The document discusses the design and development of a composite nonwoven filter for pre-filtration of textile effluents using nanotechnology. It describes how nanofiber filtration can provide an advanced solution for minimizing waste particles in dyeing effluents with good flux permeability. The removal of contaminants by a polyethersulfone nanofiber film coated over a polyester nonwoven needle punched fabric was evaluated for reactive dyes. Results showed that the membrane treatment is a promising advanced treatment option for pollution control in textile industry effluents.

1. Design and development of composite
nonwoven filter for
pre-filtration of textile effluents using nano
technologyUnder the guidance of
Dr.J.P.Singh & Dr. Devendra prasad
UPTTI Kanpur
&
Dr. Anurag Shrivastava
DMSRDE Kanpur
By
Vivek Kumar Sharma
Department of Textile Technology
Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute Kanpur

2. ABSTRACT
• “Waste Water filtration as a global challenge
for textile dyeing industry in the present time
and Nanofibre filtration as an advanced
solution”
• This project discusses a Cleaner approach for minimization
of waste particle in dyeing effluents with good flux
permeability.
• The removal of stuff by Nanofibre (polyethersulfone) film
coated over nonwoven needle punched fabric (Polyester)
was evaluated for reactive dye. Results showed that
membrane treatment is a promising advanced treatment
option for pollution control for textile industry effluents

3. introduction
• Textile industry is one of the major industries in the
world and plays a major role in the economy of country
• About 200 L of water are used to produce 1
kg of textile.
• The waste water produced during this process contains large
amount of dyes and chemicals containing trace metals
such as Cr, As, Cu and Zn which are capable of harming
the environment and human health.
• The textile waste water can cause haemorrhage, ulceration
of skin, nausea, skin irritation and other health issues.

4. Intro......................
• The effluent water discharged from the textile industries
undergoes various physio-chemical processes such as
flocculation, coagulation and ozonation followed by
biological treatments for the removal of nitrogen, organics,
phosphorous and metal.
• The whole treatment process involves three
steps: primary treatment, secondary
treatment and tertiary treatment.
• The primary treatment involves removal of suspended
solids, most of the oil and grease and gritty materials.

5. Intro......................
• The secondary treatment is carried out using
microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions and
involves the reduction of BOD, phenol and remaining oil in
the water and control of color.
• The tertiary treatment involves the use of electro dialysis,
reverse osmosis and ion exchange to remove the final
contaminants in the wastewater.

6. Intro......................
• So if the prefiltration of textile effluent is good the other
next process results will go even better.
• Important characteristics for achieving high performance
UF and MF are high flux in combination with desired
selectivity and low fouling.
• We all know that non woven fabric is mostly used for
filtration process of air and water for her messing structure
and applying the Nanofibre over it is give control the pore
size and give even better filtration results.

7. Filter method (why filtration)
• Various conventional methods are being used to treatment effluents, including biological methods,
physic-chemical treatment (coagulation and flocculation), adsorption, ion-exchange and chemical
treatment with oxidizing agents.
• But limitation of all these methods, however, is that-
1. Total colour removal is not achieved.
2. Chemical by -products are introduced
3. A sludge management’s problem is also a limitation arising from the use of chemicals.
4. Thus the water quality produced does not meet the requirement for textile reuse.
5. Biological treatment – because of low bio degradability of most dye and chemicals used in textile
industry, their biological treatment by the activated sludge process does not always achieve great
success.
6. Coagulation-flocculation treatment- generally used to eliminate organic substance, but the
chemicals used in this process have no effect on the elimination of soluble dye stuffs.
7. Although this process effectively eliminates insoluble dyes, its value is doubtful because of the
cost of treating the sludge and the increasing number of restrictions concerning the disposal of
sludge.

8. Filter method (why filtration)
• Advantage of Membrane based process-
• Process using membrane provide very interesting
possibilities for the separation of hydrolyzed dye-stuff
and dyeing auxiliaries that simultaneously reduce
coloration and BOD/COD of the waste water.
• Membrane based processes provide appealing
possibilities of separating hydrolysed dye stuff and
dyeing auxiliaries, thereby reducing colouration and
COD removal.
• No specific temp is required for process.
• No sludge formation in process.

9. PES Nanofibre
• PES was selected as the Nanofibre
membrane material due to its high
thermal and chemical resistance also its
appropriate mechanical properties.

10. LITERATURE REVIEW
Fig show
A) Size comparison of electro spunNanofibre;
B) Electro spunNanofibre compared to a normal human hair.
{Fig from- Microfiltration Membranes via Electro spinning of Polyethersulfone Solutions research will done by M. Sc. BintasanKwankhao}

11. Production Techniques
(Nanofibre)
The main processing techniques for preparation of
polymer Nanofibre.
• Drawing,
• template synthesis,
• phase separation,
• self-assembly and
• electro spinning.
.

12. Production Techniques
(Nanofibre) Electro-Spinning
• Electro spinning is a novel production technique
of continuous ultrafine fibers (with diameters of
10 μm down to 10 nm) based on forcing a
polymer melt or solution through a spinnerets
with an electrical driving force. The main
advantages of this technique are relatively
easiness (easy to setup), high speed, low cost of
the process, high versatility allowing control over
fiber diameter, microstructure and arrangement
and vast materials selection.

13. Fig 1
Fig 2

14. Parameter Investigation
• Conversion process of polymer solution into Nanofibre through electro
spinning is affected by several different parameters including:
Parameter Effect on fiber morphology
Viscosity
(polymer solution) ↑
Fiber diameter ↑ (from beads to beaded fibers to
smooth fibers)
Surface tension ↑ Number of beaded fibers and beads ↑
Solution conductivity ↑ Fibers diameter ↓
Evaporation of solvents↑ Fibers exhibit micro texture (pores on fiber
surfaces)
Applied voltage ↑ Fiber diameter ↓ initially,
Spinneret to collector
distance ↑
Fiber diameter ↓ (beaded morphologies occur if the
distance between the capillary and collector is too
short
Humidity ↑ Fiber diameter ↓ (pores on fiber surfaces), then
fiber diameter ↑
Flow rate ↑ Fiber diameter ↑ (beaded morphologies occur if the
flow rate is too high)

15. Figure 2.3:
A) Beaded electrospunnanofibers
Figure 2.3:
B) Porous Nanofibre

16. Applications

17. Needle Punched Fabric
• Needle punching is the oldest method of producing nonwoven
products.
• Needle punched fabrics finds its applications as blankets, shoe
linings, paper makers felts, coverings, heat and sound insulation,
medical fabrics, filters and geotextiles.
Basic Principle -

18. Working principle of Needle punching
Machine

19. Experimental Part
1. Preparation of nonwoven material
2. Coating of Nanofibre over Nonwoven material
3. Preparation of wastewater
4. Filtration

20. Preparation of nonwoven material
• In this project we manufacture nonwoven by
regenerated round shaped polyester fibre (staple
length 51mm and fineness 1.5 denier) by UPTTI lab
model machine (model- Trytex) with two different
weight sample of 130 and 195 gsm.
Sr.
No.
Parameters Sample A
(20 gram fibre)
Each 3 Sample
Sample B
(30 gram fibre)
Each 3 Sample
1 Sample Size 10x25 inch 10x25 inch
2 Weight of sample 20 gm 30 gm
3 GSM of sample 130 195
4 Pore size 50-300 50-300
5 Thickness 2.1 mm (approx) 3.5 mm (approx)
Machine parameter
1 Feed mm /Stroke 10 10
2 Punches /min 35 35

21. Preparation of Nanofibre
• Polyethersulfone (PES) (Mw= 58000 and density of 1.37 g/cm3)
was from DMSRDE lab. As the sub layer of the membrane a
technical polyester non-woven was used. The chemical structure of
PES and DMF is shown in figure. The solvents
N,Ndimethylformamide (DMF) were obtained from DMSRDE lab.
Polyethersulfone (PES) N,Ndimethylformamide
Different Solution viscosity -
. PES (%) Viscosity (Pa s)
9 0.10
15 0.52
22 1.82

22. Electro spinning conditions
Sr. No. Parameter PES nanofibrous
Membrane
(first)
PES nanofibrous
Membrane
(Second)
PES nanofibrous
Membrane
(third)
1 PES Concentration 15wt% 15wt% 15wt%
2 Applied voltage 20 kV 20 kV 20 kV
3 Feed rate 25 micro lt/min 25 micro lt/min 25 micro lt/min
4 Spinning distance 25 cm 25 cm 25 cm
5 Collection time 2 h 3 h 5 h
6 outer diameter of the
injector
15 mm 15 mm 15 mm

23. Photo image of nanofiber
membranes obtained by electros
pining from 15% PES in DMF
using the conditions, i.e., a
spinneret-to-collector distance of
25 cm, an applied voltage of 20
kV, a flow rate of 25 μL/min, a
spinneret diameter of 0.8 mm,
stationary substrate set-up and
Aluminium foil served as the
substrate.
Photo image of nanofiber

25. Composite Membrane

26. No of sample
Sr. No. Sample no. Non woven sample Nanofibre layers
According fibre weight
(grams)
According Spraying time
(hours)
1 S1 130 2
2 S2 130 3
3 S3 130 5
4 S4 195 2
5 S5 195 3
6 S6 195 5

27. Waste water Preparation
• Preparing a waste water Sample with Medium shade
Using Salt Concentration 20g/l Nacl, 8g/l Na2CO3 &
Dye 50 mg/Lit.

28. Method of filtration
1. Due to non woven fabric character
the pore size will deform in
pressure and force applied so the
minimum tension will give better
pore size.
2. The sample volume will filtered is
250 ml solution.

29. Result & Discussion
FLUX PERMEABILTY
• Flux Permeability through Water
Sr.
No.
Sample Classification Filtered Volume Time
Non-Woven(GSM)+ Nano Fibre
Time For Spreading (Hours)
ml Second
A. Without Sample
For Apparatus Flux Permeability
250 10.56
B. With Sample
1 130+2 250 11.20
2 130+3 250 11.82
3 130+5 250 14.10
4 198+2 250 15.45
5 198+3 250 18.56
6 198+5 250 21.77

30. Result & Discussion
FLUX PERMEABILTY
Flux Rate = Flow Rate/Area of Membrane
= 81.81/0.002828
= 28981.86 L/m2/hr
Flow Rate = total volume/total time (l/hr)
= 250ml/11 sec
= 250*60*60/11*1000 (l/hr)
=81.81 Lit/hour
Sr. No. Sample Classification Flow Rate Flux Rate
Non-Woven(GSM)+ Nano Fibre Time For
Spreading (Hours)
Lit/hour L/m2/hr
A. Without Sample
For Apparatus Flux Permeability
81.81 28981.86
B. With Sample
1 130+2 78.26087 27673.57
2 130+3 76.14213 26924.37
3 130+5 63.82979 22570.65
4 198+2 58.25243 20598.45
5 198+3 48.49138 17146.88
6 198+5 41.3413 14618.56

31. Flow Rate
Without
Sample
130 GSM + 2
Hour
130 GSM + 3
Hour
130 GSM + 5
Hour
198 GSM + 2
Hour
198 GSM + 3
Hour
198 GSM + 5
Hour
Flow Rate (Lit/Hour) 81.81 78.26087 76.14213 63.82979 58.25243 48.49138 41.3413
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Flow Rate (Lit/Hour)

32. Flux rate
Without
Sample
130 GSM + 2
Hour
130 GSM + 3
Hour
130 GSM + 5
Hour
198 GSM + 2
Hour
198 GSM + 3
Hour
198 GSM + 5
Hour
Flux rate (L/m2/h) 28981.86 27673.57 26924.37 22570.65 20598.45 17146.88 14618.56
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Flux rate (L/m2/h)

33. Result & Discussion
FLUX PERMEABILTY
• Flux Permeability through Waste Water
Sr.
No.
Sample Classification Filtered Volume Time Flow Rate Flux Rate
Non-Woven(GSM)+ Nano Fibre Time For Spreading
(Hours)
ml Second
Lit/hour L/m2/hr
A. Without Sample
For Apparatus Flux Permeability
100 12 81.81 28981.86
B. With Sample
1 130+2 100 25 14.4 5091.938
2 130+3 100 28.45 12.65 4474.462
3 130+5 100 33.44 10.76 3806.772
4 198+2 100 45.56 7.901 2794.083
5 198+3 100 48.78 7.380 2609.644
6 198+5 100 55.12 6.531 2309.478

34. 130 GSM + 2 Hour 130 GSM + 3 Hour 130 GSM + 5 Hour 198 GSM + 2 Hour 198 GSM + 3 Hour 198 GSM + 5 Hour
Flow Rate( lit/Hour) 14.4 12.65 10.76 7.901 7.38 6.531
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Flow Rate( lit/Hour)
flow rate of different type of sample through dyeing waste
water

35. 130 GSM + 2
Hour
130 GSM + 3
Hour
130 GSM + 5
Hour
198 GSM + 2
Hour
198 GSM + 3
Hour
198 GSM + 5
Hour
Flux rate (L/m2/h) 5091.938 4474.462 3806.772 2794.083 2609.644 2309.478
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Flux rate (L/m2/h)
flux rate of different type of sample through dyeing waste water

36. Comparison flux rate of different type of
sample through
dyeing waste water and fresh water
130 GSM + 2
Hour
130 GSM + 3
Hour
130 GSM + 5
Hour
198 GSM + 2
Hour
198 GSM + 3
Hour
198 GSM + 5
Hour
Flux rate (L/m2/h)- Dye waste water 12729.84 11186 9516 6985 6524 5773
Flux rate (L/m2/h)- Water 27673.57 26924.37 22570.65 20598.45 17146.88 14618.56
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000

37. Comparison flow rate of different type of
sample through dyeing waste water and
fresh water
130 GSM + 2
Hour
130 GSM + 3
Hour
130 GSM + 5
Hour
198 GSM + 2
Hour
198 GSM + 3
Hour
198 GSM + 5
Hour
Flow rate (Lit/h)- fresh water 78.26087 76.14213 63.82979 58.25243 48.49138 41.3413
Flow rate (L/h)- Dyeing WasteWater 36 31.625 26.9 19.75 18.45 16.32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
AxisTitle
Chart Title

38. UV RESULTS
Company DMSRDE
[Detailed Information]
Creation date 11/3/2016 4:42 AM
Data array type Linear data array
Horizontal axis Wavelength [nm]
Vertical axis Abs
Start 800 nm
End 200 nm
Data interval 1 nm
Data points 601
[Measurement Information]
Instrument name spectrophotometer
Model name V-630
Serial No. B187161148
Accessory USE-753
Accessory S/NB187161148
Cell length 10 mm
Photometric mode Abs
Measurement range 800 - 200 nm
Data interval 1 nm
UV/Vis bandwidth 1.5 nm
Response Medium
Scan speed 200 nm/min
Change source at 340 nm
Light source D2/WI
Filter exchange Step
Correction Baseline
Parameters-

39. UV RESULTS
Absorption Value
UV VALUE Main Sample
130 GSM+ 2
Hours
130 GSM +
3Hours
103 GSM +
5Hours
198 GSM + 2
Hours
198 GSM + 3
Hours
198 GSM + 5
Hours
800 1.71591 0.520248 0.490538 0.460582 0.343146 0.281131 0.109926
799 1.71545 0.519843 0.49034 0.45977 0.343158 0.281105 0.110076
700 1.63816 0.482494 0.462668 0.393183 0.320951 0.273147 0.106418
600 1.5975 0.462997 0.446871 0.367181 0.307864 0.26762 0.108035
500 1.72512 0.601857 0.61504 0.501424 0.446751 0.423599 0.300661
462 4.48165 2.59514 2.95018 2.43993 2.39472 2.36918 2.60564
461 7 2.69383 3.03568 2.53488 2.49018 2.46368 2.68427
401 7 3.22102 3.06696 2.9293 2.88693 2.83693 2.57948
400 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

40. Graph between absorption and UV Value-
Main sample(dyeing waste water)
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Abs
UV Value
Main Sample

41. 130 GSM & 198 GSM sample
absorption in different UV value
(comparison)
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8Abs
UV Value
Main Sample
130 gsm+ 2 hours
130 gsm + 3hours
130 gsm + 5 hours
198 gsm +2 Hours
198gsm+3 hours
198 gsm +5 hours

42. CONCLUSION
• Flux Permeability
1. Result Show that the flux permeability value and
permeate flux will decrease simultaneously according to
thickness of nonwoven fabric and also Nanofibre.
2. 198 GSM non woven fabric permeate flux will lower than
130 GSM fabric.
3. As increasing the Nanofibre spraying time the permeate
flux intensity will also decrease will so that the cleaner
approach will go higher In both 198 and 130 GSM type
non woven fabric.
4. The decreasing of permeate flux in both type of fabric will
simultaneously

43. CONCLUSION
• UV Results
1. Results Show that the ion and other particle
concentration will decrease in all filtered sample from
main sample.
2. The UV results show that the 198 GSM fabric filtered
sample with different Nanofibre layer will give better
filtered result in comparison to 130 GSM fabrics.
3. In 198GSM &130 GSM nonwoven fabric 2, 3 AND 5 hours
Nanofibre spreading will give better results as the time of
spreading will increase.

44. CONCLUSION
• The textile wastewater treatment by membrane processes presents some limitations such as
membrane fouling which causes a rapid flux decline. In fact, the membrane processes
efficiency can be affected by membrane pore blocking or/and cake formation. In order to limit
the effect of membrane fouling caused by plugging particles in textile effluent, a combination
between two membrane processes was studied.
• The Use of Pre-treatment is able to reduce the effect of fouling on next filtration process.
• In conclusion, after the analysis of results of determination UV Results we have to say that the
particle removal efficiency will go better as the pre treatment of textile waste water if we use
the this filter as the pre filter for ultra filtration or Nano filtration. Because the pore size of
Nanofibre is generally in the range of 1-2 micron.
•
• We know that the main disadvantage of member filtration is fouling and fluxpermiabilty. If
we use this type of membrane is prefilter of nanofilter or ultra filtration the fouling of
membrane will automatically decrease because the some partial will automatically removed
by prefilter and the rapid flux decline will also decrease.

45. Acknowledgement
• It gives me immense pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude & whole hearted thanks
to my college authority & DMSRDE authority for giving me opportunity to work on this
project.
• I am thankful to Dr. D.B.Shakyawar (Director, U.P.T.T.I) & Dr. Anurag Shrivastava Sc-
“G” (Joint Director & Head-Department of Technical Textile, DMSRDE) in this regard.
• I am immense grateful to Dr. J.P.Singh (Project Guide) Dr. K. Mukophadhyaya Sc-“F”-
(Head- Department of Nano materials DMSRDE) & Dr. Debmalya Roy Sc-“E”- (Department
of Nano materials DMSRDE) for his valuable guidance, generous advice, critical observations
& benevolent approach which all our work & exercise to achieve something worthwhile &
satisfactory from a technical point of view.
• I am also like to thank to all DMSRDE Lab Staff & weaving lab staff- UPTTI for their
immense support in the lab.
• Last but not the least we also acknowledge the direct indirect effort & support of all the
members of UPTTI & DMSRDE for their continuous co-operation during project duration &
making this learning experience a truly successful one