Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol designed to prevent layer 2 loops. It is standardized as IEEE 802.D protocol. STP blocks some ports on switches with redundant links to prevent broadcast storms and ensure loop-free topology. With STP in place, you can have redundant links between switches in order to provide redundancy.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is standardized as IEEE 802.1D.
Is a network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged Ethernet local area network.
It prevents a network from frame looping by putting some interfaces in forwarding state & some
interfaces in blocking state.
Whenever two or more switches are connected with each other for redundancy purpose loop can occur.
STP Protocol is used to prevent the loop. STP is layer 2 Protocol & by default it is enabled on switches.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol designed to prevent layer 2 loops. It is standardized as IEEE 802.D protocol. STP blocks some ports on switches with redundant links to prevent broadcast storms and ensure loop-free topology. With STP in place, you can have redundant links between switches in order to provide redundancy.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is standardized as IEEE 802.1D.
Is a network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged Ethernet local area network.
It prevents a network from frame looping by putting some interfaces in forwarding state & some
interfaces in blocking state.
Whenever two or more switches are connected with each other for redundancy purpose loop can occur.
STP Protocol is used to prevent the loop. STP is layer 2 Protocol & by default it is enabled on switches.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet.
Overview of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP & RSTP)Peter R. Egli
Ethernet networks require a loop-free topology, otherwise more and more broadcastand unknown unicast frames would swamp the network (creation of frame duplicates resulting in a broadcast storm). Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1D) and its faster successor RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) provide loop prevention in bridged networks by establising a loop-free tree of forwarding paths between any two bridges in a network with multiple physical paths. If a link fails, STP and RSTP automatically establishes a new loop-free topology. This presentation describes in detail how STP and RSTP work along with typical examples.
IP multicast is a method of sending Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams to a group of interested receivers in a single transmission. It is often employed for streaming media applications on the Internet and private networks.(wikipedia)
CCNA Routing Fundamentals - EIGRP, OSPF and RIPsushmil123
- Basics of Routing
- Static Routing/Dynamic Routing
- Classification of Dynamic Routing
- Administrative Distance and Metric
- Link State Routing and Distance Vector Routing
- Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
- Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
- Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Difference between Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol (RSTP)
1. The main difference between Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) and Spanning
Tree Protocol (STP IEEE 802.1D) is that Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W)
assumes the three Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) ports states Listening, Blocking, and Disabled are
same (these states do not forward Ethernet frames and they do not learn MAC addresses).
Hence Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) places them all into a new called
Discarding state. Learning and forwarding ports remain more or less the same.
Overview of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP & RSTP)Peter R. Egli
Ethernet networks require a loop-free topology, otherwise more and more broadcastand unknown unicast frames would swamp the network (creation of frame duplicates resulting in a broadcast storm). Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1D) and its faster successor RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) provide loop prevention in bridged networks by establising a loop-free tree of forwarding paths between any two bridges in a network with multiple physical paths. If a link fails, STP and RSTP automatically establishes a new loop-free topology. This presentation describes in detail how STP and RSTP work along with typical examples.
IP multicast is a method of sending Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams to a group of interested receivers in a single transmission. It is often employed for streaming media applications on the Internet and private networks.(wikipedia)
CCNA Routing Fundamentals - EIGRP, OSPF and RIPsushmil123
- Basics of Routing
- Static Routing/Dynamic Routing
- Classification of Dynamic Routing
- Administrative Distance and Metric
- Link State Routing and Distance Vector Routing
- Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
- Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
- Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Difference between Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol (RSTP)
1. The main difference between Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) and Spanning
Tree Protocol (STP IEEE 802.1D) is that Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W)
assumes the three Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) ports states Listening, Blocking, and Disabled are
same (these states do not forward Ethernet frames and they do not learn MAC addresses).
Hence Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) places them all into a new called
Discarding state. Learning and forwarding ports remain more or less the same.
he Associate level of Cisco Certifications can begin directly with CCNA for network installation, operations and troubleshooting or CCDA for network design. Think of the Associate Level as the foundation level of networking certification.
In 2001, the IEEE introduced Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) as 802.1w. RSTP provides significantly
faster spanning tree convergence after a topology change, introducing new convergence behavior and
bridge port roles to do this. RSTP was designed to be backwards-compatible with standard STP.
While STP can take 30 to 50 seconds to respond to a topology change, RSTP is typically able to respond
to changes within 3 × Hello times (default: 3 times 2 seconds) or within a few milliseconds of a physical
link failure. The so-called Hello time is an important and configurable time interval that is used by RSTP
for several purposes; its default value is 2 seconds.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
2. Slide 2
1. Introduction and Purpose of STP
2. STP Standards Overview
3. IEEE 802.1D STP Protocol
4. IEEE 802.1w RSTP Rapid STP
5. IEEE 802.1Q CST Common Spanning Tree
6. Cisco PVST+ and PVRST+
7. IEEE 802.1s MST Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol
Contents
3. Slide 3
• Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a Layer 2 protocol (802.1D)
• It runs on bridges and switches
• Main Purpose:
• Ensuring to not creating loops when you have redundant paths.
• Loops are deadly to a network.
• Ethernet bridges or switches must forward many known or unknown frames
(like ARP or DHCP) to all physical ports, so it needs a loop-Free Topology.
1. Introduction and Purpose of STP
An Ethernet network with loops
4. Slide 4
2. STP Standards Overview
Standard Description Abbreviation
IEEE 802.1D
• Loop Prevention
• Auto-reconfig of tree in case of any changes
• Slow convergence (up to 50 Mbps)
STP
IEEE 802.1w
• Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
• Improved STP with faster convergence
• Backward compatible with STP
RSTP
IEEE 802.1Q
• Virtual LAN
• Defining 1 common spanning tree (CST) for all VLANs CST
Cisco
Proprietary
• Per VLAN Spanning Tree
• 1STP instance per VLAN
• PVST+ is an improved variant of PVST
PVST
PVST+
Cisco
Proprietary
• Per VLAN Rapid Spanning Tree
• 1RSTP instance per VLAN
PVRST+ or
R-PVST+
IEEE 802.1s
• Multiple (Instance) Spanning Tree protocol
• Multiple instance of VLAN mapped to 1 STP (both CST and PVST)
MSTP or
MISTP
5. Slide 5
STP Overview
• Providing path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops in network.
• In a layer 2 network, only one active path can exist between any 2 stations.
• STP calculates and selects the best loop-free path.
• Layer 2 LAN ports send and receive STP frames and network devices use the
frames to construct a loop-free path.
• If a loop exists in network, end stations receive duplicate messages and
network devices learn end station MAC addresses.
• STP defines a tree with a Root Bridge and a loop-free path from the root to
all devices.
• STP forces redundant data paths into a blocked state.
3. STP Protocol – IEEE 802.1D
6. Slide 6
• Bridge:
• A bridge connects two or more LAN segments.
• Today’s networks are predominantly Switch based. For STP switch = bridge.
• Root Bridge (RB):
• It’s the bridge (or switch) that provides an interconnection point for all segments.
• Every bridge in a LAN has a path to the root.
• STP can select the root bridge automatically but if administrator wants, he can
change the RB according to the network.
• Non-Root Bridge (NRB):
• Any bridge that is not the RB is called Non-root Bridge.
3. STP Protocol – IEEE 802.1D
7. Slide 7
• Root Port (RP):
• The port that leads towards the RB. (or the port has the lowest path cost to RB).
• Every NRB has exactly 1 RP.
• The Root Bridge (RB) doesn’t have any Root Port (RP).
• Designated Port (DP):
• Every LAN segment has 1 DP. Every bridge receives the frames from DP and
forward them through its RP towards the Root Bridge.
• DP guarantees that every segment is connected to the STP tree topology.
• In Root Bridge (RB) = All ports are Designated Port (DP)
• Port ID:
• It’s used to determine the RP. It consists of a 1 byte priority value and a port
number that is unique per bridge.
3. STP Protocol – IEEE 802.1D
8. Slide 8
Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU)
• Each network device send BPDUs to exchange topology information.
• There is 2 types of BPDU:
1. Configuration BPDU
• The unique bridge ID of the root device in the network
• The STP path cost to the root
• The bridge ID of the transmitting bridge
• The identifier of the transmitting port
• Values for the hello, forward delay, and max-age protocol timers
2. Topology Change Notification (TCN) BPDU
• One network device is elected as the root bridge.
• The shortest distance to the root bridge is calculated for each network device based on
the path cost.
• A designated bridge for each LAN segment is selected. This is the network device closest
to the root bridge through which frames are forwarded to the root.
• A root port is selected. This is the port providing the best path from the bridge to the root
bridge.
• Ports included in the spanning tree are selected.
3. STP Protocol – IEEE 802.1D
9. Slide 9
Election of the Root Bridge
• STP uses a 64-bit bridge ID consisting of a bridge priority value and MAC address for
selection of the Root Bridge.
• STP also uses one MAC address per VLAN to make the bridge ID unique for each
VLAN.
• The bridge with the lowest BID in the network is elected as root bridge.
• If 2 BIDs have the same priority value, the bridge with the lower MAC address wins.
1. First, all bridges send configuration BPDUs with their own BID.
2. All bridges compare the received BPDUs with their own BID. If it’s lower, they stop
sending own BPDUs but they start forwarding received BPDUs to all interfaces.
3. STP Protocol – IEEE 802.1D
10. Slide 10
3. STP Protocol – IEEE 802.1D
• The Root Bridge should be a powerful device and be positioned at the center of the
network.
• In the below example, Br0 is elected as RB because it has the lowest BID, but the
administrator changed the root bridge to BR2, because it has the fast link with
1Gbps.
11. Slide 11
3. STP Protocol – IEEE 802.1D
STP Port State Overview
State Description Process BPDUs Learn MAC
Init
Initialization of an port (bootstrap).
Actually not an STP port state.
No No
Disabled
Administrative state.
The port doesn’t participate in STP operations.
No Mo
Blocking
The port doesn’t forward Ethernet frames and
doesn’t learn MAC addresses. (Backup State)
Yes (receive and
process BPDUs
only)
No
Listening
Computation of loop-free topology is carried
out in this state and the port is assigned its role.
(RP, DP, NDP)
Yes (Send and
receive BPDUs)
No
Learning
Additional state to delay forwarding of Ethernet
frames to avoid flooding the network.
Yes
Yes (Populate
MAC address
table)
Forwarding
Normal operation of forwarding Ethernet
frames (user traffic)
Yes Yes
12. Slide 12
3. STP Protocol – IEEE 802.1D
• Port states and transitions for STP are defined by the following diagram:
13. Slide 13
3. STP Protocol – IEEE 802.1D
• In reality, the ports are in different states (Blocking, Listening, Learning) until
reaching a stable state (Forwarding or Blocking).
14. Slide 14
4. RSTP Rapid STP - IEEE 802.1w
Differences between STP & RSTP
1. The main difference is that RSTP places 3 ports states Listening, Blocking and
Disabled all into a new state called Discarding state. Learning and forwarding ports
remain more or less the same.
2. In STP, bridges only send out a BPDU when they received one on their RP from RB.
In RSTP, enabled switches send out BPDUs in every hello time.
3. STP includes two port types: Root Port and Designated Port.
RSTP includes two additional port types: Alternate Ports and Backup Ports.
• Alternate Port is a port that has an alternative path or paths to the RB, but is
currently in a Discarding State.
• Backup Port is a port that could be used to reach RB, but there is already an active
STP Designated Port for that segment. (can be considered as an additional unused
designated port).
15. Slide 15
5. CST Common Spanning Tree - IEEE 802.1Q
• IEEE 802.1Q defines a common STP for all VLANs in a physical network.
• In the below, an access switch has 1000 VLANs and is connected to 2 distribution
switches. With only 1 instance of STP or RSTP for VLANs as defined in 702.1Q CST,
only 1 of the links is used for forwarding traffic towards the distribution switches.
16. Slide 16
6. Cisco PVST+ & PVRST+
• Cisco’s PVST+ and PVRST+ define a separate spanning tree instance for each VLAN.
• By defining SW0 to be RB for VLANs 1-500 and SW1 to be RB for VLANs 501-1000,
respectively, Load Balancing can be achieved.
• However, defining a separate spanning tree instance for each VLAN requires a lot of
resources (CPU Processing Power and Memory) and is therefor inefficient.
17. Slide 17
7. MST Multiple STP - IEEE 802.1s
• MSTP, originally defined in 802.1s and then merged to 802.1Q-2005, allows
mapping multiple VLANs to a single spanning tree instance.
• This reduces the resource requirements while preserving the advantages of having
multiple spanning trees for load balancing purposes.
• In the example below, the VLANs are mapped to 2 separate spanning tree instances
as follows:
• VLANs 1-500 : Spanning tree instance 1
• VLANs 501-1000 : Spanning tree instance 2