ME project thesis ppt.
Electrical characterization of variety of liquids like oils, sugar solution, honey and milk using open ended coaxial cable technique (simulation as well as experimentally) which is a reflection based microwave method. and Electrically characterization of variety of solids like substrates and wood using waveguide fixture method (simulation as well as experimentally) which is based on Transmission/Reflection based method.
This work was presented at the first Annual IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS) held as part of the IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium 2011, in Phoenix, AZ.
This presentation outlines the synergistic nature of 5G and AI -- two disruptive areas of innovations that can change the world. It illustrates the benefits of adopting AI for the advancements of 5G, as well as showcases the latest progress made by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
This work was presented at the first Annual IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS) held as part of the IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium 2011, in Phoenix, AZ.
This presentation outlines the synergistic nature of 5G and AI -- two disruptive areas of innovations that can change the world. It illustrates the benefits of adopting AI for the advancements of 5G, as well as showcases the latest progress made by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Design of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Feed TechniqueIOSR Journals
Abstract : Today in the world of communication systems the most widely researched area is of wireless technology and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation of the antennas. In the recent years of development in communication systems a need for the development of lightweight, compact and cost-effective antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this work, the simulation tool of IE3D is used to study the performance and gain of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The design and simulation of patch antennas is widely used in mobile cellular phones today, and our emphasis in this work is on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The return loss and the various gain plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns. Keywords: Gain, Inset feed, Patch antenna, Radiation pattern, Return Loss.
Antennas Design and Packaging for Millimeter-Wave Phased-Array Transceivers...shankar kumar
Antennas Design and Packaging for Millimeter-Wave Phased-Array Transceivers for wireless communication.introduction of antenna design and output response of all packaging antenna.
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
Waveguide Fixture Based Permittivity Determination of Non-Conducting MaterialsPallavi Malame
In this paper, measurement system used for property determination through dielectric constant of non conducting materials like substrates and wood is presented. The system works on the principle of transmission/reflection based microwave technique. The proposed system electrically characterizes a material using a waveguide fixture and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA).
Design of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Feed TechniqueIOSR Journals
Abstract : Today in the world of communication systems the most widely researched area is of wireless technology and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation of the antennas. In the recent years of development in communication systems a need for the development of lightweight, compact and cost-effective antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this work, the simulation tool of IE3D is used to study the performance and gain of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The design and simulation of patch antennas is widely used in mobile cellular phones today, and our emphasis in this work is on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The return loss and the various gain plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns. Keywords: Gain, Inset feed, Patch antenna, Radiation pattern, Return Loss.
Antennas Design and Packaging for Millimeter-Wave Phased-Array Transceivers...shankar kumar
Antennas Design and Packaging for Millimeter-Wave Phased-Array Transceivers for wireless communication.introduction of antenna design and output response of all packaging antenna.
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
Waveguide Fixture Based Permittivity Determination of Non-Conducting MaterialsPallavi Malame
In this paper, measurement system used for property determination through dielectric constant of non conducting materials like substrates and wood is presented. The system works on the principle of transmission/reflection based microwave technique. The proposed system electrically characterizes a material using a waveguide fixture and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA).
Characterization of Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Carbon ...drboon
In this paper, the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of carbon fiber modified thermoplastic polyimide were numerically analyzed by finite element analysis. A three-dimensional model was created, in which continuous carbon fibers are aligning and paralleling to each other and uniformly distributing in the polymer matrix. The behaviors of the composites in two extreme situations, i.e., parallel or perpendicular to carbon fiber direction, were simulated. The effects of the volume fraction of carbon fiber content on the physical properties were investigated. It shows clearly that carbon fibers significantly improve the mechanical strength, and thermal and electrical conductivities. The future work includes investigation of the physical properties of the conductive network of the composites with random carbon fiber orientation, and different fillers, such as graphite, and carbon nanotubes.
Dielectric Behaviour of Pzt Ceramics at Microwave Frequenciestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Electrical transport properties of nanocrystalline and bulk nickel.pdfProximaCentauri15
In this work, the comparative study on the electrical transport properties of nanocrystalline nickel
ferrite (NiFe2O4) and its bulk counterpart has been carried out in detail by using complex impedance
spectroscopy in a wide range of frequencies (100 Hz–1 MHz) and temperatures (40 °C–320 °C). The
dispersive nature of the dielectric constant and loss factor is explained by the Maxwell-Wagner model
and Koop’s phenomenological theory. The value of the dielectric constant for nanocrystalline nickel
ferrite is found to be more as compared to its bulk counterpart. The frequency variation dielectric
permittivity is well fitted with the modified Debye formula, which suggests the presence of multiple
relaxation processes. The temperature dependent ac conductivity follows Jonscher’s universal power
law and reveals the presence of multiple transport mechanisms from small polaron hopping (SPH) to
correlated barrier hopping (CBH) mechanism near 200 °C. The estimated values of Mott parameters
are found to be satisfactory. Thermally activated relaxation phenomena have been confirmed by
scaling curves of imaginary impedance (Z) andmodulus (M). The comparison between the Z and
M spectra indicates that both long-range and short-rangemovement of charge carriers contribute to
dielectric relaxation with short-range charge carriers predominating at low temperatures while longrange
charge carriers are dominating at high temperatures. Analysis of the semicircular arcs of Nyquist
plot indicates the presence of grain boundary contribution to the electrical conduction process for the
nanocrystalline sample at high temperatures. The non-Debye type of relaxation has been examined by
stretching exponential factor (β) which has been estimated by fitting the modifiedKWW
(Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts) equation to the imaginary electric modulus curve. The value of β is
found to be strongly temperature dependent and its value for the nanocrystalline sample is less than
that of the bulk system which is explained on the basis of dipole-dipole interaction.
Synthesis of (Poly-methyl Methacrylate-lead Oxide) Nanocomposites and Studyin...journalBEEI
Piezoelectric materials have been prepared from (poly-methyl methacrylate-lead oxide) nanocomposites for electronic applications. The lead oxide nanoparticles were added to poly-methyl methacrylate by different concentrations are (4, 8, and 12) wt%. The structural and dielectric properties of nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of nanocomposites decrease with increase in frequency of applied electric field. The A.C electrical conductivity increases with increase in frequency. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and A.C electrical conductivity of poly-methyl methacrylate increase with increase in lead oxide nanoparticles concentrations. The results of pressure sensor showed that the electrical resistance of (PMMA-PbO2) nanocomposites decreases with increase in pressure.
Planar Microwave Sensors for Accurate Measurement of Material Characterizatio...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Microwave sensor is used in various industrial applications and requires highly accurate
measurements for material properties. Conventionally, cavity waveguide perturbation, free-space
transmission, open-ended coaxial probe, and planar transmission line technique have been used for
characterizing materials. However, these planar transmission lines are often large and expensive to build,
further restricting their use in many important applications. Thus, this technique is cost effective, easy to
manufacture and due to its compact size, it has the potential to produce sensitivity and a high Q-factor for
various materials. This paper reviews the common characteristics of planar transmission line and
discusses numerous studies about several designs of the microstrip resonator to improve the sensor
performance in terms of the sensitivity and accuracy. This technique enables its use for several industrial
applications such as agriculture and quality control. It is believed that previous studies would lead to a
promising solution of characterizing materials with high sensitivity, particularly in determining a high Qfactor
resonator sensor.
The Effects of Nitrogen and Oxygen Atmosphere on the Photoconductivity of Tri...journalBEEI
Organic materials were previously used as insulators in electrical technology. These materials, however, are currently used as conductors once their photoconductivity is confirmed and studied. From the literature, it has shown that the photoconductivity of trimethyl phenyl diamine (TPD) increases in the air and decreased in the atmosphere of the vacuum. To the best of our knowledge, there is no detailed study of the effects of gas in the air that affect TPD photoconductivity. In this study we investigate the effects of nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) gases on photoconductivity, degradation and residual decay of photoconductivity for thin film TPD. The results of the study show that in the atmosphere of O2, TPD produces about seven times higher photoconductivity compared to N2 conditions. It also shows that, N2 and O2 provide more effective response time during photoconductivity residual decay. Photoconductivity degradation occurs in all conditions and its recovery takes more than 65 hours.
Transient Electronics: as per the name defines itself "lasting only for a short time"these devices can very well be used in covert operations where they can simply disappear after serving their purpose.Help in reducing e-waste.
Electrophoresis is a scientific laboratory technique that is used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is passed through the molecules to move them so that they can be separated via a gel. The pores present in the gel work like a sieve, allowing smaller molecules to pass through more quickly and easily than the larger molecules. According to the way conditions are adjusted during electrophoresis, the molecules can be separated in the desired size range.
What is electrophoresis and what are its uses?
Electrophoresis is a very broadly used technique that, fundamentally, applies electric current to biological molecules – they’re usually DNA, but they can be protein or RNA, too – and separates these fragments into pieces that are larger or smaller in size.
The phenomenon of electrophoresis was first observed by Russian professors Peter Ivanovich Strakhov and Ferdinand Frederic Reuss in 1807 at Moscow University. A constant application of electric field caused the particles of clay dispersed in water to migrate, showing an electrokinetic phenomenon.
Electrophoresis can be defined as an electrokinetic process that separates charged particles in a fluid using an electrical field of charge. Electrophoresis of cations or positively charged ions is sometimes referred to as cataphoresis (or cataphoretic electrophoresis). In contrast, sometimes, the electrophoresis of anions or negatively charged ions is referred to as anaphoresis (or anaphoric electrophoresis).
It’s used in a variety of applications. Though it is most often used in life sciences to separate protein molecules or DNA, it can be achieved through several different techniques and methods depending upon the type and size of the molecules.
The methods differ in some ways, but all we need is a source for the electrical charge, a support medium and a buffer solution. Electrophoresis is also used in laboratories for the separation of molecules based on their size, density and purity.
The method used to separate macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, or protein molecules is known as gel electrophoresis.
It is used in forensics for –
Nucleic acid molecule sizing
DNA fragmentation for southern blotting
RNA fragmentation for northern blotting
Protein fragmentation for western blotting
Separation of PCR products analysis
Detection and analysis of variations or mutations in the sequence
Its clinical applications involve –
Serum protein electrophoresis
Lipoprotein analysis
Diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies and hemoglobin A1c.
The fundamental principle of electrophoresis is the existence of charge separation between the surface of a particle and the fluid immediately surrounding it. An applied electric field acts on the resulting charge density, causing the particle to migrate and the fluid around the particle to flow.
It is the process of separation or purification of protein molecules, DNA, or RNA that differ in charge, size.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
2. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements
of the degree of
Master of Engineering
by
Pallavi R. Malame
TP2F1213001
Supervisor:
Dr. RAJIV K. GUPTA
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 2
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Dr. R. K. Gupta, HOD , EXTC Department,
Dr. Deven Shah, Principal.
Mr. Rajesh Harsh (Scientist F), HOD, Technology Innovation
Dept.(TID), SAMEER
Mr. Anil Kulkarni (Scientist F) ,HOD, Industrial Meteorological and
System Dept. (IMSD), SAMEER
Mr. Tapas K. Bhuiya (Scientist D), IMSD , SAMEER
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 3
5. Motivation
Society for Applied Microwave Electronics
Engineering & Research
Department of Electronics and
Information Technology
Under the aegis
of
Core Project : Moisture
Measurement System
Brix Measurement for
Sugar Industry
}
My Role
Problem Statement
• Need for accurate, rapid measurement system
which can be used for in-situ, online
measurements
• a research study is needed in the field of dielectric
spectroscopy
• Exploration of Reflection based method
• Exploration of Transmission/Reflection based
method
• Analysis of permittivity of wide variety of materials
(liquid-semi solids-solids) using Microwaves
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 5
6. Objectives
To electrically characterize variety of liquids like oils, sugar solution,
honey and milk using open ended coaxial cable technique (simulation as
well as experimentally) which is a reflection based microwave method.
To electrically characterize variety of solids like substrates and wood
using waveguide fixture method (simulation as well as experimentally)
which is based on Transmission/Reflection based method.
To explore other dielectric spectroscopy techniques
How did I achieve this
??
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 6
7. Microwave Reflectometry
Time domain
reflectometry - TDR
Frequency domain
reflectometry - FDR
• Less expensive • More accurate
• Advantage of
Calibration
FDR Features:
• gives high accuracy
• for homogeneous materials
• fast replacing laborious and time-
consuming physical and chemical
laboratory analytical methods
• applicable to materials and products of
agricultural origin
• non-destructive and rapid
measurements
• applications using automation
• Ideal for in-situ/in vivo online
measurement systems
• influence of electrical conductivity is
negligible
• penetration depth is much greater
• continuous remote monitoring
• insensitive to environmental factors
• enabling detection of even small
amounts of water
• Do not pollute the tested material
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 7
8. Electrical Characterization of Non-
Conducting Materials Using Reflection
Based Microwave
Technique
Electrical Characterization Non-Conducting Materials Reflection Based Microwave Technique
Figures Just for Illustration Purpose
Non Magnetic
materials Products
Measuring Electrical
Parameter only:
Dielectric
S11
Reflection
S21
Transmission
Er’
Dielectric
Constant
Er’’
Loss Factor
C Band ( 5.81 GHz)
Why 5.81??
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 8
9. Literature survey
• Polar dielectrics and modelling studies date back more than 70 years reported by
Debye in 1929.
• In the last 10-15 years, the concept of permittivity measurement has been extended
and applied to various agricultural, food, and biological problems
• 1945 - carrots at frequencies in the range of 18 kHz to 5 MHz by Dunlap and Makower.
• 1949 - potato, carrot, apple, and peach tissue from 1 to 40 MHz by Shaw and Galvin
• 1984 - tabulated the dielectric properties of selected vegetables and fruits at a
frequency range 0.1 to 10 GHz by tran et al.
• 1980 - moisture content on the dielectric properties of granular solids at 9.4 GHz over
a wide range of temperature and moisture contents by M.A. Stuchly, and S.S. Stuchly
• Several techniques to measure the dielectric properties of agri-food materials are
described in 1) Handbook of Microwave Measurements by M. Sucher and J. Fox
2) Industrial Microwave Heating by A.C. Metaxas and R. Meredith
• 1980 -The dielectric properties of food materials in the microwave region can be
determined by several methods using different microwave measuring sensors [22-23]
Microwave aquametry by A.W. Kraszewski.
• 1989 - Nyfors and Vainikainen [24] has reported four groups of measurement
methods, namely, lumped circuit, resonator, transmission line, and free-space
methods.
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 9
10. Open ended Coaxial Method
• 1980 - Open ended coaxial probe method has been reported by Stuchly and Stuchly
• 1989 - For liquid and semi-solid materials, including biological and food materials, open-
ended coaxial-line probes have been used for broadband permittivity measurements.
Grant et al and Blackham et al.
• For liquid and semi-solid materials, including biological and food materials, open-ended
coaxial-line probes have been used for broadband permittivity measurements [25-26].
• A similar technique is used for permittivity measurements on fresh fruits and vegetables
by Nelson.
Oils
• 2008 -Dielectric properties of vegetable oils and fatty acids in low frequencies (0.1-1
MHz) are studied by Lizhi et al.
• 2010 - On the basis of this research it is possible to detect whether olive oil has been
adulterated with cheaper vegetable oil [29].
• 2010 - Latest studies based on TDR have been reported by Piuzzi et al [30]
Milk
Use of open ended coaxial probe technique for dielectric property measurement of
milk is mentioned in Advanced Dairy Chemistry by McSweeney
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 10
11. • 1974 - Mudgett et.al.[32] has observed dielectric properties of skim milk over the
temperature range 25-55oC.
• 2006 - Nunes et al. [33] has examined the complex dielectric permittivity of UHT milk in a
frequency range 1-20 GHz.
• 1992 & 2010 - Latest studies are reported by Kudra et al [34] and W Guo et al [35].
Honey
• 2010 - Study of honey using open ended coaxial cable has been reported by W Guo et al.
Dielectric spectroscopy is used for determining difference between different honey and
sucrose and water content of honey [36-37].
Waveguide Fixture
• Microwave measurement systems to determine the dielectric properties of grain, Early
efforts to characterize the dielectric properties of materials using transmission/reflection
based method which are open resonant structures are fabricated at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology [11, 38].
• 1973,1983,1984 - Coaxial-line and rectangular wave-guide sample holders are used with
various mid, and fruit and vegetable tissue samples at frequencies from 1 to 22 GHz [8,39-
41].
• 1983 -The sample holders are also used to measure dielectric properties of pulverized coal
and mineral samples [40].
• 1970 - Dielectric properties of grain samples are measured using a precision bridge over
audio frequencies from 250 Hz to 20 kHz with sample holders confined in a coaxial sample
holder and reported in [42].
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 11
12. Permittivity and Dielectric
Mechanism
"'
0
rrr
j
'
"
tan
r
r
r
'
r
''
r
Complex
Relative
Permittivity
Dielectric
Constant
Loss
Factor
Loss
Tangent
Complex Permittivity: Permittivity describes
the interaction of a material with an electric
field.
Dielectric Constant :It is a measure of how
much energy from an external field is stored
in a material.
Loss Factor: It is a measure of how dissipative
or lossy a material is to an external field.
Loss Tangent: The loss tangent or tan δ is
defined as the ratio of the imaginary part of
the dielectric constant to the real part.
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 12
13. Dielectric Theory
"'
rrr j "'
rrr j
Electric Magnetic
Permittivity Permeability
FieldsFields
STORAGE
LOSS
MUT
STORAGE
LOSS
Non Magnetic Material!
1
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 13
16. Frequency response of
Dielectric Mechanisms
Microwave
frequency
region
} Microwave
frequency
Loses are
introduced at
low frequency
Parameters contributing to
permittivity
Conduction: ionic
Dipolar relaxation
Atomic polarization
Electronic polarization
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 16
Return
18. Measurement Techniques
Parallel Plate Low Frequency
Best for thin flat sheets
Coaxial Probe Broadband
Best for liquids, semi-solids
Transmission Line Broadband
Best for machine-able solids
Transmission Free
Space
Broadband, mm-wave
Non-contacting
Resonant Cavity Single frequency
High accuracy, Best for low
loss, or very thin samples
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 18
20. Reflection based Electrical
Characterization of Non-
Conducting Materials.
Sensor Probe, waveguide, patch
antenna
Measured parameter S11 reflection coefficient
Features:
Best for lossy MUTs, liquids or semi-solids.
Broadband.
Convenient and non-destructive.
Require no machining of the sample, easy sample
preparation, after
calibration, the dielectric properties of a large number of
samples can be
routinely measured in a short time.
Measurement can be performed in a temperature controlled
environment.
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 20
24. Practical View
Calibration and Measurement
Technique
• Agilent Technologies N5221A PNA network
analyser
• Agilent Technologies 85070E open ended coaxial-
line probe
• 85070E software
• reflection coefficient was measured
• PNA Port OSL calibration
• Probe Calibration open, short and deionised
water
• Temperature maintained at 250C
• Ecal Module
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30. Milk Adulteration Detection
Sample: Fresh untreated cow’s milk
temperature is maintained at 250C
adulterants used are:
water at room temperature, sugar, wheat flour
as starch and sodium bi carbonate
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 30
Image Courtesy: Times of India (6/3/14)
34. Honey
Result And Discussion
A sample of honey from
an apiary belonging to
apis indica species of
honeybee
Adulterants:
distilled water and
corn syrup.
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 34
48. Conclusion
The experimental results on oil and brix content are close to the values
specified in Literature and Theory
Open ended coaxial technique can be utilised for oil adulteration
detection-More experimentation with TDR required
The Technique can satisfactorily used in Sugar Industries for measurement
of brix due to wide variation in S11 data
Milk and Honey adulteration detection methods are proved reliable and
accurate
Transmission/Reflection based method using software 85071E gives a very
accurate
Result compared to reflection based method. The fabricated waveguide
design proves very useful in wood, paper and pulp industries for wood
moisture measurement for instant results
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49. Scope for Future Work
Dielectric spectroscopy of oil
Investigations for fat content measurement
Cheese Industry
Instead of Rectangular waveguide a circular waveguide can be used.
More materials like metamaterials can be studied for their dielectric
and magnetic property
Different sensors including Patch antennas ,horn antennas etc. can be
explored.
27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 49
50. 27-02-2015 TERNA COLLEGE : ME THESIS 50
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