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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Avitaminosis is any disease caused by chronic or long-term deficiency or caused by a defect in metabolic conversion, such as tryptophan to niacin. They are designated by the same letter as the vitamin.
Introduction
Definitions
Nutrition & Normal occlusion
Calcium
Phosphorous
Vitamins D , A & C
Nutritional deficiencies
Nutrition & Dentofacial growth
Role of Nutritional counseling
Conclusion
Introduction, Functions of Vitamin A,
Sources of Vitamin A,
Recommended Dietary Allowance,
Clinical manifestation of Vitamin A deficiency,
Assessment of Vitamin A deficiency
Effect of various nutritional deficiences on growth and development /certifie...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Avitaminoses are a assorted groups of diseases, and as unrelated to each other as the chemical constituents of the various vitamins, they too share enough group of diseases..
Avitaminosis is any disease caused by chronic or long-term deficiency or caused by a defect in metabolic conversion, such as tryptophan to niacin. They are designated by the same letter as the vitamin.
Introduction
Definitions
Nutrition & Normal occlusion
Calcium
Phosphorous
Vitamins D , A & C
Nutritional deficiencies
Nutrition & Dentofacial growth
Role of Nutritional counseling
Conclusion
Introduction, Functions of Vitamin A,
Sources of Vitamin A,
Recommended Dietary Allowance,
Clinical manifestation of Vitamin A deficiency,
Assessment of Vitamin A deficiency
Effect of various nutritional deficiences on growth and development /certifie...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Avitaminoses are a assorted groups of diseases, and as unrelated to each other as the chemical constituents of the various vitamins, they too share enough group of diseases..
Intestine part of the alimentary canal is prone to many infections which we term as nutritional diseases which may lead to its inflammation. The various infectious agents causing nutritional disorders are bacteria, virus, tapeworms, roundworms, threadworms, hookworm, pin worm etc. Here are some common nutritional diseases or disorders of the digestive system (marasmus)
Vitamins are the organic compounds and it is a micro nutrient which requires in small quantity for proper functioning of the organism to maintain its metabolism.
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Leader in continuing dental education
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skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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3. INTRODUCTION
l status of a society varies according to the socioeconomic conditions. In the weste
ritional imbalance is more often a problem accounting for increased frequency of
hile in developing countries of Africa , Asia and south America , chronic malnutriti
s problem in children.
ate diet should provide
, in the form of carbohydrate , fat, protein;
al and non essential amino acid and fatty acids to be used as a building blocks for
hesis of structural and functional proteins
ns and minerals which functions as coenzymes or hormones in vital metabolic pathw
4. Certain “CRITICAL PERIOD” exist during development of organ
characterized by HYPERPLASTIC AND HYPERTROPHIC
GROWTH
PHASES .Any dietary deficiency during these phases may cause
irreversible changes like growth retardation & orofacial alteration in
humans like:
1. Cleft lip and Palate
2. Reduced dental arch dimensions with inadequate spaces
3. Insufficient dental eruption
4. Short root and inter osseous rotation of per. Teeth
5. Shorter mandible in ant. And post. Direction
6. Reduction in ascending ramus
7. Dentoalveolar inclinations in the incisor region
8. Reduction in mesio – distal dimension of 3rd molar
ROLE OF VITAMINS IN GROWTH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
5. Component of nutrients
tial nutrients nonessential nutrient
teins 1. dietary fibres
s
bohydrates
amins
nerals
ter
6. CLASSIFICATIO
N
The nutritional deficiencies may be categories in two type
imary deficiency (b) secondary deficiency
o lake of essential nutrients 1. interference with ingestio
in diet. 2. interference with abs
3. interference with ut
4. increased excretion
5. increased nutritional
8. Protein energy malnutrition
quate consumption of protein and energy as a result of primary dietary deficiencies
ioned deficiency may cause loss of body mass and adipose tissue ,resulting in protein
alnutrition. the primary deficiency is more frequent due to socioeconomic factors
the quantity and quality of dietary intake , particularly prevalent in the developing
of Africa Asia and south America .
iorkor : Which is related to protein deficiencies though calorie intake may be
sufficient.
mus : It is a starvation in infants occurring due to over all lack of calorie.
9. Contrasting features
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus: Protein deficiency with sufficient Starvation in infants w
calorie intake all lack of calories.
Occur in children between 6 month and In infants under 1 yea
3 years of age
Growth failure Growth failure
Wasting of muscle but preserved Wasting of all tissue
adipose tissue muscle and adipose
Oedema , localized or generalized Oedema absent
Enlarged fatty liver No hepatic enlarge
Serum protein low Serum protein low
Anemia present Anemia present
alternate band of light and dark Monkey like face, prot
bands. Abdomen ,thin lim
10. Disorder of vitamins
are organics substances which can not be synthesized with in the body and are esse
ance of normal structure and function of cell .Thus , these substance must be provide
uman diet .
eveloping countries, multiple deficiencies of vitamin and other nutrients are comm
alized malnutrition of dietary origin. In the developed country , individual vitam
ies are noted more often.
11. Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins
ble vitamins are vitamin A,D,E.K. They are absorbed from intestine in the prese
t and intact pancreatic function. Their deficiencies occur more readily due to
l factor ( secondary deficiency) . A state of hypervitaminosis may occur due to
vitamin A and D.
oluble vitamins are C and B complex group . These vitamins are absorb from sma
stine .being water soluble these vitamins are lost due to cooking or processing of f
12. Vitamin A
roup of related natural and synthetic chemicals that exert a hormone
ty or function.
nt dietary sources of vitamin A are
animal sources : liver , fish, eggs, milks, butter.
plant sources : yellow and leafy green vegetables eg
squash, spinach .
han 90% vitamin a is stored in liver. these reserve are adequate for 6
deprivation.
DFINED FUNCTIONS :
intaining normal vision in reduced light
fferentiation of specialized epithelial cells, mainly mucus secreting
nhancing immunity to infection.
13. Sign of deficiency
:
kening of corneal epithelium and eye become dry. Condition is called
pthalmia. Its leads to ulceraration of the cornea called keratomalacia ( softening o
ich may cause blindness.
ht blindness : ( nyctalopia) mostly seen in young adults. First sign of night vitamin
deficiencies
imal duct also shows hyperkeratosis . Corneal ulcer may occur which may get
fected and cause keratomalacia .
ots spots may appear which are focal triangular area of opacities due to
accumulation of keratinized epithelium..
us sign: skin develops papular lesions giving toad like appearance ( xeroderma )
sions : a. squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium.
b. Squamous metaplasia f pancreatic ductal epithelium .
c. Squamous metaplasia of urothilium.
d. Bone growth is retarded.
14. On jaws :
Excess of vitamin A during critical growth period markedly
inhibit the neural crest cell development and upset the
normal balance between bone formation and resorption –
CLEFT PALATE
Softening of cleft palate due to decrease in calcium
deposition
On Peridontium :
Leads to keratinizing metaplasia of epithelium .Increased
susceptibility
to infection .Disturbances in bone growth, shape and
texture.
On teeth :
Deficiency during matrix formation and matrix calcification
leads to ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA (atrophy of ameloblasts) &
hence increases caries susceptibility.
15. Hypervitamino
sis
arge dose of vitamin a can produce toxic manifestation in children. These may be a
nd chronic.
toxicity: single large dose of vitamin a. effects include neurological manifestation
ling brain tumour .eg headache, vomiting, stupor , papilloedema.
toxicity : a. neurological such as severe headache and distorted vision due to incr
intracranial pressure
b. Skeletal pains due to loss of cortical bone by increased osteoclasti
activity as well as due to exostosis .
c. Cutaneous involvement may be in the form of pruritus , fissuring,
sores, at the corner of the mouth and coarseness of hair.
d. Hepatomegaly with parenchymal damage and fibrosis .
e. hypercarotenaemia is yellowness of palm and skin due to excessive
of beta carotene containing food.
16. Vitamin
D
t soluble vitamin exit in 2 activated form
a. Vitamin D2 or calciferol
b. Vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol
2 main sources of vitamin D
(a) endogenous synthesis : 80 % body needs of vit
esis from 7 –dehydrocholestrol widely distributed in oily secretion of the skin.
(b) exogenous sources : such as sea fish , fish oil, egg
17. Main physiologic function
al absorption of calcium and phosphorus is stimulated by vitamin D.
: vitamin D is required for normal mineralization of epiphysis cartilage and
osteoid matrix . In hypocalcaemia vitamin D work synergistic with
parathyroid hormones and maintain the normal blood level of calcium and phosph
y : vitamin D stimulate reabsorption of calcium at distal renal tubular level.
regulation: it play an immune regulatory role due to presence of receptor for
lites
18. Lesions in vitamin D deficiencies
ed endogenous synthesis due to inadequate exposure to sunlight.
bsorption of lipids due to lack of bile salts such as intra hepetic biliary obstruction
gement of vitamin D metabolism as occur inkidney disorders.
deficiency of vitamin D from any of the above mechanism results in:
in growing children
malacia in adults
calcaemia tetany due to neuromuscular dysfunction.
19. Rickets
mary defect in rickets is : mineralization of bone ;
deranged endochondral and intramembranous bone g
ons occur from 6month to 2 years of age
changes
1. crainotabes : it is the earliest bony lesion occurring due to small roun
unossified area in the membranous bone of the skull ,disappearing wit
12 month of birth. The skull look like box or square .
2. Harrison sulcus : appear due to in drawing of soft ribs on inspiration.
3. rickety rosary :it is the deformity of chest due to cartilaginous over gr
at costocondral junction.
4. bow legs : occur in ambulatory children due to weak bone of lower leg
5. knock knees : it may occur due to enlarged ends of femur , tibia, and fi
6. lower epiphysis of radius may be enlarged.
7. lumbar lordosis is due to involvement of the spine and pelvis.
20. Retarded jaw, teeth and condoyle development
On jaws :
Maxillary dysplasia
Facial sutures difficult to close lead to open
bite
On teeth :
Hypoplastic changes during matrix
calcification
On Peridontium :
Osteoporosis of alveolar bone and cementaL
dysplasia
Vitamin D
deficiency
21. osteomalacia
Deficiencies in adult
ailure of mineralization of the osteoid matrix
may occur due to following (a) dietary deficiency
(b) poor endogenous synthesis of vit
eature : it is characterized by
(a) muscular weakness
(b) Vague bony pain
(c) fracture following trivial trauma
(d) green stick fracture
(e) psedofracture at weak places in bones
22. Hypervitaminosis D
mount of vit D causes increased intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, lea
alcimia , hyper phosphatemia and increased bone resorption.
wing effects are seen :
increased urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate .
prediction of renal calculi.
osteoporosis
widespread metastatic calcification.
23. Vitamin E ( tocopherol)
y act as antioxidant activity . It prevent the oxidative degradation of cell membran
venges free radicals formed by redox reaction in the body .maintain the integrity of
mbrane.
n deficiency :
1) neurons with long axon develop degeneration in the posterior column of spi
2) peripheral nerve may also develop myelin degeneration in the axon ..
3) skeletal muscle may develop denervation.
4) retinal pigmentary degeneration .
5) reduced life span of RBC .
6) sterility in male and female.
24. Vitamin K
n two form :
vit k 1 or phylloquinine obtain from exogenous sources such as
green leafy vegetables .
vit k 2 or menadion : produced endogenously by normal intestinal f
nction of vit k is in hepatic microsomal carboxilation reaction for vitamin k depend
n vit k : (1) hemorrhagic diseases
(2) hypoprothrombina
f deficiencies
(a) hemorrhagic disease of new born
(b) biliary obstruction
(c) malabsorption syndrome .
(d) anticoagulant therapy.
(e) antibiotic therapy.
25. Vitamin C
c function of ascorbic acid.
(a) hydroxilation of proline to form hydroxiproline
(b) necessary for ground substance of other mesenc
such as osteoid , chondroid sulphate ,dentiin and cement substance of endothilium.
(c) hydroxilation of dopamine to norepinephrine.
(d) maintanance of folic acid level .
vitamin C deficiency :
(a) haemorrhagic diathesis .
(b) skeletal lesions : deranged formation of osteoid matrix
not deranged mineralisation.
(c) delayed wound healing .
(d) anaemia .
(e) lesions in teeth and gums .
( f) skin rashes .
26. Essential for dentin matrix formation
which take prior to enamel matrix formation.
Thereby deficiency of vit c
may lead to enamel hypoplasia
deficiency aggravates gingival response to plaque &
worsen edema,enlargement and bleeding .
On Peridontium :
Influence the metabolism of
collagen fibers thereby affect
Regeneration and Repair
It interfere with bone formation & remodelling
Its Study by McCanlies et al
On Teeth :
27. Vitamin B complex
al member of vitamin B complex .
1 . Thiamin ( vit b1)
2. riboflavin ( vit b2 )
3. niacin ( nicotinic acid )
4. pyridoxine ( vit b 6)
5. foliate ( folic acid )
6. cynocobolamin ( vit b 12)
7. biotin
8. pantothenic acid .
9 . choline
28. Thiamine ( vitamin B1)
logic function is in carbohydrate metabolism , act as coenzyme for carboxylic so a
ate pyruvic acid , synthesizes ATP and synthesis of fat from carbohydrate .
hiamine deficiency .
1.dry beri beri ( peripheral neuritis) : weakness , paraesthesia
sensory loss , polyneuritis , myelin degeneration and fragment of axons
2. wet beri beri ( cardiac manifestation ) : gen oedema , serous
heart is enlarge and
3. cerebral beri beri ( wernicke – korsakoffs syndrome)
a. Wernickes encephalopathy - degeneration of ganglia ce
demyelination and haemorrhage in the region of ventr
aqueduct.
b. korsakoffs psychosis : from brain haemorrhage .
29. Riboflavin ( vitamin B 2)
logy : it is called yallow respiratory enzyme or
hrome oxidase which is important in cellular respiration .
in riboflavin deficiency :
lesions : vascularisation of cornea , conjunctivitis ,
titial keratitis , and corneal ulcer
osis and angular stomatitis .
ongue : glositis red cyanosed and shiny tongue due to
y of mucosa of tongue .
hanges : scaly dermatitis
30. Niacin (nicotinic acid)
gy :
1. NAD ( nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) required for dehydrogenation
in the metabolism of fat , carbohydrate , and protein.
2. NADP ( nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphates ) . It is essential
dehydrogenation in the hexose monophosphate shunt of glucose metab
n niacin : Pellagra ( rough skin)
mainly seen in maize diet person .
dermatitis ; diarrhoea ; dementia
31. Pyridoxine ( vitamin B6)
ne occur in 3 closely related structure : 1. pyridoxine 2. pyridoxal 3. pyridoxamine
gic function are related to 1. fat metabolism
2 . Protein metabolism .
3. amino acid metabolism.
1. convulsion in infant .
2. dermatitis .
3. cheilosis .
4. glossitis ( bald tongue)
5. sideroblastic anemia .
32. Folate ( folic acid) / Cynocobolamin ( vit B 12)
ed for Rbc formation so deficiency lead to megaloblastic anemia .
lination of nerve take place leading to hemiplasia or paraplegia
34. Guidelines for evaluation and assessment of
Nutritional status
R.D.A
Physical appearance
Clinical evaluation
Biochemical analysis
Anthropometrical data