This chapter discusses the configuration of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the basic operation and terminology of EIGRP, including its tables, metrics, and routing behavior. The chapter also covers EIGRP packet types, neighbor discovery, route calculation using the DUAL algorithm, and key technologies such as reliable transport and protocol-dependent modules. The overall purpose is to explain how to plan, implement, configure and verify EIGRP routing.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF terminology and operation, including link-state routing, databases, advertisements, and algorithms. It also covers OSPF packet types, areas, router types, metrics, and configuration. The objectives are to describe OSPF functionality in different network environments and configure basic and advanced OSPF features.
The document discusses network design models for enterprise networks, including the Cisco Intelligent Information Network (IIN) model, Service-Oriented Network Architecture (SONA) framework, and Enterprise Composite Network model. The IIN integrates network resources across three phases: integrated transport, services, and applications. SONA defines three layers - application, interactive services, and network infrastructure layers. The Enterprise Composite Network model divides the network into the enterprise campus, edge, and service provider edge functional areas.
This document discusses device discovery, management, and maintenance. It covers using protocols like CDP and LLDP for network discovery. Device management topics include configuring NTP and syslog, while device maintenance includes backing up configurations, restoring files, and upgrading software and licenses.
The document discusses various topics relating to EIGRP implementation including:
- Establishing EIGRP neighbor relationships and different network environments where EIGRP can operate like Frame Relay and MPLS networks.
- Building the EIGRP topology table by exchanging routing information with neighbors, calculating EIGRP metrics and selecting the best path.
- Optimizing EIGRP behavior such as using stub routing and route summarization to reduce queries when a route becomes active.
This chapter reviews basic switching concepts as a refresher for the CCNP SWITCH certification, including hubs and switches, bridges and switches, the evolution of switches, broadcast domains, MAC addresses, Ethernet frame formats, basic switching functions, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, trunking, port channels, and multilayer switching. It provides objectives for topics that will be covered in more depth in later chapters.
This document provides an overview of basic network and routing concepts for the CCNP ROUTE certification. It discusses differentiating between dynamic routing protocols, network types including non-broadcast multi-access networks, connecting remote locations using various technologies, and understanding how different traffic types and overlay networks influence routing. The objectives cover routing protocols, branch connectivity options, and IPv6 neighbor discovery.
This document discusses Network Address Translation (NAT) for IPv4 networks. It covers the basics of NAT including the different types (static, dynamic, port address translation), advantages and disadvantages, and configuration on Cisco routers. The document also discusses troubleshooting NAT using show and debug commands, and how NAT applies to IPv6 networks for translation between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and how they operate. It covers distance vector protocols like RIPv2 and EIGRP that do not have a full topology map and exchange periodic updates. It also discusses link-state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that build a complete network map by flooding link-state advertisements and running the Dijkstra algorithm to calculate the shortest path. The document provides information on dynamic routing fundamentals, protocol operations, convergence, and compares distance vector and link-state protocols.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF terminology and operation, including link-state routing, databases, advertisements, and algorithms. It also covers OSPF packet types, areas, router types, metrics, and configuration. The objectives are to describe OSPF functionality in different network environments and configure basic and advanced OSPF features.
The document discusses network design models for enterprise networks, including the Cisco Intelligent Information Network (IIN) model, Service-Oriented Network Architecture (SONA) framework, and Enterprise Composite Network model. The IIN integrates network resources across three phases: integrated transport, services, and applications. SONA defines three layers - application, interactive services, and network infrastructure layers. The Enterprise Composite Network model divides the network into the enterprise campus, edge, and service provider edge functional areas.
This document discusses device discovery, management, and maintenance. It covers using protocols like CDP and LLDP for network discovery. Device management topics include configuring NTP and syslog, while device maintenance includes backing up configurations, restoring files, and upgrading software and licenses.
The document discusses various topics relating to EIGRP implementation including:
- Establishing EIGRP neighbor relationships and different network environments where EIGRP can operate like Frame Relay and MPLS networks.
- Building the EIGRP topology table by exchanging routing information with neighbors, calculating EIGRP metrics and selecting the best path.
- Optimizing EIGRP behavior such as using stub routing and route summarization to reduce queries when a route becomes active.
This chapter reviews basic switching concepts as a refresher for the CCNP SWITCH certification, including hubs and switches, bridges and switches, the evolution of switches, broadcast domains, MAC addresses, Ethernet frame formats, basic switching functions, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, trunking, port channels, and multilayer switching. It provides objectives for topics that will be covered in more depth in later chapters.
This document provides an overview of basic network and routing concepts for the CCNP ROUTE certification. It discusses differentiating between dynamic routing protocols, network types including non-broadcast multi-access networks, connecting remote locations using various technologies, and understanding how different traffic types and overlay networks influence routing. The objectives cover routing protocols, branch connectivity options, and IPv6 neighbor discovery.
This document discusses Network Address Translation (NAT) for IPv4 networks. It covers the basics of NAT including the different types (static, dynamic, port address translation), advantages and disadvantages, and configuration on Cisco routers. The document also discusses troubleshooting NAT using show and debug commands, and how NAT applies to IPv6 networks for translation between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and how they operate. It covers distance vector protocols like RIPv2 and EIGRP that do not have a full topology map and exchange periodic updates. It also discusses link-state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that build a complete network map by flooding link-state advertisements and running the Dijkstra algorithm to calculate the shortest path. The document provides information on dynamic routing fundamentals, protocol operations, convergence, and compares distance vector and link-state protocols.
The document discusses implementing BGP, including BGP terminology, concepts, operation, neighbor relationships, and basic BGP configuration. It describes BGP as a path vector routing protocol used between autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. It differentiates between external BGP which establishes relationships between routers in different autonomous systems, and internal BGP which is used within an autonomous system. Basic BGP configuration involves defining BGP neighbors, entering BGP configuration mode, and activating BGP sessions.
This document discusses best practices for scaling VLANs in a networking course. It covers configuring extended VLANs and inter-switch connectivity technologies like VTP and DTP. Troubleshooting steps for multi-VLAN issues and implementing inter-VLAN routing using Layer 3 switching are also outlined. The chapter summary emphasizes the role of VTP in distributing and synchronizing VLAN information across switches in a domain.
This document chapter discusses inter-VLAN routing and provides configuration examples for implementing it using an external router, switch virtual interfaces (SVIs) on a multilayer switch, and routed ports on a multilayer switch. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and provides a detailed configuration example for configuring inter-VLAN routing using both SVIs and routed ports on a multilayer switch.
This document is from a Cisco training course on DHCP. It covers DHCPv4 and DHCPv6. For DHCPv4, it explains how DHCPv4 operates, how to configure a router as a DHCPv4 server and client, and how to troubleshoot DHCPv4 configurations. For DHCPv6, it describes stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) and how to configure stateless and stateful DHCPv6 servers and clients, as well as troubleshooting DHCPv6 configurations. The objectives are to understand the operations of DHCPv4 and DHCPv6, and configure and troubleshoot DHCP servers, clients, and relay agents for IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
This document provides an overview of branch connection technologies including broadband connections like DSL and cable, VPNs, GRE tunnels, and eBGP routing. It discusses selecting broadband technologies based on business requirements, configuring PPPoE, implementing site-to-site and remote access VPNs, establishing GRE tunnels, and configuring eBGP in a single-homed remote access network. The chapter summaries highlight key topics like broadband options, PPPoE, VPN benefits, GRE tunneling, and eBGP design considerations.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and contains sections on dynamic routing protocols, RIPv2 configuration, routing tables, and a summary. Some key points include:
- Dynamic routing protocols allow routers to automatically learn about remote networks and maintain up-to-date routing information to choose the best path.
- RIPv2 is configured on routers to exchange routing information with neighboring routers using various routing protocol messages and algorithms.
- Routing tables contain entries for directly connected networks, remote networks learned dynamically, and default routes. IPv4 tables can include ultimate, level 1, and level 2 routes while IPv6 tables contain only ultimate routes.
- The routing lookup process uses administrative distances and longest prefix matching to determine the best route
The document discusses Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It covers basic OSPF configuration, establishing OSPF neighbor relationships, OSPF message types, OSPF operation overview including building the routing table, and optimizing OSPF adjacencies on multiaccess networks. The key aspects are electing a designated router and backup designated router to reduce routing update traffic and ensure synchronized link-state databases across all routers.
This presentation provides an overview of the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and covers networking topics required for the CCNA, including router interfaces, access control lists, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, and Frame Relay. It discusses establishing connections to router consoles, router configuration modes, and concepts such as routing protocols, network addressing, and inter-VLAN routing. Examples of configuration commands are provided for tasks like interface configuration, VLAN creation, and Frame Relay mapping.
This chapter discusses manipulating routing updates by using multiple routing protocols on a network, implementing route redistribution between protocols, and controlling routing update traffic. It describes using multiple protocols to address network changes or mixed vendor environments. Route redistribution allows exchange of routing information between different routing domains. Care must be taken to avoid routing loops through proper metric setting and route filtering during redistribution.
This document chapter discusses enterprise internet connectivity, including:
1. Planning enterprise internet connectivity by identifying connectivity needs, ISP types, public IP addressing, and autonomous system numbers.
2. Establishing single-homed IPv4 internet connectivity by configuring static or DHCP public IP addresses, understanding DHCP operation, and configuring NAT.
3. Limitations of NAT include end-to-end visibility issues, complex tunneling, and failures in certain network topologies. The NAT virtual interface feature addresses some of NAT's limitations.
This document discusses multiarea OSPF configuration and verification. It describes how multiarea OSPF solves issues with large routing tables and frequent SPF calculations in large networks by dividing the network into areas. Key points include:
- Multiarea OSPF uses a backbone area to connect other areas, reducing routing information shared across areas.
- Routers can function as internal routers, backbone routers, area border routers, or autonomous system boundary routers.
- Link state advertisements (LSAs) describe the network topology, with different LSA types originating and flooding in different areas.
- Commands like show ip ospf verify OSPF neighbor status, routes, and the link state database in each area.
IGRP and EIGRP.
Comparison between traditional Distance Vector Routing Protocols and Enhanced Distance Vector Routing Protocols.
EIGRP Message Format and Packet Header.
EIGRP Parameters (K1,K2, K3, K4, K5, Reserved, and Hold Time).
Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM).
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP).
EIGRP Packet Types (Hello Packets, Update packets, Acknowledgment packets, Query and Reply packets).
EIGRP Bounded Updates.
Introduction to DUAL Algorithm.
EIGRP Administrative Distance.
The router eigrp Command, the network command with a Wildcard Mask, Verifying EIGRP and using the Bandwidth command
EIGRP Metric Calculation, EIGRP uses Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load in its metric.
DUAL Concepts, successor, Feasible distance (FD), Feasible successor (FS), Reported distance (RD)/ AD and Feasibility Condition (FC).
DUAL Finite State Machine, Null0 Summary Route, Disabling Automatic Summarization, Manual Summarization and EIGRP default route
This document discusses link aggregation concepts and configuration using EtherChannel as well as first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP. It begins with an overview of link aggregation and how EtherChannel can be used to combine multiple physical links into a single logical trunk to increase bandwidth. The document then provides configuration examples for implementing EtherChannel on two switches using LACP. Finally, it covers first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP, explaining how HSRP provides a virtual IP and MAC address that is shared between routers to ensure connectivity in the event of a router failure.
This chapter discusses path control implementation using Cisco technologies. It covers Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching and how it improves performance over process and fast switching. It also discusses using policy-based routing (PBR) and Cisco IOS IP SLAs to implement path control and dynamically change paths based on network conditions. The chapter provides configuration examples for PBR and IP SLAs to control traffic flow.
This document provides an overview of first-hop redundancy protocols (FHRP) and Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP). It discusses the need for FHRP to provide redundancy for the default gateway, and describes how HSRP works to elect an active router and standby router to take over if the active router fails. The document outlines the different HSRP router roles, state transitions, and how to configure and tune HSRP, including options for interface tracking, load sharing, and authentication.
The document discusses securing the management plane of Cisco routers. It describes 9 steps to secure the management plane: 1) follow a router security policy, 2) secure physical access, 3) use strong encrypted passwords, 4) control access to the router, 5) secure management access using AAA, 6) use secure management protocols like SSH, 7) implement system logging, 8) backup configurations periodically, and 9) disable unneeded services. It also discusses authenticating users locally and with RADIUS/TACACS+ servers.
This chapter discusses several switching features for campus networks, including discovery protocols like LLDP, the neighbor discovery protocol. It covers the unidirectional link detection protocol UDLD, power over Ethernet (PoE) standards and components, and switch resource management using SDM templates.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF's message encapsulation, packet types, neighbor discovery process using Hello packets, link state database and shortest path first algorithm, metric and cost calculation, and mechanisms for handling multi-access networks like designated router election. The objectives are to describe OSPF configuration and troubleshooting.
This document provides instructor materials for a chapter on static routing. The chapter objectives are to explain static routing concepts, configure static and default routes, and troubleshoot static route issues. Static routes are manually configured without a routing protocol. They provide security, use fewer resources than dynamic routing, and are useful for small networks or stub networks with a single connection. The document covers configuring standard static routes, default routes, summary routes, and floating routes in IPv4 and IPv6 along with verifying the configurations. Troubleshooting tips include using ping, traceroute, and checking the routing table.
This document chapter discusses spanning tree protocols, including Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), and Multiple Spanning Tree (MST). It covers STP operations such as electing a root bridge, root ports, and designated ports. BPDU frame formats and port states are also explained. The chapter objectives are to provide an overview of spanning tree, implement RSTP, describe various STP features, and configure MST.
EIGRP is a cisco proprietary, Advance distance vector, classless Interior gateway routing protocol.
Released in-1994.
It works on Network Layer of OSI Model.
It use the IP protocol no 88. (It doesn’t use TCP or UDP)
EIGRP AD – 90
Eigrp External routes AD – 170
EIGRP has a maximum hop-count of 224, though the default maximum hop-count is set to 100
The document discusses implementing BGP, including BGP terminology, concepts, operation, neighbor relationships, and basic BGP configuration. It describes BGP as a path vector routing protocol used between autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. It differentiates between external BGP which establishes relationships between routers in different autonomous systems, and internal BGP which is used within an autonomous system. Basic BGP configuration involves defining BGP neighbors, entering BGP configuration mode, and activating BGP sessions.
This document discusses best practices for scaling VLANs in a networking course. It covers configuring extended VLANs and inter-switch connectivity technologies like VTP and DTP. Troubleshooting steps for multi-VLAN issues and implementing inter-VLAN routing using Layer 3 switching are also outlined. The chapter summary emphasizes the role of VTP in distributing and synchronizing VLAN information across switches in a domain.
This document chapter discusses inter-VLAN routing and provides configuration examples for implementing it using an external router, switch virtual interfaces (SVIs) on a multilayer switch, and routed ports on a multilayer switch. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and provides a detailed configuration example for configuring inter-VLAN routing using both SVIs and routed ports on a multilayer switch.
This document is from a Cisco training course on DHCP. It covers DHCPv4 and DHCPv6. For DHCPv4, it explains how DHCPv4 operates, how to configure a router as a DHCPv4 server and client, and how to troubleshoot DHCPv4 configurations. For DHCPv6, it describes stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) and how to configure stateless and stateful DHCPv6 servers and clients, as well as troubleshooting DHCPv6 configurations. The objectives are to understand the operations of DHCPv4 and DHCPv6, and configure and troubleshoot DHCP servers, clients, and relay agents for IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
This document provides an overview of branch connection technologies including broadband connections like DSL and cable, VPNs, GRE tunnels, and eBGP routing. It discusses selecting broadband technologies based on business requirements, configuring PPPoE, implementing site-to-site and remote access VPNs, establishing GRE tunnels, and configuring eBGP in a single-homed remote access network. The chapter summaries highlight key topics like broadband options, PPPoE, VPN benefits, GRE tunneling, and eBGP design considerations.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and contains sections on dynamic routing protocols, RIPv2 configuration, routing tables, and a summary. Some key points include:
- Dynamic routing protocols allow routers to automatically learn about remote networks and maintain up-to-date routing information to choose the best path.
- RIPv2 is configured on routers to exchange routing information with neighboring routers using various routing protocol messages and algorithms.
- Routing tables contain entries for directly connected networks, remote networks learned dynamically, and default routes. IPv4 tables can include ultimate, level 1, and level 2 routes while IPv6 tables contain only ultimate routes.
- The routing lookup process uses administrative distances and longest prefix matching to determine the best route
The document discusses Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It covers basic OSPF configuration, establishing OSPF neighbor relationships, OSPF message types, OSPF operation overview including building the routing table, and optimizing OSPF adjacencies on multiaccess networks. The key aspects are electing a designated router and backup designated router to reduce routing update traffic and ensure synchronized link-state databases across all routers.
This presentation provides an overview of the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and covers networking topics required for the CCNA, including router interfaces, access control lists, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, and Frame Relay. It discusses establishing connections to router consoles, router configuration modes, and concepts such as routing protocols, network addressing, and inter-VLAN routing. Examples of configuration commands are provided for tasks like interface configuration, VLAN creation, and Frame Relay mapping.
This chapter discusses manipulating routing updates by using multiple routing protocols on a network, implementing route redistribution between protocols, and controlling routing update traffic. It describes using multiple protocols to address network changes or mixed vendor environments. Route redistribution allows exchange of routing information between different routing domains. Care must be taken to avoid routing loops through proper metric setting and route filtering during redistribution.
This document chapter discusses enterprise internet connectivity, including:
1. Planning enterprise internet connectivity by identifying connectivity needs, ISP types, public IP addressing, and autonomous system numbers.
2. Establishing single-homed IPv4 internet connectivity by configuring static or DHCP public IP addresses, understanding DHCP operation, and configuring NAT.
3. Limitations of NAT include end-to-end visibility issues, complex tunneling, and failures in certain network topologies. The NAT virtual interface feature addresses some of NAT's limitations.
This document discusses multiarea OSPF configuration and verification. It describes how multiarea OSPF solves issues with large routing tables and frequent SPF calculations in large networks by dividing the network into areas. Key points include:
- Multiarea OSPF uses a backbone area to connect other areas, reducing routing information shared across areas.
- Routers can function as internal routers, backbone routers, area border routers, or autonomous system boundary routers.
- Link state advertisements (LSAs) describe the network topology, with different LSA types originating and flooding in different areas.
- Commands like show ip ospf verify OSPF neighbor status, routes, and the link state database in each area.
IGRP and EIGRP.
Comparison between traditional Distance Vector Routing Protocols and Enhanced Distance Vector Routing Protocols.
EIGRP Message Format and Packet Header.
EIGRP Parameters (K1,K2, K3, K4, K5, Reserved, and Hold Time).
Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM).
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP).
EIGRP Packet Types (Hello Packets, Update packets, Acknowledgment packets, Query and Reply packets).
EIGRP Bounded Updates.
Introduction to DUAL Algorithm.
EIGRP Administrative Distance.
The router eigrp Command, the network command with a Wildcard Mask, Verifying EIGRP and using the Bandwidth command
EIGRP Metric Calculation, EIGRP uses Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load in its metric.
DUAL Concepts, successor, Feasible distance (FD), Feasible successor (FS), Reported distance (RD)/ AD and Feasibility Condition (FC).
DUAL Finite State Machine, Null0 Summary Route, Disabling Automatic Summarization, Manual Summarization and EIGRP default route
This document discusses link aggregation concepts and configuration using EtherChannel as well as first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP. It begins with an overview of link aggregation and how EtherChannel can be used to combine multiple physical links into a single logical trunk to increase bandwidth. The document then provides configuration examples for implementing EtherChannel on two switches using LACP. Finally, it covers first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP, explaining how HSRP provides a virtual IP and MAC address that is shared between routers to ensure connectivity in the event of a router failure.
This chapter discusses path control implementation using Cisco technologies. It covers Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching and how it improves performance over process and fast switching. It also discusses using policy-based routing (PBR) and Cisco IOS IP SLAs to implement path control and dynamically change paths based on network conditions. The chapter provides configuration examples for PBR and IP SLAs to control traffic flow.
This document provides an overview of first-hop redundancy protocols (FHRP) and Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP). It discusses the need for FHRP to provide redundancy for the default gateway, and describes how HSRP works to elect an active router and standby router to take over if the active router fails. The document outlines the different HSRP router roles, state transitions, and how to configure and tune HSRP, including options for interface tracking, load sharing, and authentication.
The document discusses securing the management plane of Cisco routers. It describes 9 steps to secure the management plane: 1) follow a router security policy, 2) secure physical access, 3) use strong encrypted passwords, 4) control access to the router, 5) secure management access using AAA, 6) use secure management protocols like SSH, 7) implement system logging, 8) backup configurations periodically, and 9) disable unneeded services. It also discusses authenticating users locally and with RADIUS/TACACS+ servers.
This chapter discusses several switching features for campus networks, including discovery protocols like LLDP, the neighbor discovery protocol. It covers the unidirectional link detection protocol UDLD, power over Ethernet (PoE) standards and components, and switch resource management using SDM templates.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF's message encapsulation, packet types, neighbor discovery process using Hello packets, link state database and shortest path first algorithm, metric and cost calculation, and mechanisms for handling multi-access networks like designated router election. The objectives are to describe OSPF configuration and troubleshooting.
This document provides instructor materials for a chapter on static routing. The chapter objectives are to explain static routing concepts, configure static and default routes, and troubleshoot static route issues. Static routes are manually configured without a routing protocol. They provide security, use fewer resources than dynamic routing, and are useful for small networks or stub networks with a single connection. The document covers configuring standard static routes, default routes, summary routes, and floating routes in IPv4 and IPv6 along with verifying the configurations. Troubleshooting tips include using ping, traceroute, and checking the routing table.
This document chapter discusses spanning tree protocols, including Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), and Multiple Spanning Tree (MST). It covers STP operations such as electing a root bridge, root ports, and designated ports. BPDU frame formats and port states are also explained. The chapter objectives are to provide an overview of spanning tree, implement RSTP, describe various STP features, and configure MST.
EIGRP is a cisco proprietary, Advance distance vector, classless Interior gateway routing protocol.
Released in-1994.
It works on Network Layer of OSI Model.
It use the IP protocol no 88. (It doesn’t use TCP or UDP)
EIGRP AD – 90
Eigrp External routes AD – 170
EIGRP has a maximum hop-count of 224, though the default maximum hop-count is set to 100
This document discusses segment routing and its benefits for incremental deployment in networks. It describes how segment routing uses MPLS or IPv6 routing headers to encode paths as ordered lists of segments. Segment routing allows more control over traffic paths compared to traditional IGP routing. It can enable traffic engineering and service chaining while maintaining network and control plane simplicity. The document argues segment routing is useful for scaling datacenters and simplifying peering relationships.
EIGRP is a hybrid routing protocol that uses both distance-vector and link-state characteristics. It uses DUAL algorithm for routing calculations and loop prevention. EIGRP sends periodic hello packets to discover neighbors and non-periodic updates when routes change. The default EIGRP metric is the minimum bandwidth on a path plus the sum of the delays. Show commands can be used to display EIGRP neighbor information, topology tables, route tables, traffic statistics, and event/packet details for troubleshooting.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals including IPv4 addressing, subnetting, routing protocols, and VPN technologies. Some key points:
- IPv4 addresses are 32-bit and come in binary and dotted-decimal notation. Subnetting allows dividing large address blocks into smaller subgroups using flexible net masks.
- Common routing protocols include RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP. Interior Gateway Protocols like RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF are used within autonomous systems, while exterior protocols like BGP route between autonomous systems.
- VPNs create secure tunnels over public networks using protocols like IPSec which provides encryption and authentication. IPSec can operate in
Static routing is inflexible and cannot adapt to network changes, while dynamic routing automatically adapts to topology changes. Dynamic routing protocols include distance vector protocols like RIP that use hop counts as metrics and link-state protocols like OSPF that use link costs. These protocols exchange routing information to build and maintain routing tables and converge on consistent views of the network topology.
The document discusses routing protocols including EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP. It covers topics such as configuration, terminology, route selection processes, and attributes for each protocol. The objectives are to understand how these protocols work, configure various features, and troubleshoot routing issues.
The document provides information on Cisco Nexus 5000 Layer 3 switching including:
- An overview of EIGRP fundamentals such as neighbor discovery, route metrics, and the Diffusing Update Algorithm.
- Details on EIGRP configuration and operation in NX-OS versus IOS including differences in CLI, route redistribution, and VRF support.
- Configuration examples that highlight similarities and differences between NX-OS and IOS for EIGRP tasks like interface configuration, authentication, and summarization.
This document provides an overview of the network layer and some of its key protocols. It begins with an introduction to the network layer and its main responsibilities, including routing packets between subnets that may have different addressing schemes or protocols. It then discusses some of the network layer's main functionalities and features. The remainder of the document defines and describes several important network layer protocols, including EIGRP, ICMP, IGMP, IPv4, and others. It provides high-level explanations of how these protocols function and their roles within the network layer.
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the history and development of EIGRP, its basic operation and components, including reliable transport protocol, packet types, neighbor discovery via hello packets, and route updates using the diffusing update algorithm. It also covers basic EIGRP configuration such as enabling it with the router eigrp command, advertising networks, and verifying neighbor relationships.
This document provides an overview of EIGRP including its characteristics, configuration, operation, and implementation for IPv4 and IPv6. It covers key topics such as EIGRP metrics, DUAL algorithm, neighbor discovery process, and verification commands. The document is intended to teach network engineers how to implement EIGRP routing in a small to medium sized business network.
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is an advanced distance-vector routing protocol used for automating routing decisions and configuration in computer networks. It uses neighbor discovery processes to dynamically learn about other routers on directly attached networks, reliable transport to guarantee ordered packet delivery, and the DUAL finite state machine to track routes and calculate the best paths. The main packet types used in EIGRP are hellos, updates, queries, replies, and requests.
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is an advanced distance-vector routing protocol used for automating routing decisions and configuration in computer networks. It uses neighbor discovery processes to dynamically learn about other routers on directly attached networks, reliable transport to guarantee ordered packet delivery, and the DUAL finite state machine to track routes and calculate the best paths. The basic components and packet types of EIGRP, such as hello, update, query, reply and request packets, allow it to share routing information between Cisco routers.
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes EIGRP's history and evolution from IGRP, its message format, protocol dependent modules, reliable transport protocol, packet types, neighbor discovery process using hello packets, and route updates using partial bounded updates. It also covers EIGRP's Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) for loop prevention, administrative distance, authentication, and basic configuration including enabling EIGRP on interfaces and verifying neighbor relationships.
BGP started in 1989 to connect autonomous systems in a stable, efficient manner. This document outlines advancements in BGP infrastructure, VPN enhancements, and high availability features. Infrastructure enhancements improve areas like keepalive processing and update generation. VPN enhancements support technologies like iBGP between PE and CE routers, multicast VPNs, and EVPN. High availability features include graceful shutdown, fast convergence using PIC, and non-stop routing.
This document provides an overview and configuration guidance for Cisco's CCNA Switching certification course. It covers topics like high availability campus network design, spanning tree protocol operations and configurations, rapid PVST+, and troubleshooting techniques. The agenda includes discussions of STP variants, operations, port states, timers, and features to optimize convergence like PortFast, UplinkFast, BackboneFast, and root guard.
Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path to destination networks. There are two main types - interior gateway protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP that are used within an autonomous system, and exterior protocols like BGP that route between autonomous systems. IGPs use metrics like hop count or bandwidth to determine the best path. OSPF is a link-state protocol that floods link information, while EIGRP uses DUAL algorithm and maintains topology tables for fast convergence.
Cisco Live! :: Introduction to Segment Routing :: BRKRST-2124 | Las Vegas 2017Bruno Teixeira
This session provides an overview of the segment routing technology and its use cases. This new routing paradigm provides high operational simplicity and maximum network scalability and flexibility. You will get an understanding of the basic concepts behind the technology and its wide applicability ranging from simple transport for MPLS services, disjoint routing, traffic engineering and its benefits in the context of software defined networking. Previous knowledge of IP routing and MPLS is required.
Similar to CCNP v6 Route: Implementing IP Routing Chapter 2 (20)
El documento presenta los resultados de un examen final de CCNA Routing y Switching que el estudiante completó con éxito. El examen contenía 30 preguntas y el estudiante respondió todas correctamente. El documento muestra cada pregunta, la respuesta del estudiante y el resultado de si la respuesta fue correcta o no. El estudiante dedicó un total de 16 horas y 24 minutos al curso y necesitó dos intentos para aprobar el examen final.
Este documento establece las medidas criptográficas recomendadas para diferentes niveles de seguridad en el Esquema Nacional de Seguridad. Define los algoritmos criptográficos acreditados para cifrado simétrico y asimétrico, funciones resumen y protocolos de acuerdo de clave. Además, especifica medidas para la identificación, autenticación, protección de claves, confidencialidad, integridad y firma electrónica adaptadas a tres niveles de seguridad.
El documento habla sobre la instalación y uso del navegador Google Chrome. Explica cómo descargar e instalar Chrome desde su página web oficial, iniciar sesión con una cuenta de Google para sincronizar datos, y utilizar las diferentes funciones como la barra de direcciones y botones de navegación.
Internet es una red informática mundial formada por la conexión entre ordenadores. Las páginas web están definidas en lenguaje HTML y se navegan mediante programas llamados navegadores web. Un dominio es la dirección de una página web que puede ser genérico o territorial según su gestión. El comercio electrónico permite comprar a través de internet. Los servidores almacenan las páginas web y los protocolos TCP/IP permiten la comunicación de datos a través de internet. Google es un buscador de internet.
La informática estudia los métodos para almacenar, procesar y transmitir datos digitales. Internet es una red mundial formada por la conexión de computadoras mediante un protocolo especial. Los navegadores como Chrome y Firefox son las herramientas más populares para acceder a los servicios en Internet como la World Wide Web, correo electrónico y comercio electrónico. El modelo cliente-servidor distribuye la información en Internet, donde los servidores almacenan las páginas web y los clientes las solicitan y muestran.
1. La gestión de vulnerabilidades no es una funcionalidad propia de una herramienta de inteligencia de amenazas como MISP. Estas herramientas se enfocan en compartir información de amenazas entre organizaciones para mejorar la detección y prevención de incidentes de ciberseguridad.
El documento describe las tecnologías de virtualización y despliegue de servicios. Explica conceptos como virtualización de redes, computación en la nube, Docker y Kubernetes. La virtualización permite compartir y agregar recursos de forma lógica. Kubernetes es una herramienta para la orquestación de contenedores que administra infraestructura, redes y almacenamiento para cargas de trabajo. El documento concluye con un caso práctico de despliegue de un servidor de video usando Kubernetes.
Este documento describe los pasos para instalar WordPress de forma manual y automática. La instalación manual implica descargar los archivos de WordPress, subirlos al hosting a través de FTP, y completar un formulario para configurar la base de datos y los detalles del sitio. La instalación automática usa herramientas como Softaculous para instalar WordPress con un solo clic, evitando la necesidad de descargar y subir archivos manualmente.
Este documento describe el proceso de creación de un sitio web en wordpress.com. Explica los 6 pasos para crear un sitio, incluyendo elegir un tema, nombre de dominio, y plan. También describe el menú de usuario que ofrece acceso a gestionar el sitio, estadísticas, y perfil de usuario. Finalmente, explica Calypso, la nueva interfaz de gestión basada en API que reemplazará a la interfaz tradicional WP Admin.
Este documento proporciona una introducción a WordPress, explicando que originalmente fue creado como un sistema para blogs pero que ahora es considerado un sistema de gestión de contenidos más amplio. Resume la historia de WordPress desde su creación en 2003, destacando hitos como la introducción de temas personalizados en 2005 y la integración de WordPress MU en 2010. También distingue entre WordPress.com, el servicio en la nube, y WordPress.org, el software de código abierto que requiere instalación en un hosting.
Redes de Computadores: Un enfoque descendente 7.° Edición - Capítulo 9Andy Juan Sarango Veliz
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos clave como el acero y la madera, así como medidas contra bancos y funcionarios rusos. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Análisis e Implementación de una Red "SDN" usando controladores "Open Source"Andy Juan Sarango Veliz
Este documento presenta un análisis e implementación de una red definida por software (SDN) usando controladores de código abierto. Se propone tres topologías diferentes y se analizan parámetros como ancho de banda, jitter y delay para cada controlador (Ryu, OpenDayLight y Floodlight) en cada topología. Los resultados muestran que el rendimiento de los controladores varía según la topología y no se puede determinar cuál es mejor, sino que depende de los requerimientos de la red.
Este documento presenta una introducción a la modulación digital, incluyendo conceptos como constelación, componentes I y Q, modulador en cuadratura y filtro de transmisión. Explica que la constelación representa la amplitud y fase de las señales, y que los símbolos son números complejos representados por sus componentes I (in-phase) y Q (quadrature). También describe el procesamiento de señales en un modulador en cuadratura y cómo el filtro de transmisión suaviza la señal modulada para reducir la interferencia entre
Este documento describe la modulación y demodulación FM. La parte III explica la modulación FM, donde la frecuencia de la portadora varía de acuerdo con la señal de información. Se muestran simulaciones y demostraciones de transmisores y receptores FM. La parte IV cubre la demodulación no coherente FM, que extrae la señal original de la envolvente de la señal recibida sin requerir generar la portadora.
Este documento presenta los conceptos básicos de la modulación y demodulación AM. Explica la modulación AM DSB-TC y las demodulaciones no coherente y coherente. Incluye simulaciones y experimentos para ilustrar los conceptos, como la simulación de un transmisor y receptor AM DSB-TC con demodulación no coherente y el uso de PLL para lograr demodulación coherente.
El documento presenta una introducción a GNU Radio Companion (GRC), un software libre que permite el procesamiento digital de señales para radio definida por software (SDR). GRC provee una interfaz gráfica para diseñar flujogramas de procesamiento de señales usando bloques de funciones de procesamiento de señal. El documento explica cómo usar GRC para generar y manipular señales, procesar datos binarios y comunicarse con dispositivos SDR.
Este documento presenta una introducción a la radio definida por software (SDR). Resume las sesiones y metodología del curso. Explica que un SDR permite realizar comunicaciones configurando el software en lugar del hardware. Describe sus componentes como la antena, interfaz RF, ADC, DAC y unidad de procesamiento digital. Explica cómo se programan usando GNU Radio Companion y sus aplicaciones como implementar estándares, plataforma educativa y evaluar arquitecturas.
MAE-RAV-ROS Introducción a Ruteo Avanzado con MikroTik RouterOS v6.42.5.01Andy Juan Sarango Veliz
Este documento presenta una introducción al libro de estudio "MAE-RAV-ROS - Introducción a Ruteo Avanzado con MikroTik RouterOS". El libro cubre conceptos avanzados de ruteo como OSPF, BGP y MPLS usando el sistema operativo de red MikroTik RouterOS. Incluye capítulos sobre ruteo simple y dinámico, protocolos de enrutamiento OSPF y BGP, y la tecnología MPLS. El objetivo final es proveer conocimientos técnicos sobre redes avanzadas usando
Los cuatro desafíos de ciberseguridad más críticos de nuestra generaciónAndy Juan Sarango Veliz
El documento describe cuatro desafíos críticos de ciberseguridad para la próxima generación: 1) compartir información sobre amenazas en tiempo real entre organizaciones, 2) colaborar amplia y profundamente para combatir ciberdelincuentes, 3) crear una visión integrada de ciberseguridad a nivel global, y 4) promover plataformas tecnológicas donde la seguridad esté integrada en todos los dispositivos y sistemas desde el diseño inicial.
This document provides an overview of the ITIL Foundation publication. It introduces Axle Car Hire, a fictional company undergoing a digital transformation using ITIL best practices. The publication covers the key concepts of the ITIL service value system framework and management practices. It is intended to help readers understand ITIL 4 and support candidates studying for the ITIL Foundation exam.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.