The document describes an electrified nano filter for water purification using nanotechnology. It coats ordinary cotton with silver nanowires and carbon nanotubes to filter and disinfect water. When an electric current of 20 volts passes through the coated filter, it kills bacteria and viruses as they pass through, purifying the water. The small size of the nanomaterials allows them to strongly adhere to the cotton fibers. The filter provides an inexpensive way to purify large quantities of water that is effective in removing contaminants while using less electricity than other systems.
This document discusses carbon nanotube membranes for water desalination. It describes how carbon nanotubes are fabricated through various growth techniques. Carbon nanotube membranes can effectively filter out particles larger than the nanotube diameter while allowing water molecules to pass through. They show potential for low-cost desalination through fast water flow rates and selective removal of impurities and microorganisms. However, challenges remain in developing scalable synthesis methods that produce carbon nanotubes with uniform pore sizes and distributions.
CARBON NANOTUBE FILTERATION FOR WATER PURIFICATIONNamitha M R
1) Carbon nanotube filters show potential for efficient and economical water purification by removing impurities faster than conventional methods at lower pressures and energy requirements.
2) A case study demonstrated that a carbon hollow tube filter composed of radially aligned carbon nanotubes could filter sodium chloride from seawater, reducing sodium from 30.06% to 0.4% and chlorine from 11.44% to 0.17%.
3) While carbon nanotube filters are still more expensive than other options, they provide very large surface areas, high water fluxes, tunable pore sizes, antibacterial properties, and the potential to scale up water purification technologies.
H20 & Co. has developed carbon nanotube membranes that provide a more cost-efficient way to remove chemicals and infectious agents from water. The membranes are made of single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes that are less than 1 nm in diameter, allowing water to pass through while filtering out over 95% of ions and bacteria/viruses. The membranes provide clean, desalinated water at a lower cost than other filtration methods, with faster filtration rates and a lifespan of 2-3 years. The global market for nanofiltration membranes is growing significantly due to increasing water shortages, regulations, and demand for clean water.
Environmental Nanotechnology Applications in water Remediationkhaled elkoomy
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology applications in water treatment. It discusses how nanomaterials have properties like high surface area to volume ratio that allow them to be used to detect and remove contaminants from water. Some mechanisms by which nanomaterials can treat water include nanofiltration membranes that remove particles down to 0.001 microns, magnetic nanoparticles that can be easily separated from water, and ferritin which can transform toxic metals and chlorocarbons. The document examines how these nanotechnology approaches can provide lower cost and more effective alternatives to traditional water treatment methods.
Nanotechnology is the purposeful manipulation of matter on an atomic scale. Materials created in this manner often exhibit unique physical and chemical properties, which have useful applications in various industries. A growing use for some types of engineered nanomaterials is in the area of environmental remediation, termed nanoremediation. While this technique appears to be effective for cleanup, there are still many unanswered questions regarding its long-term impact to environmental quality and human health. No long-term studies exist regarding the potential environmental impact of nanoremediation. While animal studies have shown the potential for adverse health effects, limited data regarding human health are available. The US Environmental Protection Agency is currently adapting existing regulations to cover the use of nanomaterials in remediation, but this approach is limited. Many questions still remain regarding fate and transport, verification of clean-up, and potential occupational and community exposures.
1. Nanotechnology shows potential for improving water treatment through the use of nanomaterials for filtration, remediation, sensing, and disinfection. Various nanomaterials under research include carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers for filtration and zeolites, carbon nanotubes, and nanoparticles for remediation.
2. While nanotechnology could address issues like water scarcity and quality, research is still needed to fully understand the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles. More data is needed on their environmental and health impacts before large-scale use in water applications.
3. Overall, nanotechnology represents an emerging area that may lead to novel solutions for water treatment through the unique properties of nanomaterials. However, more
Design and development of composite nonwoven filter for pre-filtration of te...vivek sharma
The document discusses the design and development of a composite nonwoven filter for pre-filtration of textile effluents using nanotechnology. It describes how nanofiber filtration can provide an advanced solution for minimizing waste particles in dyeing effluents with good flux permeability. The removal of contaminants by a polyethersulfone nanofiber film coated over a polyester nonwoven needle punched fabric was evaluated for reactive dyes. Results showed that the membrane treatment is a promising advanced treatment option for pollution control in textile industry effluents.
In this I have worked on a project how could Nanomaterials actually stop the Environmental change and also simple methods to reduce.
I have worked hard for 3 Months for this project
This document discusses carbon nanotube membranes for water desalination. It describes how carbon nanotubes are fabricated through various growth techniques. Carbon nanotube membranes can effectively filter out particles larger than the nanotube diameter while allowing water molecules to pass through. They show potential for low-cost desalination through fast water flow rates and selective removal of impurities and microorganisms. However, challenges remain in developing scalable synthesis methods that produce carbon nanotubes with uniform pore sizes and distributions.
CARBON NANOTUBE FILTERATION FOR WATER PURIFICATIONNamitha M R
1) Carbon nanotube filters show potential for efficient and economical water purification by removing impurities faster than conventional methods at lower pressures and energy requirements.
2) A case study demonstrated that a carbon hollow tube filter composed of radially aligned carbon nanotubes could filter sodium chloride from seawater, reducing sodium from 30.06% to 0.4% and chlorine from 11.44% to 0.17%.
3) While carbon nanotube filters are still more expensive than other options, they provide very large surface areas, high water fluxes, tunable pore sizes, antibacterial properties, and the potential to scale up water purification technologies.
H20 & Co. has developed carbon nanotube membranes that provide a more cost-efficient way to remove chemicals and infectious agents from water. The membranes are made of single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes that are less than 1 nm in diameter, allowing water to pass through while filtering out over 95% of ions and bacteria/viruses. The membranes provide clean, desalinated water at a lower cost than other filtration methods, with faster filtration rates and a lifespan of 2-3 years. The global market for nanofiltration membranes is growing significantly due to increasing water shortages, regulations, and demand for clean water.
Environmental Nanotechnology Applications in water Remediationkhaled elkoomy
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology applications in water treatment. It discusses how nanomaterials have properties like high surface area to volume ratio that allow them to be used to detect and remove contaminants from water. Some mechanisms by which nanomaterials can treat water include nanofiltration membranes that remove particles down to 0.001 microns, magnetic nanoparticles that can be easily separated from water, and ferritin which can transform toxic metals and chlorocarbons. The document examines how these nanotechnology approaches can provide lower cost and more effective alternatives to traditional water treatment methods.
Nanotechnology is the purposeful manipulation of matter on an atomic scale. Materials created in this manner often exhibit unique physical and chemical properties, which have useful applications in various industries. A growing use for some types of engineered nanomaterials is in the area of environmental remediation, termed nanoremediation. While this technique appears to be effective for cleanup, there are still many unanswered questions regarding its long-term impact to environmental quality and human health. No long-term studies exist regarding the potential environmental impact of nanoremediation. While animal studies have shown the potential for adverse health effects, limited data regarding human health are available. The US Environmental Protection Agency is currently adapting existing regulations to cover the use of nanomaterials in remediation, but this approach is limited. Many questions still remain regarding fate and transport, verification of clean-up, and potential occupational and community exposures.
1. Nanotechnology shows potential for improving water treatment through the use of nanomaterials for filtration, remediation, sensing, and disinfection. Various nanomaterials under research include carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers for filtration and zeolites, carbon nanotubes, and nanoparticles for remediation.
2. While nanotechnology could address issues like water scarcity and quality, research is still needed to fully understand the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles. More data is needed on their environmental and health impacts before large-scale use in water applications.
3. Overall, nanotechnology represents an emerging area that may lead to novel solutions for water treatment through the unique properties of nanomaterials. However, more
Design and development of composite nonwoven filter for pre-filtration of te...vivek sharma
The document discusses the design and development of a composite nonwoven filter for pre-filtration of textile effluents using nanotechnology. It describes how nanofiber filtration can provide an advanced solution for minimizing waste particles in dyeing effluents with good flux permeability. The removal of contaminants by a polyethersulfone nanofiber film coated over a polyester nonwoven needle punched fabric was evaluated for reactive dyes. Results showed that the membrane treatment is a promising advanced treatment option for pollution control in textile industry effluents.
In this I have worked on a project how could Nanomaterials actually stop the Environmental change and also simple methods to reduce.
I have worked hard for 3 Months for this project
Divakar Kumar presented his research proposal to his supervisors Dr. Ritu Sharma and Dr. Anup K. Sharma. He took coursework in Semiconductor Devices and earned a grade of 2. His proposed research focuses on fabricating and characterizing thin film nano-sensors to enhance their sensitivity and selectivity for applications such as detecting heavy metals in water. So far he has conducted an introduction to the topic and literature review. He plans to fabricate thin film nano-sensors using techniques like spray coating and dip coating, and characterize the films.
Promising SriLankan minerals for Nano-technologyHome
Nano-technology is enhancing the supply of day today unlimited needs and wants. Using nano technology and available resources within the country many things can be done for the future development. In this draft, its only mentioning main minerals and nano-technological practices.
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in bioremediation. It begins by introducing bioremediation and some common remediation methods like ex situ and in situ techniques. It then discusses how nanotechnology tools can help overcome challenges with bioremediation by increasing bioavailability and contaminant solubility using techniques like iron nanoparticles, nano sorbers, single-enzyme nanoparticles, and zero-valent iron nanoparticles. The document concludes by covering how nanotechnology is being applied in industry for treatment, sensing, and pollution prevention.
Applications of nanotechnology on environmental remediationAnusha B V
Nanotechnology has many potential applications in environmental management and remediation. It can be used to create nano-sized particles, membranes, and filters to more effectively remove pollutants from soil, water, and air. Various nanomaterials like iron nanoparticles, semiconducting nanoparticles, dendrimers, and magnetic nanoparticles can break down or absorb contaminants. Nanotechnology also enables highly sensitive environmental sensors and new pollution prevention and carbon capture techniques to promote a cleaner, greener future.
Environmental applications of nanomaterials 1860946623Subodh Sharma
The document discusses nanoparticle metal oxides and their potential applications for remediating chlorocarbons and organophosphonates. It begins by providing background on the development of nanotechnology and nanomaterials over the past several decades. It then presents an example TEM image of aerogel-prepared nanocrystalline MgO to illustrate how nanoparticle metal oxides have large specific surface areas and fractions of surface atoms available for chemical reactions. Finally, it notes that nanoparticle metal oxides developed by NanoScale Corporation and Kansas State University could be useful for environmental remediation applications due to their chemical reactivity.
Nanotechnologies show potential for environmental cleanup through remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil. Specifically, injecting nanoparticles containing zero-valent iron (nZVI) underground can degrade pollutants in situ. However, the nZVI used is larger than true nanoparticles and behaves more like environmental colloids than nanoparticles. Its reactivity comes from high surface area rather than nanoscale effects, and it has limited mobility underground of only a few meters. More research is still needed to understand how nZVI transforms over time and impacts the environment.
The document discusses the history and evolution of electrodeionization (EDI) technology. EDI was originally developed in the 1950s to overcome concentration polarization limitations of traditional electrodialysis by filling the spaces between ion-selective membranes with ion exchange resins. This allowed EDI to effectively treat more dilute solutions. Since its commercial introduction over 16 years ago, EDI technology has matured through improvements in manufacturing techniques and membrane materials, driving increased acceptance and lower costs. EDI is now available from multiple suppliers and used in various industries beyond its original use in pharmaceutical water treatment.
The document is a 20 question quiz about nanotechnology. It covers topics like who coined the term "nanotechnology", properties of materials at the nanoscale, approaches to preparing nanomaterials, types of nanotubes and nanostructures, applications of nanotechnology in fields like medicine, and basic concepts in nanoscience. The questions test knowledge about characteristics of nanomaterials, nanofabrication techniques, uses of nanotechnology, and fundamentals of areas like semiconductors and carbon nanotubes.
Nanotechnology involves understanding and controlling matter at the nanoscale of 1 to 100 nanometers. At this scale, unique phenomena occur that enable novel applications in areas like electronics, materials, medicine, and the environment. Some key aspects of nanotechnology include fabricating and imaging nanostructures using techniques like lithography, self-assembly, and microscopy. Nanotechnology has significant potential to improve products and address challenges through more efficient, effective, and sustainable solutions.
This document discusses different types of nanoparticles, including carbon-based nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles synthesized from metal precursors, ceramic nanoparticles made of inorganic materials, semiconductor nanoparticles with optimal bandgaps, polymeric nanoparticles that can be nanospheres or nanocapsules, and lipid-based nanoparticles consisting of a solid lipid core and surfactant shell. Each nanoparticle type has distinct properties and synthesis methods, and they find applications in areas like drug delivery, catalysis, electronics, and imaging.
The document discusses the use of nanobioremediation to clean up environmental pollution. It proposes using genetic engineering and nanoparticles to enhance the ability of microorganisms to remediate contaminants. Key points:
1) Nanoparticles and genetic engineering can be used to modify microbial cells to increase their ability to degrade various pollutants like heavy metals and organic compounds through increased enzyme production and substrate specificity.
2) Immobilizing microbial cells and enzymes onto nanoparticles increases their stability and reusability, improving bioremediation efficiency.
3) A radioresistant bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans, has been genetically engineered to remediate multiple contaminants found in radioactive waste, providing a
This document discusses using nanotechnology, specifically carbon nanotubes, for treating agricultural wastewater. It describes the composition of agricultural wastewater and then outlines a process for synthesizing carbon nanotubes at low temperatures. Carbon nanotubes are identified as an efficient tool for wastewater treatment due to their extremely high surface area. The document further discusses using nano-materials like silver nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles to reduce biofouling and inhibit bacterial growth in the treated water. It evaluates carbon nanotubes and other nano-materials for removing various organic and inorganic impurities as well as heavy metals from wastewater.
The document is a presentation on self-cleaning textile finishes. It discusses different mechanisms for achieving self-cleaning surfaces, including the Lotus effect, photocatalytic coatings using TiO2 nanoparticles, and easy-to-clean finishes based on silicone dioxide coatings. It covers manufacturing methods like surface roughening, photocatalytic coating application, and application of self-cleaning finishes. The advantages of self-cleaning finishes are reducing water and energy consumption for cleaning. Potential limitations include toxicity of nanoparticles and dirt not being fully removed. The field offers opportunities to develop visible light photocatalysis and new nano-finishing techniques.
woodchip bioreactots for nitrate removal in agricultural land drainageMEHRAJ U DIN DAR
Wood chip bioreactors can be used to remove nitrate from agricultural drainage water. They work by routing drainage water through trenches filled with wood chips that provide carbon as a food source for denitrifying bacteria. These bacteria convert nitrate into harmless nitrogen gas. Key factors that affect the performance of bioreactors include hydraulic retention time, influent nitrate concentration, temperature, and available carbon sources within the wood chips. Pilot and field-scale studies have shown that bioreactors can effectively remove 30-80% of nitrate from drainage areas of 30-120 acres. While requiring some management, bioreactors provide a cost-effective solution to nitrate contamination compared to other options such as wetlands or changing fertil
Conventional and madern hull protection system in ship.....................BY...anand dwivedi
above paper gives information about all conventional and modern methods to protect hull of ship from various physical and chemical action taken place by sea water and its anamolas behaviour.
Nanotechnology coatings from Nanoman / Nanotech ProductsPeter Everett
The document discusses nanotechnology and nanocoatings. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of structures at the nanoscale, which is one billionth of a meter. It then discusses how nanocoatings work by having nanoparticles self-organize to form an invisible protective barrier on surfaces. The document provides examples of applications for nanocoatings in industries like automotive, glass, wood, metal, solar panels, and textiles. It predicts rapid growth in the nanotechnology market and notes potential benefits for consumers and businesses in using nanocoatings.
This document discusses the role of nanotechnology in dentistry. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology and describes some of the early history and development of the field. Key techniques in nanotechnology include top-down and bottom-up approaches. The document outlines several applications of nanotechnology in dentistry, including nanomaterials, nanorobotics, nanodiagnostics, and others. It provides examples of how various nanomaterials and structures like nanoparticles, nanotubes, and quantum dots are being used and developed for applications in areas like restorations, coatings, bone grafts and more. In conclusion, the document discusses the potential for nanotechnology to transform dental care and treatment through highly precise manipulation and engineering at the nanoscale level
This document discusses bio-inspired approaches for creating complex superstructures. It begins by introducing bio-inspired design and how biological materials exhibit multifunctional integration at multiple scales. Examples are given of specific biological materials like lotus leaves, rice leaves, butterfly wings, spider silks, and moth eyes that inspire structures for properties like superhydrophobicity, iridescence, mechanical strength, and anti-reflectiveness. The document then covers typical materials and approaches used to create bio-inspired superstructures, such as self-assembly techniques and composite materials. It concludes by noting opportunities to further understand and apply multiscale design principles from nature.
Self cleaning ultrafiltration (UF) membraneAntony Prince
1) Mr. J Antony Prince led a team that developed a breakthrough technology to combat biofouling in membrane filtration systems using a self-cleaning membrane surface.
2) The novel membrane surface is designed to be highly hydrophilic and chemically bonded with silver nanoparticles and functional groups to electrostatically repel bacteria and proteins and prevent their deposition on the membrane surface.
3) Further testing and commercialization efforts with an industrial partner are needed, but initial results suggest this technology could significantly reduce chemical usage and operating costs compared to existing biofouling prevention methods.
Premier Chemicals is a UK-based company that has developed a nano fuel catalyst to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. The catalyst works by facilitating more complete combustion in engines at lower temperatures. It has been tested on over 450 engines and can increase fuel efficiency by 15-50% while dramatically reducing emissions of CO2, SOx, NOx, CO and other pollutants. The document provides information on how the catalyst works, its benefits, sectors of use, suitable fuels, testing and accreditation, pricing and logistics.
This document describes an electrified nanofilter that can help address waterborne diseases in rural India. It works by coating cotton fabric with silver nanowires and carbon nanotubes, then electrifying it. When water passes through, bacteria are killed by the silver and electricity. Compared to other filters, it is more effective at removing bacteria, protozoa, and viruses while being low-cost, easy to use, and requiring little electricity. While it may not remove all chemicals, its advantages could significantly improve access to safe drinking water for rural communities in India.
Divakar Kumar presented his research proposal to his supervisors Dr. Ritu Sharma and Dr. Anup K. Sharma. He took coursework in Semiconductor Devices and earned a grade of 2. His proposed research focuses on fabricating and characterizing thin film nano-sensors to enhance their sensitivity and selectivity for applications such as detecting heavy metals in water. So far he has conducted an introduction to the topic and literature review. He plans to fabricate thin film nano-sensors using techniques like spray coating and dip coating, and characterize the films.
Promising SriLankan minerals for Nano-technologyHome
Nano-technology is enhancing the supply of day today unlimited needs and wants. Using nano technology and available resources within the country many things can be done for the future development. In this draft, its only mentioning main minerals and nano-technological practices.
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in bioremediation. It begins by introducing bioremediation and some common remediation methods like ex situ and in situ techniques. It then discusses how nanotechnology tools can help overcome challenges with bioremediation by increasing bioavailability and contaminant solubility using techniques like iron nanoparticles, nano sorbers, single-enzyme nanoparticles, and zero-valent iron nanoparticles. The document concludes by covering how nanotechnology is being applied in industry for treatment, sensing, and pollution prevention.
Applications of nanotechnology on environmental remediationAnusha B V
Nanotechnology has many potential applications in environmental management and remediation. It can be used to create nano-sized particles, membranes, and filters to more effectively remove pollutants from soil, water, and air. Various nanomaterials like iron nanoparticles, semiconducting nanoparticles, dendrimers, and magnetic nanoparticles can break down or absorb contaminants. Nanotechnology also enables highly sensitive environmental sensors and new pollution prevention and carbon capture techniques to promote a cleaner, greener future.
Environmental applications of nanomaterials 1860946623Subodh Sharma
The document discusses nanoparticle metal oxides and their potential applications for remediating chlorocarbons and organophosphonates. It begins by providing background on the development of nanotechnology and nanomaterials over the past several decades. It then presents an example TEM image of aerogel-prepared nanocrystalline MgO to illustrate how nanoparticle metal oxides have large specific surface areas and fractions of surface atoms available for chemical reactions. Finally, it notes that nanoparticle metal oxides developed by NanoScale Corporation and Kansas State University could be useful for environmental remediation applications due to their chemical reactivity.
Nanotechnologies show potential for environmental cleanup through remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil. Specifically, injecting nanoparticles containing zero-valent iron (nZVI) underground can degrade pollutants in situ. However, the nZVI used is larger than true nanoparticles and behaves more like environmental colloids than nanoparticles. Its reactivity comes from high surface area rather than nanoscale effects, and it has limited mobility underground of only a few meters. More research is still needed to understand how nZVI transforms over time and impacts the environment.
The document discusses the history and evolution of electrodeionization (EDI) technology. EDI was originally developed in the 1950s to overcome concentration polarization limitations of traditional electrodialysis by filling the spaces between ion-selective membranes with ion exchange resins. This allowed EDI to effectively treat more dilute solutions. Since its commercial introduction over 16 years ago, EDI technology has matured through improvements in manufacturing techniques and membrane materials, driving increased acceptance and lower costs. EDI is now available from multiple suppliers and used in various industries beyond its original use in pharmaceutical water treatment.
The document is a 20 question quiz about nanotechnology. It covers topics like who coined the term "nanotechnology", properties of materials at the nanoscale, approaches to preparing nanomaterials, types of nanotubes and nanostructures, applications of nanotechnology in fields like medicine, and basic concepts in nanoscience. The questions test knowledge about characteristics of nanomaterials, nanofabrication techniques, uses of nanotechnology, and fundamentals of areas like semiconductors and carbon nanotubes.
Nanotechnology involves understanding and controlling matter at the nanoscale of 1 to 100 nanometers. At this scale, unique phenomena occur that enable novel applications in areas like electronics, materials, medicine, and the environment. Some key aspects of nanotechnology include fabricating and imaging nanostructures using techniques like lithography, self-assembly, and microscopy. Nanotechnology has significant potential to improve products and address challenges through more efficient, effective, and sustainable solutions.
This document discusses different types of nanoparticles, including carbon-based nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles synthesized from metal precursors, ceramic nanoparticles made of inorganic materials, semiconductor nanoparticles with optimal bandgaps, polymeric nanoparticles that can be nanospheres or nanocapsules, and lipid-based nanoparticles consisting of a solid lipid core and surfactant shell. Each nanoparticle type has distinct properties and synthesis methods, and they find applications in areas like drug delivery, catalysis, electronics, and imaging.
The document discusses the use of nanobioremediation to clean up environmental pollution. It proposes using genetic engineering and nanoparticles to enhance the ability of microorganisms to remediate contaminants. Key points:
1) Nanoparticles and genetic engineering can be used to modify microbial cells to increase their ability to degrade various pollutants like heavy metals and organic compounds through increased enzyme production and substrate specificity.
2) Immobilizing microbial cells and enzymes onto nanoparticles increases their stability and reusability, improving bioremediation efficiency.
3) A radioresistant bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans, has been genetically engineered to remediate multiple contaminants found in radioactive waste, providing a
This document discusses using nanotechnology, specifically carbon nanotubes, for treating agricultural wastewater. It describes the composition of agricultural wastewater and then outlines a process for synthesizing carbon nanotubes at low temperatures. Carbon nanotubes are identified as an efficient tool for wastewater treatment due to their extremely high surface area. The document further discusses using nano-materials like silver nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles to reduce biofouling and inhibit bacterial growth in the treated water. It evaluates carbon nanotubes and other nano-materials for removing various organic and inorganic impurities as well as heavy metals from wastewater.
The document is a presentation on self-cleaning textile finishes. It discusses different mechanisms for achieving self-cleaning surfaces, including the Lotus effect, photocatalytic coatings using TiO2 nanoparticles, and easy-to-clean finishes based on silicone dioxide coatings. It covers manufacturing methods like surface roughening, photocatalytic coating application, and application of self-cleaning finishes. The advantages of self-cleaning finishes are reducing water and energy consumption for cleaning. Potential limitations include toxicity of nanoparticles and dirt not being fully removed. The field offers opportunities to develop visible light photocatalysis and new nano-finishing techniques.
woodchip bioreactots for nitrate removal in agricultural land drainageMEHRAJ U DIN DAR
Wood chip bioreactors can be used to remove nitrate from agricultural drainage water. They work by routing drainage water through trenches filled with wood chips that provide carbon as a food source for denitrifying bacteria. These bacteria convert nitrate into harmless nitrogen gas. Key factors that affect the performance of bioreactors include hydraulic retention time, influent nitrate concentration, temperature, and available carbon sources within the wood chips. Pilot and field-scale studies have shown that bioreactors can effectively remove 30-80% of nitrate from drainage areas of 30-120 acres. While requiring some management, bioreactors provide a cost-effective solution to nitrate contamination compared to other options such as wetlands or changing fertil
Conventional and madern hull protection system in ship.....................BY...anand dwivedi
above paper gives information about all conventional and modern methods to protect hull of ship from various physical and chemical action taken place by sea water and its anamolas behaviour.
Nanotechnology coatings from Nanoman / Nanotech ProductsPeter Everett
The document discusses nanotechnology and nanocoatings. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of structures at the nanoscale, which is one billionth of a meter. It then discusses how nanocoatings work by having nanoparticles self-organize to form an invisible protective barrier on surfaces. The document provides examples of applications for nanocoatings in industries like automotive, glass, wood, metal, solar panels, and textiles. It predicts rapid growth in the nanotechnology market and notes potential benefits for consumers and businesses in using nanocoatings.
This document discusses the role of nanotechnology in dentistry. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology and describes some of the early history and development of the field. Key techniques in nanotechnology include top-down and bottom-up approaches. The document outlines several applications of nanotechnology in dentistry, including nanomaterials, nanorobotics, nanodiagnostics, and others. It provides examples of how various nanomaterials and structures like nanoparticles, nanotubes, and quantum dots are being used and developed for applications in areas like restorations, coatings, bone grafts and more. In conclusion, the document discusses the potential for nanotechnology to transform dental care and treatment through highly precise manipulation and engineering at the nanoscale level
This document discusses bio-inspired approaches for creating complex superstructures. It begins by introducing bio-inspired design and how biological materials exhibit multifunctional integration at multiple scales. Examples are given of specific biological materials like lotus leaves, rice leaves, butterfly wings, spider silks, and moth eyes that inspire structures for properties like superhydrophobicity, iridescence, mechanical strength, and anti-reflectiveness. The document then covers typical materials and approaches used to create bio-inspired superstructures, such as self-assembly techniques and composite materials. It concludes by noting opportunities to further understand and apply multiscale design principles from nature.
Self cleaning ultrafiltration (UF) membraneAntony Prince
1) Mr. J Antony Prince led a team that developed a breakthrough technology to combat biofouling in membrane filtration systems using a self-cleaning membrane surface.
2) The novel membrane surface is designed to be highly hydrophilic and chemically bonded with silver nanoparticles and functional groups to electrostatically repel bacteria and proteins and prevent their deposition on the membrane surface.
3) Further testing and commercialization efforts with an industrial partner are needed, but initial results suggest this technology could significantly reduce chemical usage and operating costs compared to existing biofouling prevention methods.
Premier Chemicals is a UK-based company that has developed a nano fuel catalyst to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. The catalyst works by facilitating more complete combustion in engines at lower temperatures. It has been tested on over 450 engines and can increase fuel efficiency by 15-50% while dramatically reducing emissions of CO2, SOx, NOx, CO and other pollutants. The document provides information on how the catalyst works, its benefits, sectors of use, suitable fuels, testing and accreditation, pricing and logistics.
This document describes an electrified nanofilter that can help address waterborne diseases in rural India. It works by coating cotton fabric with silver nanowires and carbon nanotubes, then electrifying it. When water passes through, bacteria are killed by the silver and electricity. Compared to other filters, it is more effective at removing bacteria, protozoa, and viruses while being low-cost, easy to use, and requiring little electricity. While it may not remove all chemicals, its advantages could significantly improve access to safe drinking water for rural communities in India.
The document discusses nanocatalysis, which involves using nanotechnology products as catalysts (called nanocatalysts). It describes the history and introduction of nanocatalysis, benefits of nanocatalysts, methods of synthesizing nanocatalysts both homogenously and heterogeneously, types of nanocatalysts, how catalytic activity depends on properties like composition and environment, applications in industries like petroleum refining and pharmaceuticals, and concludes that nanocatalysts offer opportunities to meet future demands through their high activity and selectivity.
nano catalysis as a prospectus of green chemistry Ankit Grover
Nanocatalysis and green chemistry prospects.
Nanocatalysts have higher activity, selectivity, and efficiency than traditional catalysts due to their high surface area to volume ratio. They can be designed for sustainability by having properties like recyclability, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Examples discussed include gold nanoparticle catalysts for oxidation reactions and magnetically separable nanoparticle catalysts. Nanocatalyst applications highlighted are water splitting for hydrogen production and storage, and fuel cells.
Nano silver based Hydrogen Peroxide product Alstasan Silvox is used as an effective fumigant in open field cultivation as well as protective cultivation. It is an odorless, non-toxic and fully eco-friendly chemical to use. Get to know more about it.
Nano Filtration In Water Supply SystemsAqeel Ahamad
Man is completely dependent on water.Hence pure water is essential for many purposes.Though till now many filtration techniques have been introduced so far, using of nano technology make as the purest form of water.
Nanofiltration is a relatively recent membrane filtration process used most often with low total dissolved solids water such as surface water and fresh groundwater, with the purpose of softening ( polyvalent cation removal) and removal of disinfection by-product precursors such as natural organic matter and synthetic organic matter.
Though this paper concentrates on function of nanofiltration,it also elaborates the applications,needs and dis advantages of it.
Synthesis of carbon nanotube membranes from plastics waste for brackish.docxwrite5
This document proposes a research project to synthesize carbon nanotube membranes from plastic waste for brackish water treatment. The goals are to address water scarcity in Australia by providing a more sustainable desalination method. Plastic waste would be converted to carbon nanotubes using chemical vapor deposition and anodic alumina membranes as a template. The carbon nanotube membranes could then remove salts and contaminants from brackish water more efficiently than current technologies. Testing would assess the membrane performance and quality of filtered water. If successful, the process could provide both an environmental and economic benefit through nanotechnological recycling of plastic waste into potable water filtration devices.
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology for wastewater treatment. It notes that over 75% of the Earth is covered in water, but less than 1% is accessible freshwater for human use. Nanomaterials like dendrimers, metal nanoparticles, zeolites and carbon nanotubes can be used for wastewater treatment through processes like nanosorption, nanofiltration and photocatalysis. These nanomaterials have advantages over conventional treatment methods like higher efficiency and capacity. However, scaling up nanotechnology for wastewater treatment remains a challenge.
This document provides information about carbon nanotubes. It begins with an acknowledgement and introduction section describing carbon nanotubes. It then discusses the history, chemistry, types (single-walled and multi-walled), methods of preparation (arc evaporation, laser vaporization, chemical vapor deposition), electrical and thermal properties, defects, and applications (water filtration, strengthening materials, capacitors, bone repair, displays, energy storage). It also notes potential health hazards from inhalation of short carbon nanotubes.
Removal of Arsenic from Ground Water by Electrocoagulation Effluent Treatment...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the removal of arsenic from groundwater using a combination of electrocoagulation and low-cost adsorbents. It begins with an introduction to water pollution and various heavy metals like arsenic that contaminate water sources. Then it describes the process of electrocoagulation which involves using electrodes to introduce metal ions that remove impurities. The electrocoagulation is combined with an effluent treatment process using additional techniques like activated carbon, reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration to further purify the water before it is safe for consumption. The document evaluates this combined approach as an effective and low-cost means of treating arsenic contaminated groundwater.
Nanofibers contolling heavy metal contamination reportMr. Lucky
Plenty of fresh water resources are still inaccessible for human use. Calamities such as pollution, climate change, and global warming pose serious threats to the fresh water system. Although many naturally and synthetically grown materials have been taken up to resolve these issues, there is still plenty of room for enhancements in technology and material perspectives to maximize resources and to minimize harm. Considering the challenges related to the purification of water, materials in the form of nanofiber membranes and nanomaterials have made tremendous contributions to water purification. Nanofiber membranes made of synthetic polymer nanofibers, ceramic membranes etc., metal oxides in various morphologies, and carbonaceous materials were explored in relation to waste removal from water. Membranes for membrane adsorption (MA) have the dual function of membrane filtration and adsorption to be very effective to remove trace amounts of pollutants such as cationic heavy metals, anionic phosphates and nitrates. In addition, recent progresses in the development of advanced adsorbents such as nanoparticles are summarized, since they are potentially useful as fillers in the host membrane to enhance its performance.
Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment using NanotechnologyAshish Kavaiya
If nanotechnology is to represent societal as well as technical progress, It will have to contribute to the solution of global problems such as water quality. Providing clean and affordable water to meet human needs is a grand challenge of the 21st century. Worldwide, water supply struggles to keep up with the fast growing demand, which is exacerbated by population growth, global climate change, and water quality deterioration. The need for technological innovation to enable integrated water management cannot be overstated. Nanotechnology holds great potential in advancing water and wastewater treatment to improve treatment efficiency as well as to augment water supply through safe use of unconventional water sources.
Given the importance of clean water to people in developed and developing countries, numerous organizations are considering the potential application of nanoscience to solve technical challenges associated with the removal of water contaminants. Technology developers and others claim that these technologies offer more effective, efficient, durable, and affordable approaches to removing specific types of pollutants from water. A range of water treatment
devices that incorporate nanotechnology are already on the market and others are in advanced stages of development. These nanotechnology applications include:
• Nanofiltration membranes, including desalination technologies;
• Attapulgite clay, zeolite, and polymer filters;
• Nanocatalysts;
• Magnetic nanoparticles; and
• Nanosensors for the detection of contaminants
This document discusses carbon nanotubes (CNTs). It defines nanochemistry as the study and synthesis of nanoparticles between 1-100 nanometers in size. CNTs are cylindrical carbon molecules with unusual properties valuable for applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and other fields. There are two main types of CNTs - single-walled and multi-walled. CNTs can be produced through methods like arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. CNTs have remarkable mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties and are being researched for applications in areas like medicine, composites, microelectronics, chemicals, and more, though more study is still needed on their toxicity and environmental impact.
Nanotechnology shows promise for protecting the environment in several ways:
1. Nanoparticles can be used to make more efficient solar cells, wind turbine blades, and batteries to help transition to renewable energy.
2. Nanomaterials have properties that allow for more effective water treatment, such as through filtration and photocalytic disinfection.
3. Nanocatalysts can help reduce pollution by enabling more effective catalytic converters and chemical production processes.
However, there is still uncertainty around the environmental impacts of nanomaterials. Their large surface area means nanoparticles could interact with the environment in unexpected ways, and some core nanomaterials are toxic. More research is needed to evaluate risks and ensure nanotechnologies are developed and managed
Nanotechnology involves working at the nanoscale level between 1 to 100 nanometers. It can be used to create new materials and devices with unique properties not seen in larger structures. There are two main approaches - top-down and bottom-up. Top-down begins with bulk material and cuts it down to the nano size, while bottom-up builds nanostructures from individual atoms and molecules. Nanotechnology has many applications in medicine like drug delivery, electronics with smaller transistors, renewable energy, and more. However, there are also concerns about potential health effects and environmental impacts that require further research before widespread adoption. The future of nanotechnology looks promising but careful development is needed to address challenges.
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon that are extremely small, with diameters on the nanometer scale. They have a variety of potential applications due to their unique properties like strength, conductivity, and thermal properties. Some applications discussed include use in clothing, electronics, displays, filters, and hydrogen storage. However, concerns remain about their potential toxicity and more research is needed to address public confusion and fully realize their promise.
Nanophysics is the study of phenomena and manipulation of structures at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers). It involves physics, chemistry, biology and engineering at the molecular level. Some key applications of nanophysics include medicine for targeted drug delivery, environmental remediation using nano-membranes, energy storage and conversion, electronics manufacturing, and novel consumer products. Carbon nanotubes are an example that demonstrate extraordinary properties like strength and heat/electrical conductivity at the nanoscale, but defects can reduce these properties.
Nanotechnology appilication in wastewater management (1).pptxSmritiRanjan9
1) Nanotechnology involves structures and devices on the nanometer scale, which is roughly the size of atoms and molecules.
2) Nanotechnology can purify water by using nanoparticles like silver, titanium dioxide, and iron oxide, which adsorb and catalytically degrade contaminants. Nanomaterials also improve filtration membranes and the performance of water treatment chemicals.
3) Oil spills can be cleaned up using nanoparticle dispersants to break up oil, nanomaterial sorbents to absorb oil, and nanoemulsions to encapsulate oil for easier recovery, while development of nanorobots also shows promise for selective oil removal.
The document discusses various applications of nanotechnology for water treatment, including adsorption, membranes, photocatalysis, disinfection, and sensing. It summarizes several studies that used nanomaterials like nanozeolites, polymer-modified magnetic nanoparticles, and titanium dioxide for removing pollutants from water through adsorption and degradation. The studies demonstrated these nanomaterials can effectively remove substances like nitrophenols, hormones, and heavy metals from water sources. The integrated use of technologies like UV photolysis and nanofiltration was also shown to remove a variety of micropollutants.
Major Project -Development of Nano Water FilterZiyad Sayed
Water is essential for life on Earth. However, only 1% of the world's fresh water is accessible for direct human use. As a result, over 1 billion people lack access to drinking water. Shortages are caused by factors like water pollution from agricultural and industrial runoff. This document proposes using a water purifier with UV disinfection, activated carbon filtration, and a polypropylene membrane to provide clean drinking water. Titanium dioxide coating on activated carbon and membranes could improve purification by photo catalytically degrading pollutants under UV light. Experiments are described to synthesize and apply these materials.
This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications. It defines nanotechnology as manipulating matter at the nanoscale, between 1-100 nm. Some key applications mentioned include using titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens for UV protection, using titanium dioxide nanocrystals in photocatalysis and self-cleaning surfaces, and using atomized aluminum nanoparticles as propellant in rocket fuel. The document also discusses nanofabrication methods like top-down approaches that begin large and reduce size, and bottom-up techniques that build up from atoms and molecules.
Nano porous membranes for water purification by shrinath ghadgeShrinath Ghadge
Continuous population growth and urbanization as well as rapid industrialization, causing huge contamination of potable water or underground water, has been a serious concern all over the world. Due to incompetency of conventional water purification technologies to deliver complete pollutants free water at an economical price, a high performance, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable separation system is an urgent need which should not only remove macro-, micro- and nano-pollutants but also desalinate water to a significant extent. In this milieu, nanotechnology based carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes have shown impressive breakthroughs towards water purification as compared to existing energy intensive water purification systems and thus, this technology has immense potential for large scale commercial water purification in a cost effective manner.
Nano materials have properties that make them well suited for addressing issues with current water treatment technologies. Their large surface area and reactivity allows them to more effectively adsorb contaminants. Nano adsorbents like carbon nanotubes and metal oxides can remove higher levels of pollutants. Nano catalysts like titanium dioxide and zinc oxide use photoactivity to break down chemicals. Nanoscale filters made of alumina or carbon nanotubes can remove bacteria and viruses. While nanotechnology shows promise for improving water treatment, further research is needed to assess environmental and health risks and make the techniques economically viable at large scales.
Synthesis of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNTs buckypaper using triton x 100. and compar...Awad Albalwi
In this study buckypaper of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNT have been synthesised using filtration of carbon nanotubes dispersed in 1% TritonX 100 as solvents. Dispersions were generated by pulse sonication of each single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) , Double wall carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) and Multi wall carbon nanotubes in TritonX solvent. Fist, sonication times were investigated for these CNTs to determine the optimum conditions for generating stable dispersions of carbon nanotubes. It was found that optimal dispersions could be generated using Trion X-100 solvent with all these carbon nanotube by using 30minute periods of pulse sonication. The Three buckypapers of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNTs were produced by filtering dispersions of carbon nanotubes which had undergone 30 minutes of pulse sonication in TritonX100. Conductivity and measurements of the three buckypaper (SWNT,DWNT&MWNT) samples yielded average values of 14.24 , 23 and 19 Scm-1 respectively. Mechanical measurements were determined successfully . Homogeneity in the produced buckypapers were investigated confirming by scanning electron microscopy .
Structure, Synthesis and Functionalization of CNTs & fullerene raosandy11
This document provides an overview of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes. It discusses the structure and properties of CNTs, including their mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. It describes common synthesis methods for CNTs, such as arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. It also covers functionalization of CNTs through covalent and non-covalent methods. Applications of CNTs include use in batteries, electronics, and sensors. The document then discusses the structure and properties of fullerenes, as well as synthesis methods like arc discharge. It describes endohedral and exohedral fullerene modifications and applications in armor, materials, and lubricants.
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Electrified nanofilter An upsrisng filtration technique
1. ELECTRIFIED NANO FILTER
AN UPRISING FILTRATION TECHNIQUE
USING NANOTEHNOLOGY
N.V.N.S.Srikar1
1. B.Tech Third year ECE,
Pragati Engineering College.
Ph No: 9505454446
Registration ID:
0126130958
G.S.Charan teja2
2. B.Tech Third year ECE,
Pragati Engineering College.
Ph No: 9640943863
Registration ID: 0126131135
T.Satish Kumar3
3. B.Tech Third year ECE, Pragati
Engineering College.
Ph No: 9533374228
Registration ID: 0126143122
Abstract--- Contrary to the past, our recent
developed technological society has made miracles to
our life. In response to the rapidly changing face of
technology and demand for physically smaller with
greater efficiency in every requirement .This
presentation is about a technology which is
continuously revolutionizing, making exciding
breakthroughs in every field. This technology was
coined as Nanotechnology, one of the leapfrogging
technologies on the crossroads of the 21st
century.
Our natural heritage rivers, seas and oceans has been
exploited, mistreated and contaminated and which is
becoming predominant issue in India in these recent
years and leading to death of over one lakh people
annually and making around 70 million suffering
with many waterborne diseases.
In this paper we will mainly accentuate you
about the construction of an“ELECTRIFIEDNANO
FILTER” from exploiting nanotechnology so that
how it can be employed as a water purification
system.
Keywords: revolutionizing, exploited, accentuate
Nanotechnology, purification
1) INTRODUCTION:
1.1) what is nano technology? :
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on
atomic and molecular scale. It deals with
developing materials, devices, or other structures
possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to
100 nanometers.
A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter,
smaller than the wavelength of visible light or
about one ten-thousandth of the thickness of a
human hair. The concepts that seeded
nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by
renowned physicist Richard Feynman in his talk
“There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
Later with the discovery of fullerenes in
1985 by Kroto, Heath, O’Brien, Curl, and Smalley
and the facile synthesis developed by Kraetschmer
a new class of molecules has been discovered that
build up closed cages. The most well-known
representative of this new allotrope is the C60-
molecule which is nanometer in diameter with a
remarkable discovery that has puzzled and
amplified the advancement in the nanotechnology
research.
1.2) Water – borne diseases in India:
With two thirds of the earth surface
covered by water and the human body consisting of
75 percent of it, it is evidently clear that water is
one of the prime elements responsible for life on
earth. Water covers 71% of earth surface of which
only 0.3% is fresh water
When it comes to water and sanitation in
India our natural heritage (rivers, seas and oceans)
has been exploited, mistreated and contaminated
due to this out of 1.42 million villages in India,
1,96,813 are effected by contamination of water,
72% of rural India has no improved sanitation
facilities and ground water in one –third of India’s
647 districts is not fit for drinking due
concentration of chemicals exceeds the tolerance
levels and in turn becoming victims to the water
2. borne diseases, which account for about 80% of
sickness in India and leading to death of over one
lakh people annually and making 70 million sufferers
to these diseases. A world resources report sated that
about 70% percent of India’s water supply, is
seriously polluted with sewage effluents. According
to UN report: India’s water quality is poor- it ranks
120th
among 122 nations in terms of quality of water
available to its citizens.
2) NANO FILTERS:
The purpose of a water filter is to screen out
harmful stuff and mechanical filtration is currently the
most common method of cleansing water. Filters use
a mechanical process meaning the particles are trapped
in a very fine porous element and prevented from
coming out the clean water end. The general criteria for
a filter are: 1) Pore Size, 2) Pump Force, 3)Cost 4)
Serviceability. The Nanofiltration (NF) is a cross-flow
filtration technology which ranges somewhere
between ultra filtration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO).
The nominal pore size of the membrane is typically
about 1 nanometer. In much of the developing world,
clean drinking water is hard to come by, and
nanotechnology provides one solution. While Nano
filtration is used for the removal of contaminants from a
water source, it can also commonly used
for desalination. The recent development in
nanofiltration process is the usage of electricity with
nanofiltration can completely wipe out the chemicals
and viruses, bacteria etc in water.
2.1) Principle of Electrified Nano filter:
The electrified Nano filter is a textile based
multiscale device which use the principle of electrical
sterilization of water using silver Nano wires, carbon
Nano tubes &cotton. The key is coating the filter fabric –
ordinary cotton-with nanotubes and silver nanowires, and
then electrifying it. This approach, which combines
several materials spanning three very different
Fig 1: Principle of filtration
length scales with simple dying based fabrication,
makes a gravity fed device operating at 100000L/h-
m2.It’s inexpensive ,is very resistant to clogging, and
uses much less electricity than systems that require
the water to be pumped through them.
2.2) SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES:
Nanotube is the member of
the fullerene structural family. Their name is derived
from their long, hollow structure with the walls
formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon,
called graphene
Carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) have been under
scientific investigation for more than fifteen years
because of their unique properties that predestine
them for many potential applications.
Fig 2: image of nanotubes
Carbon nanotube properties depend on how
you roll the sheet. Because of sp2 bonds are
composed entirely these bonds are stronger than the
sp3 in diamond, provide nanotubes with unique
strength .There are three unique geometries of carbon
nanotubes also referred to as flavors. The three
flavors are armchair, zigzag, and chiral with right
arrangement of carbon atoms, carbon nanotubes are
hundred times stronger than steel but 6 times lighter
in weight.
a) ARC DISCHARGE METHOD :
Arc discharge method is the most common
and easiest way to produce CNT’s,
creates CNT’s through arc-vaporization of two
carbon rods placed end to end, A chamber containing
a graphite cathode and anode contains evaporated
carbon molecules in a buffer gas such as helium&
also contains some amount of metal catalyst particles
such as cobalt, nickel,. DC current of 50 to 100A is
driven by a potential difference of approximately 20
V passed through the chamber while the chamber is
also pressurized and heated to ~4000K. about half of
the evaporated carbon solidifies on the cathode tip
into a "cylindrical hard deposit." The remaining
carbon condenses into "chamber soot" around the
walls of the chamber and "cathode soot" on the
cathode. It yields either single-walled or multi-walled
carbon nanotubes The advantage of this method is
3. that it produces a large quantity. But the main
disadvantage is that there is relatively little control over
the alignment of the produced nanotubes, which is
critical to their characterization and role. Furthermore,
due to the metallic catalyst included in the reaction, and
requires further purification - to separate
the CNT’s from the soot Methods such as oxidation,
centrifugation, filtration, and acid treatment have been
used.
Fig 3:mechanishm of arc discharge
b) LASER ABLATION: Laser ablation is the process
of removing material from a solid (or occasionally
liquid) surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At
low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed
laser energy and evaporates or sublimates A quartz tube
containing a block of graphite is heated in a furnace. A
flow of argon gas is maintained throughout the reaction.
A laser is used to vaporize the graphite within the
quartz. The carbon vaporizes, is carried away by the
argon, and condenses downstream on the cooler walls
of the quartz. Nanotubes develop on the cooler surfaces
of the reactor as the vaporized carbon condenses. The
laser ablation method yields around 70% and produces
primarily single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT’S).
Fig 4: mechanism in laser ablation
c) CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION
(CVD): Chemical vapor deposition is a chemical
process used to produce high-purity, high-
performance solid materials. The CVD method
extends this idea by embedding these metallic
particles (iron, in the case of the seminal paper) in
properly aligned holes in a substrate (silicon, in this
case). a substrate is prepared with a layer of metal
catalyst articles, most commonly nickel, cobalt,
iron, or a combination. Essentially, tubes are
drilled into silicon and implanted with iron nano
particles at the bottom. Then, a hydrocarbon such
as acetylene is heated and decomposed onto the
substrate. The carbon comes into contact with the
metal particles embedded in the holes and starts to
form nanotubes that are "templated" from the shape
of the tunnel. It turns out that the carbon nanotubes
grow very long and very well aligned, in the angle
of the tunnel.
Fig 5: mechanism in CVD
2.3) SYNTHESIS OF SILVER
NANOWIRES:
a) Physical vapor deposition (PVD) : It describes a
variety of vacuum deposition methods used to
deposit thin films by the condensation of a vaporized
form of the desired film material onto various work
piece surfaces The coating method involves purely
physical processes such as high-temperature
4. vacuum evaporation with subsequent condensation
b) Laser ablation: It is the process of removing
material from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by
irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the
material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and
evaporates or sublimates
Chemical Approach: The most common approach for
synthesis of silver nanoparticles is chemical reduction
by organic and inorganic reducing agents. In general,
different reducing agents such as sodium borohydride,
elemental hydrogen, polyol process, Tollens reagent
and the tri sodium citrate reduction. A large excess of
sodium borohydride is needed both to reduce the ionic
silver and to stabilize the formed nanoparticles. The
silver nitrate reduction reaction can be written as
AgNO3 + Na BH4
Ag +0.5 H2 +0.5 B2H6 + N aNO3
Fig 2.Electron microscope image of silver nanowires
3) MAKING AND PROCESS OF FILTRATION:
The research was initially started with basic
criteria of designing and introducing a filter that
could provide an affordable, clean and low cost
drinking water
Initially they started with basic cotton as
their key source of filter as it is a material which is
very economical in terms of cost, durable & widely
available
Silver has long been known to cultures all
around the world for many centuries to have anti
microbial& bacterial properties to kill bacteria. And
at nanometer scale the anti bacterial property of the
silver has enhanced & it possesses the
highest electrical conductivity of any element
And recent research found that carbon nano
tubes were good conductors of electricity .so the
researchers reasoned the two materials in concert
would be effective against bacteria and other viruses
and chemicals. So they treated the cotton with silver
nanoparticles and added a layer of carbon nanotubes
to increase the filter’s electricalconductivity.
With a continuous structure along the
length, you can move the electrons very efficiently
and really make the filter very conducting .with a
serious of experiments with the final coated filter by
running with various strengths of electrical current
they finally operated at 20 volts which gave them the
required results. .
The big advantage of the nanomaterials is
that their small size makes it easier for them to stick
to the cotton. The nanowires range from 40 to 100
billionths of a meter in diameter and up to 10
millionths of a meter in length. The nanotubes were
only a few millionths of a meter long and as narrow
as a single billionth of a meter. Because the
nanomaterials stick so well, the nanotubes create a
smooth, continuous surface on the cotton fibers. The
longer nanowires generally have one end attached
with the nanotubes and the other end branching off,
poking into the void space between the cotton fibers.
5. Fig.3.process of filtration
Process in general filters that physically trap bacteria
and allow the clean water .but this filter instead of
physically trapping bacteria; it lets them flow on
through the water. But by the pathogens have passed
through, the device kills them as an electrical field of
20v runs through the highly conductive “Nano
coated” cotton.
4) COMPARISON WITH OTHER FILTRATION
PROCESS:
This table gives the information about the
nanofiltration with other filtration techniques:
(-) = not effective, (+) = low effectiveness,(++) =
moderate effectiveness, (+++) = high effectiveness,
(++++) = very high effectiveness
4.2) ADVANTAGES:
• Purifies water at low cost.
• Process of filtration is 80,000 times faster
than existing filters.
• Uses less voltage to kill bacteria and
viruses.
• Can be easily used even in remote areas.
• Water flows through filter is quickly &
easily due to large pores
• No clogging problem.
• No bio fouling
• Low electricity requirement.
4.3) DISADVANTAGES:
• Cannot wipeout some of the chemicals.
• A single filter can only kill 98% of the
bacteria.
• Traces of silver particles & CNT residue
5) CONCULSION:
By adapting to this electrified
nano filtration process we can improve the
prevailing situation faced in the purification of
water as it can be used from macro (national &
state) level to the micro (district & village) level
6)BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Different
filtration
process
protozoa Bacteria viruses chemicals
Micro
filtration ++++ ++
- -
Ultra
filtration ++++ ++++ ++ +
Nano
filtration ++++ ++++ ++++ ++
Reverse
osmosis ++++ ++++ ++++ +++
Distillation
systems ++++ ++++ ++++ ++
Uv
filtration
systems
++++ ++++ +++
-