left to right and from top to bottom on the periodic table, the atomic mass of elements generally increases.
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The document discusses trends in the periodic table. It explains that periods are rows in the periodic table where elements have the same number of atomic orbitals. Groups are columns where elements have the same number of valence electrons. It describes how atomic size decreases left to right in a period but increases top to bottom in a group. Electronegativity increases left to right across a period but decreases top to bottom in a group. Ionization energy increases left to right in a period due to valence shell stability but decreases top to bottom in a group due to electron shielding. Electron affinity increases left to right in a period due to decreasing atomic radius but decreases top to bottom in a group due to increasing atomic radius.
Structure Of Electrons
1) Atoms are made of subatomic particles including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in concentric shells.
2) Electron shells can hold a set number of electrons, with the outermost shell being the valence shell.
3) The number of electrons in the valence shell determines an element's chemical properties and reactivity, as elements try to fill their outer shells.
Periodic table cheat sheet
This document provides a summary of key concepts about the periodic table. It defines important terms like period, group, atomic number, atomic mass, atomic radius, and others. It explains trends in atomic mass and atomic radius across periods and groups, with mass increasing and radius decreasing across periods but increasing across groups. Electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity follow the same trends. It identifies important regions of the periodic table and provides a mnemonic for the first 20 elements. Finally, it discusses how ionic radii change depending on whether an atom forms a cation or anion.
The periodic table
A brief power point presentation designed to help introduce high school chemistry students to reading the periodic table and extracting information such as the number of valence electrons an element has, etc.
Atoms, Elements, And Periodic Table 2010
1) Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons orbit around the nucleus.
2) The atomic number of an element is the number of protons it contains. Isotopes are elements with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons.
3) Elements are arranged in the periodic table based on their atomic number. The periodic table is organized into rows and columns, with elements in the same column having similar chemical properties.
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CHEMISTRY-TOPIC-3-Trends.docx trends in the periodic table
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Sedimentary Rocks
The document discusses different types of igneous and sedimentary rocks. It states that igneous rocks form from cooled magma and their crystal size depends on the cooling rate, with slowly cooled rocks like granite having large crystals and quickly cooled rocks like basalt or pumice having small or no crystals. It describes sedimentary rocks as forming from compacted and cemented sediments, including pieces of other rocks, once-living things like plants and shells, and liquid solutions that leave impressions of fossils.
Metamorphic Rocks
Sandstone forms from cemented sand grains through compaction and cementation. Shale forms from compacted clay and mud sediments. Coal forms from compacted organic material. Limestone forms from cemented calcium carbonate sediments and shells. Sedimentary rocks like sandstone, shale, and limestone can contain fossils.
Earthquakes and Earthquake Waves
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics. It states that the Earth's surface consists of large moving tectonic plates (E), and that the movement of these plates is driven by convection currents in the mantle (B). It also notes that plate tectonics supports phenomena like sea floor spreading (D) and is evidenced by features like mid-oceanic ridges and deep sea trenches (A). Finally, it indicates that plate tectonics theory provides explanations for earthquakes and mountain building (C).
Mixtures and Separating Mixtures
The document discusses physical and chemical changes, mixtures, and different ways to separate mixtures. It defines a mixture as two or more substances physically combined without a chemical reaction occurring. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous, with components not evenly distributed, or homogeneous, with even distribution making the mixture appear uniform. The document outlines various physical separation methods like straining, magnets, dissolving, evaporation, and exploiting differences in component densities.
Concept Map
Flora is boiling water on the stove. She turns the dial up to high, causing the water to boil vigorously with large, quickly forming bubbles. She then turns the dial down to low, causing the water to boil gently with smaller, slowly forming bubbles. Flora wonders if the boiling temperature changes with the dial settings. The correct answer is C - the boiling temperature remains the same at 100 degrees Celsius regardless of the dial setting.
Heat capacity
Mia and Devon are having a summer party and need to make two sizes of ice. They wonder if the temperature at which water freezes is affected by the size of the ice. Small ice cubes freeze at a lower temperature than large blocks of ice. This is because it takes more energy to freeze a larger volume of water, so large blocks of ice freeze at a slightly higher temperature than small ice cubes.
Density Anomaly
This document discusses buoyancy, density, and why ice floats. It explains that ice is less dense than water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules that cause water to expand when it freezes. As a result, the buoyant force on ice is greater than its weight, causing ice to float on water.
Buoyancy
The document compares two solid cubes made of the same material but different sizes - one is large and one is small. It asks which statement about the density of the cubes is true. The correct statement is that the density of the larger cube is the same as the density of the smaller cube, because density is a property of the material and does not change with the size of the object.
Water
Water is a polar covalent compound composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The electrons in the covalent bonds are shared unequally, with the hydrogen side being partially positive and the oxygen side being partially negative. This gives water molecules a polar nature. Water exhibits both cohesion, the attraction of water molecules to one another, and adhesion, the attraction of water molecules to other substances. Due to its high surface tension, water forms a "skin" on its surface that requires a force to break. When placed in a glass, the water curves up the sides due to surface tension forming a meniscus.
Friction
The document provides an assignment to investigate the impact of fertilizer amounts on plant growth. To properly conduct this investigation, the following factors would need to be controlled: the amount of water given to each plant, keeping track of the fertilizer amounts given to each plant, starting with plants of the same size, and keeping all plants in a similar location. Variables like the amount of fertilizer and location of the plants would need to be manipulated, while the dependent variable of plant height would be measured.
Scientific Method
The document outlines the key steps of the scientific method, which are: 1) identifying a problem or question, 2) researching existing knowledge, 3) forming a hypothesis, 4) testing the hypothesis through experimentation, 5) recording and studying the data, 6) forming a conclusion, and 7) communicating the results. It also defines key terms used in the scientific method, such as hypothesis, variables, control, and constant.
First Day Stuff
This document outlines classroom procedures for an integrated science class taught by Mr. Windsor. It details the daily schedule, which includes 10-15 minutes for warm-up and homework check, 25-30 minutes for lecture and demonstrations, lab/activities that vary in length and format, and 20-25 minutes for quizzes and videos. The document also covers safety procedures for working with electrical and mechanical equipment, as well as chemical hazards, including the Right to Know Law, chemical labeling requirements, and Material Safety Data Sheets.
Concept Map Answers
Great heat and great pressure transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks. Complete melting and cooling transforms sedimentary rocks into igneous rocks. The statement that is not true about the rock cycle is that there is only one way for rocks to go through the rock cycle, as any rock type can become any other type of rock through the various processes in the rock cycle.
Bio-geochemical Cycles
The document is a multiple choice quiz about different types of rocks. Question 1 is about sedimentary rocks, which form from compressed or cemented deposits. Question 2 is about metamorphic rocks, which form from great heat and pressure. Question 3 is about igneous rocks, which form from cooled and hardened magma or lava. Question 4 asks about metamorphic rocks again, stating they often form deep in the earth's crust.
Rock Cycle
Metamorphic rocks form deep within the Earth under conditions of great heat and pressure, partially melting existing rocks like igneous or sedimentary stone. Metamorphic rocks can contain fossils from their original parent rock and form in place from the alteration of other types of rock under high temperature and pressure conditions within the Earth's crust. Common examples include marble.
Metamorphic Rocks
The document discusses different types of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. It states that sandstone forms from cementation, conglomerate forms from compaction, coal forms from organic material, and limestone forms from organic material or liquid solutions. Sedimentary rocks can contain fossils. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes from heat and pressure, and examples given are shale transforming to slate and limestone transforming to marble.
Sedimentary Rocks
This document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It explains that igneous rocks form from cooled magma and have large crystals if they cool slowly, small crystals if they cool fast, and no crystals if they cool extremely fast. Sedimentary rocks form from pieces of other rocks, once-living things, or liquid solutions that harden over time. Metamorphic rocks form from intense heat or pressure that transforms existing rocks.
Igneous Rocks
The document discusses properties of minerals including that minerals are inorganic, have crystal structures, and can be identified by properties like hardness, streak, cleavage, and crystal form. Halite is identified as having cubic crystal formation and displaying fracture when it breaks.
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The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
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Power Grid Model
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Electron Configuration
- 1. 1. Elements in the same row belong to the same . period 2. Elements in the same column are group members of the same . 3. Elements that have many similar properties belong to the same group . 4. Generally, the atomic mass of elements increases as you move from left to right and from top to bottom on the Periodic Table.
- 2. Review Periodic table Groups 18 Elements in each group have similar properties Periods 7 periods
- 3. Electron Configuration Electrons orbit around the nucleus Form a “cloud” around the nucleus The “cloud” has “layers” “Layers” = energy shells
- 4. Energy Levels Labeled with capital letters “K” first shell Closest to the nucleus
- 5. Energy Levels Holds up to 2 electrons “L” shell is the second Holds up to 8 electrons
- 6. Energy Levels “M” shell is next Holds up to 18 electrons There are more than 3 shells
- 7. Energy Levels No. of shells depends on the no. of electrons Each shell must be full before a new one forms
- 8. Valence Electron(s) Electron(s) in the outer most shell of an atom The group number tells you the number of valence electron(s)
- 9. Valence Electron(s) Group 1, 1 valence electron Group 13? 3 Determines an elements reactivity
- 10. Valence Electron(s) The period tells you how many energy shells an atom has And which shell the valence electron(s) are in
- 11. Octet Rule Elements need 8 valence electrons to be stable Or their outer shell is full
- 12. Argon Atom 8 valence electrons = stable Outer shell is full = stable