Kumaun Himalaya, in the Indian Himalayan region, has a rich diversity of medicinal plants, which are widely used in traditional medicinal systems. The present paper concludes the diversity, vernacular names, associated authorship, ethnomedicinal uses and use pattern, life form; plant part used and accession number of the medicinal flora together. The paper describes distribution and local/traditional uses of the 256 medicinal plants representing 96 families, in which pteridophytes were 1%, trees were 18%, shrubs were 25%, herbs were 52%). Various plant parts used in formulations, such as: underground part- 33%, leaves- 24%, whole plant- 11%, bark- 7%, seeds- 7%, resin /latex/oil- 4%, stem/ shoot/ wood- 4%, flowers and inflorescences- 5%, fruits and nuts- 5% were used in different ailments.

1. Article Citation:
Deepika Bhatt, Joshi GC, Tewari LM and Ravi Kumar
Diversity and use pattern of ethno-medicinal plants of Kumaun Himalaya
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
JournalofResearchinBiology
Diversity and use pattern of ethno-medicinal plants of Kumaun Himalaya
Keywords:
Kumaun Himalaya, Biodiversity, Correlation, Ethno-medicinal plants,
Traditional medicinal system, Vaidyas.
ABSTRACT:
Kumaun Himalaya, in the Indian Himalayan region, has a rich diversity of
medicinal plants, which are widely used in traditional medicinal systems. The present
paper concludes the diversity, vernacular names, associated authorship, ethno-
medicinal uses and use pattern, life form; plant part used and accession number of the
medicinal flora together. The paper describes distribution and local/traditional uses of
the 256 medicinal plants representing 96 families, in which pteridophytes were 1%,
trees were 18%, shrubs were 25%, herbs were 52%). Various plant parts used in
formulations, such as: underground part- 33%, leaves- 24%, whole plant- 11%, bark-
7%, seeds- 7%, resin /latex/oil- 4%, stem/ shoot/ wood- 4%, flowers and
inflorescences- 5%, fruits and nuts- 5% were used in different ailments.
2205-2230 | JRB | 2017 | Vol 7 | No 3
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.jresearchbiology.com
Journal of Research in Biology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
Authors:
Deepika Bhatt1
,
Joshi GC1
,
Tewari LM2
and
Ravi Kumar1
Institution:
1. Regional Research
Institute of Himalayan Flora,
(CCRAS) Tarikhet,
Ranikhet -263 663,
Uttarakhand.
2. Department of Botany,
D.S.B. Campus, Nainital
Corresponding author:
Deepika Bhatt
Email Id:
Web Address:
http://jresearchbiology.com/
documents/RA0418.pdf
Dates:
Received: 08 Feb 2017 Accepted: 13 March 2017 Published: 15 April 2017
Original Research
Journal of Research in Biology
An International Scientific Research Journal
ISSN No: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299

2. INTRODUCTION
All people are reliant on plants keeping in mind
the end goal to meet different necessities for survival
(Phillips and Meillleur, 1998). Man has been utilizing
plants as medicines, edible/food, fodder, fuel, timber,
farming tools and different purposes (Samant and Dhar,
1997; Samant et al., 1996a, 1998b). Internationally,
around 85% of the customary medicines utilized for
primary human health are obtained from plants
(Fransworth, 1988). People have knowledge of utilizing
available plants to treat various illnesses. Distinctive
kinds of illness are pervasive in various cultural groups
and ethnic groups spread throughout the world (Charles,
1968). As such, variations exist in traditional systems of
health care among different geographical regions.
The importance of plants used in therapy can be
evaluated by the estimation of the World Health
Organization (WHO) that the present demand for
medicinal plants is about US$14 billion a year, and that
the demand for medicinal plant-based raw materials is
growing at the rate of 15–25% annually. Accordingly,
there is a developing risk on the utilization of therapeutic
plants, their products and the indigenous medicinal
practice as the deforestation and encroachment of
individuals are quickly prompting agricultural land and
urbanization in the previous jungle. As the consequence
of the prevalence of therapeutic plants and their related
indigenous knowledge, the quantity of people and
national and universal institutions looking for data on
these plants is expanding quickly; so that there is an
earnest need to merge and arrange all accessible data on
therapeutic plants of the area.
The Kumaun Himalaya, lying between 280
44 N
and 780
45’ - 810
1’E, harbors a rich diversity of ethno-
botanical species, which generate considerable benefits
from social and economic perspectives. The region is
well known for various forms of non- formal (traditional)
medical treatments (Figure 1). Among the different
ancestral ethnic groups of the district, the Tharu, Buxas,
Rajis and Bhotiyas to a great extent rely on wild assets
(Farooquee, 1994; Maikhuri et al., 2000; Nautiyal et al.,
2000). Because of the outrageous inhospitable
conditions, tribal groups are subject to collection and
exchange of medicinal plants, and they have step by step
gotten familiar with the healing properties of the
accessible plants. This has resulted in a traditional
system of cure, which has remained non formal and
undocumented. A consolidated account and analysis of
Bhatt et al., 2017
2206 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Figure 1. Kumaun Himalaya: Location Map

3. the total use pattern with regard to ailments and
traditional treatments is not available. Therefore, this
study aims to (i) prepare an inventory of locally
occurring important plant species (ii) document some of
the major plant species with their use in various therapies
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2207
Bhatt et al., 2017
Figure 2. Top eight families supporting TMS in Kumaun
Figure 3. Habit of plants used in TMS in Kumaun
Figure 4. Plant parts used in preparing medicines

4. (iii) to access the population structure of threatened
plants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To document the ethno-medicinal plants used in
TMS in Kumaun thorough literature survey was done. To
assess the distribution range, use pattern and
formulations general interviews and gatherings were
carried out in remote places of study area. To distinguish
the plants, field trips made with professionals, herbarium
specimens was additionally prepared. To evaluate the
collected information for the quantity of illness treated
by each particular plant species, the medicinal plants
were classified into fourteen wide classes of diseases:
dermatological disorders, digestive disorders,
Generalized Body Ache (GBA), respiratory disorders,
venereal and urinogenetial disorders, reproductive issues,
liver and billiary disorders, nervous disorders, cardio-
vascular disorders, metabolic disorders, bone/muscles/
joints disorders, anti-toxic substance/antidote, physical
irritant, etc. Different specialists and Mandi proprietors
were likewise counseled to analyze the data. Medicinal
practitioners were counseled in characterizing all the
documented 108 types of ailments into these expansive
fourteen classes. The 256 recorded therapeutic
medications additionally were classified into these
twelve classes of illnesses. The data were measured by
checking the quantity of species and the quantity of
natural medical formulations utilized as a part of curing
the different ailments falling in every wide class of
disorder.
RESULTS
The compiled inventory documents uses of 256
medicinal plant species (Table 1), which belong to 96
families out of which 8 major families (Asteraceae- 23%,
Lamiaceae- 14%, Fabaceae- 12%, Liliaceae- 11%,
Ranunculaceae- 11%, Rosaceae- 11%, Apiaceae-10%,
Euphorbiaceae- 8%) are shown in the Figure 2. It is the
aftereffect of an efficient treatment of the recorded taxa
and presents the legitimate scientific and vernacular
classification, related authorship and synonymous,
distributional range, plant habits (Pteridophytes- 1%,
Tree-18%, Shrub- 25%, Herb- 52%), plant parts used in
formulations (Underground part- 33%, Leaves- 24%,
Whole plant- 11%, Bark- 7%, Seeds- 7%, Resin/Latex/
Oil- 4%, Stem/ Shoot/ Wood- 4%, Flowers and
Inflorescences- 5%, Fruits and Nuts- 5%) (Figures 3 and
4).
Bhatt et al., 2017
2208 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Figure 5. Categories of prevalent diseases in Kumaun

5. Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2209
Bhatt et al., 2017
S.
No
Taxa
Altitudinal
Range(m.)
LocalName
Life
Form
PlantParts
Used
Ethno-medicinalUsesSystemwitcheffected
Accession
No.
Family-Acanthaceae
1AdhatodavasicaNees
(JusticiaadhatodaL.)
300-1600VasaShLf,FlDecoctionofflowersandleavesaregivenfortreating
coryza,coughandfever
Respiratory
system(URTI-Upper
respiratorytractinfec-
tion)
2537
2.
BarleriacristataL.200-2000Kala-bansaHLfLeafpasteisappliedexternallyoncutsandwoundsfor
healingpurpose.Decoctionofleavesisgivenoncea
daytoalleviateheadache
Dermatological
system,GBA
2524
3Diclipterabupleuroid-
esNees
500-2000KuthiHSd,WPSeedsorwholeplantdecoctionisusefulindysentery.DigestiveSystem2542
Family-Achyranthaceae
4Achyranthesbi-
dentataBlume
1000-2200ApamargaHLf,RtTabletsaremadefromtheleafpasteofA.bidentataBl.
andjiggery.Itisgivenduringdogbiteforthreedays.
Rootpasteisappliedonmouthblisters.
Antidote(antirabies),
Others
25904
Family-Adiantaceae
5Adiantumlunula-
tumHoutt.
philippenseL.)
1800-2600HansrajPtRt,WPRootpastemixedwithmusteredoilisappliedexternal-
lyonskinpatchesandeczema.Wholeplantispow-
deredandtakenorallyduringoldfever.
Dermatologicalsystem,
antipyretic
14314
Family-Agavaceae
6AgaveamericanaL.500-1800RambanshShLf,SdWarmleafpoulticeisappliedonsyphilistocontrol
furtherinfection.Seedsareusedasabortifacient.
Venerealand
urinogenital,
reproductivesystem
940
Family-Amaranthaceae
7AmaranthuscaudatusL.1000-2300KedarichuaHSdSeedsaregroundedandappliedonabscesstogetrelief
frompain.
Dermatologicalsystem25885
Family-Alliaceae
8AlliumstracheyiBaker3500-4500JambuHLfAcleanclothdippedinthedecoctionofleafisapplied
onwounds.Leafdecoctionisgiventocurediarrheaand
gastrictrouble.
Dermatologicalsystem,
digestivesystem
24971
Family-Anacardiaceae
9RhusparvifloraRoxb.1000-2000SamakDanaShBr,Lf,StDecoctionofbarkandleavesisgivenatintervalsdur-
ingcholeraandstomachache.Twigofstemisusedto
brushteeth.
Digestivesystem
dentalpathology
25151
Family-Apiaceae
10AngelicaglaucaEdgew.3000-3700GandhrayanHRtRootswereboiledwithwateronmoderateflameforup
to15minandlefttocool.Theliquidisdrunktocure
vomitingandindigestion,dysentery,gastriccomplaints,
stomachdisorders
Rootsdriedinshadyplacearecheweddirectlytocure
dyspepsia.
Digestivesystem25088
11Buniumpersi-
cumB.Fedtsch.
2500-3200Bhotia-jeeraHSdSeedsarechewedtoincreasethelactationamongwom-
en.Sameformulationisalsogiventocureabdominal
pain,lossofappetiteandliverproblems.
Reproductivesystem,
digestivesystem
24736
Continued…

6. 2210 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Bhatt et al., 2017
12CarumcarviL.2500-5100ThoyaHSdSeedsareboiledwiththerootsofBerginiastrcheyi(HK.f.andTh)
Engler,andthedecoctionisgiventocureRickets.
Bone,musclesandjoints24654
13Centellaasiatica(L.)Urb.Upto-2100Mandook-parniHLf,RtLeafjuiceisadministratedorallytotreatinmentaldisorders.
Rootaregroundandgiventopatientsufferingfromheatstroke.
Nervoussystem,
physicalirritant
21873
14Chaerophyllum
villosumWall.exDC.
2100-3500GinjariHRtRootpasteisappliedoncutsandwounds.Dermatologicalsystem21840
15Heracleum
candicansWall.exDC.
2200-3800GandhrajHFr,RtFruitsareusedasaphrodisiacandnervetonic,andforintestinalpara-
sites.Rootpasteisappliedoneczema,ringworminfection,leucoder-
ma.
Reproductivesystem,
nervoussystem,
digestivesystem,
dermatologicalsystem
23533
16Pleurospermum
angelicoides(Wall.exDC.)
Benth.exC.B.Clarke
3100-3700ChippiHRtDecoctionofrootisgivenindyspepsia,ascariasis,dysenteryand
gastrictrouble.
Digestivesystem23230
17Selinum
wallichianum(DC.)Rai-
zadaandH.O.Saxena
3000-3800BhutkesiHRtRootsareburntwithgheeandfumesworkasinsecticide.
Rootextractisappliedonskintogetrelieffrom,musclepainand
swelling.
Bone,musclesandjoints24080
Family-Apocynaceae
18CarissaopacaStapf
exHaines
Upto-1200Jangli-KarondaShFrRootsofRaphanussativusL.andCarissaopacaStapfexHainesare
takeninrawform,takenorallytocureJaundice.
Liverandbiliarysystem25490
19Catharanthusroseus(L.)
G.Don
150-1500SadabaharShWPJuiceofwholeplantisgiventothepatientsofDiabetes.Metabolicdisorder25584
20Holarrhenaantidysenter-
ica(L.)Wall.exA.DC.
Upto-1500DhodhiShLtx,StLatexofplantisappliedonUrticariaandRingworm.
Stembarkischewedinstomachacheandburningsensation.
Dermatologicalsystem
Digestivesystem
22622
21NeriumindicumMill.600-1200KanerShLfAdecoctionoftheleaveshasbeenappliedexternallyinthetreatment
ofscabiesandtoreduceswellings.
Dermatologicalsystem23887
22PlumeriaacutifoliaPoir.600-1200AkhiaShBr,LtxDecoctionofbarkorlatexisusedasgargletoreducethedentalpain.Dentalpathology20649
23Rauwolfiaserpentina(L.)
Benth.ex.Kurz.
1000-1400SarpgandhaShRtPowderedrootisgiveninternallyforthreedaystocureulcers.
Decoctionofrootisgiveninmalarialfeverandtodecreasethehigh
bloodpressure.
Alsousedasantidote.
Digestivesystem,
Cardio-vascularsystem,
Nervoussystem
24919
Family-Araceae
24AcoruscalamusL.1400-2300VachHLf,Fl,RtLeavesandflowerdecoctionjuiceisgivenfortreatingCough,Fever,
Coryza.
Rootpowderisusedtocureworminfestationamongchildren.
Respiratorysystem,
Digestivesystem
23539
25Arisaemaflavum(Forssk.)
Schott
2400-3800BangHRhWoundsarewashedwithdecoctionofrhizomes.
RhizomepastewithwaterisappliedonthebodypartstungbySnake
orScorpion.
Dermatologicalsystem.
Antidote(againstsnake
bite)
1485
6
Continued…

7. Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2211
Bhatt et al., 2017
26Calotropisprocera(Aiton)R.
Br.
Upto-800AakShLf,WPPowderofdriedleavesmixedwithgurgivenorallybeforeSun-
risesfor5daystocuremigraine.Juiceofthewholeplantisad-
ministratedorally,itactsasAbortifacient.
Nervoussystem,
reproductivesystem
25586
27Gymnemasylvestre(Retz.)R.
Br.
300-1000GurmarShLfLeafpowderisgivenfortreatingDiabetesMellituspatients.Metabolicdisorder14205
28Hemidesmusindicus(L.)R.Br.500-1400AnantmoolShRt,LfRootofplantandCuminseedsaregroundedinequalquantities;
sugarismixedandgiveninternallytoreducebodyheat.
Leafjuicemixedwithwaterisgiventocurefever.
Physicalirritant,
GBA
22373
Family-Asparagaceae
29AsparagusadscendensRoxb1000-2200KairuwaShRtTocurerednessineyes,rootiscrushedslightlyandusedaseye
pencilthriceaday.
Ophthalmicdisease25155
30AsparaguscurillusBuch.-Ham.
exRoxb.
1800-3000Shata-varShRtRootpasteofA.curillusBuch.-Ham.exD.Don,Cuscutareflexa
Roxb.andColeusbarbatus(Andr.)Benth.aregiventoinfant
babiestocurejaundice.
Liverandbiliarysystem23013
31AsparagusfilicinusBuch.-Ham.
exD.Don
1200-1800ShatavarShRtRootjuiceisgiventocurefever.
Rootistiedonthenavalregiontofacilitatethedelivery.
GBA
reproductivesystem
24198
Family-Asteraceae
32AchilleamillefoliumL.1800-3600GandanHFlTeaofflowersisgiventotreaturinaryinfection,menstrualregu-
larization.
Venerealandurogenital
system,reproductivesystem
16883
33AgeratumconyzoidesL.200-2000------HLfJuiceoftheleavesareappliedoncutstoavoidbleedingandpus
formation.
Dermatologicalsystem24431
34AnaphalisadnataDC.800-3200PothHWPWholeplantispastedandappliedoncutandwounds.Dermatologicalsystem23997
35ArtemisiamaritimaL.3000-4000PatiHRtFreshrootjuiceisappliedexternallyonskintocureboils.Dermatologicalsystem23793
36Artemisianilagirica(C.B.
Clarke)Pamp.
Upto-1800PatiShRt,LfFreshandwashedroots/leafaredippedovernightincoldwater
anddrunkfor5-6daysbeforemealtocureintestinalworm.
Digestivesystem24767
37Asterasteroides(DC.)Kuntze3700-4900---------HRtRootsaregiventocheckhemorrhage.Blooddisease17003
38AsterthomsoniiC.B.Clarke------------------HLfLeavesarechewedduringindigestion.Digestivesystem25642
39BidensbipinnataL.1000-2000Arka-jharHLfLeavescrushedandjuicerubbedonitchingfeetduringrainy
season.
Dermatologicalsystem25663
40Ecliptaprostrata(L.)L.200-1200BhringrajHLfPasteofleavesareappliedonwounds.Dermatologicalsystem25529
41GalinsogaparvifloraCav.800-3000KhursaniHLf2-3dropsofleafjuiceisdroppedinEarache.GBA14447
42Inulacappa(Buch.-Ham.exD.
Don)DC.
Upto-2500Pushkar-
mool
ShRtDecoctionofrootistakenorallytocureboils.
Rootpasteisappliedexternallyonskintothecuresamedisease.
Dermatologicalsystem23456
43JurineadolomiaeaBoiss.3400-4500DhooppjharHLfLeafpasteistakenorallyasantiseptic,alsotocureFever.GBA23779
44Saussureacostus(Falc.)Lipsch.3000-4000KuthHRtRootpasteisusedfor10-12daystocureleprosy.
Rootpastedirectlyappliedonskintocureboils.
PowderedroottakenwithwateragainstDysentery.
Dermatological
System,digestivesystem
25097
Continued…

8. 2212 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Bhatt et al., 2017
45Saussureaobvallata(DC.)
Edgew.
3800-4600Brham-kamalHSd,FlSeedsofplantsareplacedintoabowlmadeofbronzeforovernight,and
giventopatientfor7daystocureJaundice.
Pasteofflowersgivenwithmilkissaidtocure“DhatuRog”.
Liverandbiliarysystem,
reproductivesystem
25091
46SenecionudicaulisBuch.-
Ham.exD.Don
-------------RasdhaurHRtRootisgroundedwithblackPepperandgivenduringEpilepsy.Nervoussystem23261
47TageteserrectaL.1000-2000GendaHLfLeafpasteisappliedonthewoundstocheckbleeding.Dermatologicalsystem1296
48TagetesminutaL.1000-2400HajariHLfLeafpasteisappliedonwoundstocheckbleedingDermatologicalsystem19610
49Tanacetumtomentosum
DC.
300-4500GuggulHWPDecoctionofwholeplantisgivenbefore5daysofthestartingof
menstruationtoregulateit.
Reproductivesystem1214
50TaraxacumofficinaleWe-
ber.
1800-4000DudhiHInf,LtxDecoctionofinflorescenceistakenorallytocureblisters.
Latexisappliedexternallyduringskinirruption.
Dermatologicalsystem21368
Family-Begoniaceae
51BegoniapictaSm.600-2800LalpattiHWPDecoctionofwholeplantistakenintimesofdyspepsia.Digestivesystem25187
Family-Berberiadaceae
52BerberisaristataDC.2000-3000KilmoraShRtRootjuicemixedwithwaterisdroppedineyestocurerednessandinfec-
tion.
Ophthalmicdisease24881
53BerberislyciumRoyle1600-3000RasautShRtRootsaredippedinwaterforovernightanddrunkearlyinthemorning
tocureDiabetes.
Metabolicdisorder22818
Family-Betulaceae
54BetulautilisD.Don2700-4300BhojpatraTRs,BkResinandseedkernelsofPrunuspersica(L.)B.utilisaregroundinto
pasteandmixedwithmilk.Itisdrunktoconceiveandforinternal
strength.
Reproductivesystem25093
Family-Bignoniaceae
55Kigeliapinnata(Jacq.)DC.-----------Balam-
kheera
TFrFruitsinpiecesareeatentoremovetheKidneystones.Venerealand
urinogenitalsystem
24315
56Oroxylumindicum(L.)
Kurz
400-1500PharkatTBr,RtWaterextractofstembarkisgivenduringstomachache.
Rootjuiceisgivenatintervalsof30minutesuntilthepatientregains
consciousness.
Digestivesystem,
Nervoussystem
23903
Family-Bombacaceae
57BombexciebaL.200-1600SemalTRt,BrRootdecoctionpreparedfromBombaxceibaLinn.andCurculigoor-
chioidesGaertn.arefilteredandpreparationisgiventothepatienttwice
adaytoaperiodof10-15daysforcureLeucorrhoea.
Poulticemadethroughbarkisplasteredonfracturedbones.
Reproductivesystem
bone,jointsandmuscles
25408
Family-Boraginaceae
58Arnebiabenthamii(Wall.
exG.Don)I.M.Johnst.
all.exG.Don)I.M.Johnst.
Syn.(Macrotomiaben-
thamii)(Wall.exD.Don)
A.DC.
2800-3800BalcharHRtDryrootsaresoakedinmustardoilformorethanoneweekandthewarm
oilismassagedontheaffectedpart(s)atbedtimetocureArthritis.
Thedryrootsaresoakedinmustardoilformorethanoneweektillits
colorchangestoreddishpink.Theoilismassagedonscalpactashair
tonic.
Bone,musclesandjoints,
dermatologicalsystem
15461
59Cynoglossumzeylan-
icum(VahlexHornem.)
Thunb.exLehm.
1000-4100ChitkuriHWPWholeplantisgroundedandmakeintopastetohealthewounds.Dermatologicalsystem25176
Continued…

9. Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2213
Bhatt et al., 2017
Family-Caesalpiniaceae
60BauhiniavahliiWight
andArnott
200-1300MaluShBrStembarkispastedandappliedonskinirruption.Dermatologicalsystem25351
61BauhiniavariegataL.Upto-1900KachnarTBrFreshstembarkiswarmedonfireandthejuiceextractedisgiveninStomach-
acheduetoworms.
Digestivesystem25989
62CassiafistulaL.Upto-1500AmaltasTSt,BrFreshstembarkiswarmedongentlefireandjuiceextractedfromitisgivenin
stomachacheduetoworms.
Digestivesystem24812
63CassiatoraL.400-1300BanarHLf,Br,RtLeaves,barksandrootsareappliedexternallyonskindiseasessuchasring
wormsandleprosy.
Leavesareeatenrawtoexpelintestinalworm.
Dermatologicalsystem,
digestivesystem
24638
64Saracaasoca(Roxb.)
DeWilde
Upto-1400AshokTBrDecoctionofbarkisusedascardiotonic.
Toregulatemenstruationanduterusproblemsthisdecoctionisalsoused.
Cardio-vascularsystem,
reproductivesystem
23575
Family-Cannabaceae
65CannabissativaL.Upto-3000BhangHSd,LfOilextractedfromdryseedsareappliedtocureparalysisandjointpain.Itis
alsoappliedtocurefevercausedbyseverecold.Concentratedanddriedsap
extractedfromtheleavesaremixedwithmustardoilandappliedinternally,as
wellasexternallytocurepiles.
Nervoussystem
Bone,jointsandmuscles
digestivesystem
25601
Family-Celastraceae
66Celastruspanicula-
tusWilld.
1000-2000JyotismatiShFrOilextractedfromseedareappliedtoskintogetridofitchinglocallycalled
Kandu.
FruitsareboiledandthisdecoctionisappliedonRheumatoidarthritis
Dermatologicalsystem,
bone,musclesandjoints
22150
Family-Clusiaceae
67MesuaferreaL.400-1000NagkesarTRt,Fl,SdRootpasteisgivenorallyasantidoteagainstsnakebite.
StamensofflowersaregivenbeforefivedaysofmenstruationtocontrolMenor-
rhagia.Theseedoilisconsideredforhealingpurposeasinsores,woundsand
rheumatism.
Poisoning
reproductivesystem,
dermatologicalsystem,
Infectionbone,jointsand
muscles
248
Family-Comberataceae
68Terminaliaarju-
na(Roxb.exDC.)
WightandArn.
Upto-800ArjunTBrSpermatorrheaisrelievedwiththedecoctionofbarkofTerminaliaarjuna
(Roxb.Ex.DC)Wt.Thisdecoctionisalsogivenashearttonicasitworksas
heartstimulant.
Cardio-vascular
System,reproductive
system
11759
69Terminaliabelliri-
ca(Gaertn.)Roxb.
300-1300BaheraTFrPowderedfruitsofTerminaliabellirica(Gartn.)RoxbandTerminaliachebula
Retzaremixedinequalamountandtakenwithgheeincough.
Respiratorysystem25575
70Terminaliachebu-
laRetz.
150-1500HararTFrFruits,PipernigrumL.andZingiberofficinaleRosc.aretakeninequalquantity,
powderedandgivenwithhoneyinasthma.
Respiratorysystem20030
Family-Convolvulaceae
71Ipomoeanil(L.)Roth.500-2000BhararShSdCrushedseedsareconsideredasabortifacientwhentakeninheavydoses.Reproductivesystem8903
72Ipomoeapurpurea(L.)
Roth.
900-2400-------HWPWholeplantisgroundedandpoulticeisappliedonvenerealinfectioncalled
syphilis.
Venerealandurogenital
system
25523
Continued…

10. 2214 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Bhatt et al., 2017
Family-Corylaceae
73Corylus
jacquemontiiDecne.
2400-2800Bhotiya-
badam
TFrFruitnutsareeatenastonictogetridofweakness.Blooddiseases2807
Family-Costaceae
74Costusspeciosus(Koen.)
Sm.
800-1500KevaHRhRoastedrootsaregroundedandmixedwithPipernigrumL.,madeinto
tabletsandtakenorallytocurearthritis.
Friedrhizomeisadministratedorallywithgurandaresaidtoworkas
abortifacient.
Rhizomeismadeintopasteandeateninanorexiaduetointestinalworm.
Bone,jointsand
musclesreproduc-
tive
system,digestive
system
25180
Family-Crassulaceae
75Bryophyllumpinna-
tum(Lam.)Oken
-------------BishkapruHWPJuiceofwholeplantisusedovercuts.Dermatological
system
20473
76Kalanchoeinte-
gra(Medik.)Kuntze
(K.spanthulataDC)
1000-1800BoiHRtRootpasteisappliedindeepsepticwoundstoremovethepoisonous
material.
Dermatological
system
20115
Family-Cucurbitaceae
77Trichosanthesbracte-
ata(Lam.)Voigt
Upo-1200IndrayanHRt,FrDecoctionofrootsareadministratedorallyinFever.
Rindofdriedfruitpoundedwithwaterareappliedonswollenneck
glands.
GBA23909
Family-Cupressaceae
78JuniperuscommunisL.3000-3800DhoopShSt,OilSmokeofgreenwoodisinhaledtocurevomiting.Theheartwoodoilis
usedregularlytocureboils,skinirruptionanditching.
Dermatological
system
24815
Family-Cuscutaceae
79CuscutareflexaRoxb.Upto-2000AkasbelHWPFreshwholeplantpasteisappliedoneczemathriceaday.Dermatological
system
25622
Family-Cyperaceae
80CyperusrotundusL.300-2400MothaHRtTuberismadeintopasteandgivenfortreatingStomachache.Digestivesystem17444
Family-Dioscoreaceae
81DioscoreabulbiferaL.150-2100GethiHRhTubersareroastedinhotashandgivenwithsalttocureoldcough.Cardiovascular
system
24963
82Dioscoreadeltoi-
deaWall.exGriseb.
1500-3000TarurHRhDryrhizomepasteisappliedoncuts,boilsandpimples.Dermatological
system
20617
Family-Dipterocarpaceae
83ShorearobustaGaertn.Upto-1500SalTRsPowderedresinofplantwithcowmilkisgiventwiceadailyduringchest
painandindigestion.
GBA,digestive
system
20754
Family-Ephederaceae
84Ephedragerard-
ianaWall.exStapf.
2500-3900SomlataShRt,LfDriedtwigsarechewedtocureasthma,heyfever.
RootsandleaveswithleavesofRhododendronanthopogonD.Donare
madeintodecoctionisusedinHydrosele,weaknessandcardiotonic.
Cardio-vascular
system,
GBA
23993
Family-Equisetaceae
85EquisetumarvensisL.Upto-1800----------PterdophyteWP,LfPasteofwholeplantisappliedasplasteronfracturedbone.
JuiceofleavesaretakenandusedtocureDiuretic.
Bone,musclesand
joints,venerealand
urogenetialsystem
23870
Continued…

11. Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2215
Bhatt et al., 2017
Family-Ericaceae
86Lyoniaovalifolia(Wall.)
Drude
1300-330AnyarTLfTheextractofleavesarerubbedonitchingarea.Dermatologicalsystem21160
87RhododendronanthopogonD.
Don
3000-4000BhotiachaiShBrHoneyismixedinthedecoctionofbarkofRhododendronanthopogon
Donanddrunkorallytofacilitateeasydelivery.
Reproductivesystems20120
88RhododendronarboreumSm.1500-3300BurashTFlJuiceofcalyxisdroppedineyesfortreatingcataract.Ophthalmicdiseases22226
89Rhododendroncampanula-
tumD.Don
2800-4400RatpaShLfLeafpowderisusedtocuremigraineandheadache.Nervoussystem21894
Family-Euphorbiaceae
90Baliospermummonta-
num(Willd.)Müll.Arg.
300-1000Jangli-
jamalghota,
Dantimool
ShSd,RtDecoctionofseedsaregiventoAscitespatients.
RootisboiledwithwaterandgiventocureArthritis.
Venerealandurogenetial
system,bone,muscles
andjoints
23714
91EuphorbiahirtaL.Upto-2000DudhiHLtxLatexofplantisdroppedontherootofthetoothduringtoothache.Dentalpathology25783
92EuphorbialigulariaRoxb.Upto-1800SyonShLtxLukewarmlatexisdroppedinearduringEarache.GBA13033
93EuphorbiathymifoliaL.700-1200Choti-dudhiHWPWholeplantiscrushedwithwaterandtakenintimesofdiarrhoeaand
cholera.
Digestivesystem25745
94EmblicaofficinalisGaertn.200-1500AmlaTFrFruitjuiceisgiventoincreasetheflowofurineandactsasdiuretic,also
givenindiarrhea,dysenteryandtocurejaundice.
Venerealandurogenetial
system,digestivesystem,
liverandbiliarysystem
25332
95Mallotusphilippensis(Lam.)
Müll.Arg.
Upto-1800RuainTFrReddishpowderofripefruitsmixedwithricewaterisgivenfortheex-
pulsionofroundworms.
Digestivesystem20786
96RicinuscommunisL.Upto-2500ArandiShLf,SdLeafiswarmedonfireandtiedoverMammaryglandtodissolvethe
hardness.
Oilextractedfromseedsismassagedonpainfuljoints.
Reproductivesystem,
bones,musclesandjoints
12433
Family-Fabaceae
97AbrusprecatoriusL.300-1200RattiShRt,SdRootsarecrushedwithwaterandusedfortreatinggonorrheaandjaun-
dice.
Seedsareusedasabortifacient.
Venerealandurogenetial
system,liverandbiliary
system
Reproductionsystem
24910
98Atyloisiascarabaeoides
Benth.
400-1200--------HLfLeavesarecrushed/rubbedatpainfulpartduetosciatica.
LeavesarechewedtocureTonsils.
Bones,musclesand
joints,GBA
24152
99Buteamonosperma(Lam.)
Taub.
Upto-1200
Dhak
TFlFlowersaresoakedinwater;thiswaterisappliedonsolesandpalmsto
cureInsomenia.
PasteismadefromtheflowersofButeamonosperma(Lamk.)Taub,
Syzgygiumaromaticum(L.)Merr.,leavesofUrticaparvifloraRoxb,and
appliedexternallyaspoulticetocureHernia.
Nervoussystem,
venerealandurogenetial
system
25583
100CrotalariaspectabilisRothUpto-400Chun-chuniHLfJuiceextractedisgivenorallytocheckdysentery.Digestivesystem25344
101DalbergiasissooRoxb.200-1400SisamTLf,FlLeafandflowerextractisgiveninjaundiceandliverdisorders.Liverandbiliarysystem25664
Continued…

12. 2216 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Bhatt et al., 2017
102Desmodiumlaburnifoli-
um(Poir.)DC.
Upto-1200SansarbhedShRtPasteofroottogetherwithfruitsofDhaturametelL.isappliedon
theCyst.Rootofplantgroundintopaste,mixedinsomewateris
givenindiarrhoea.
Dermatologicalsystem
anddigestivesystem
25011
103DolichoslablabL.--------ChimiHLfFreshjuiceisdroppedineartogetridofearache.GBA25364
104Flemingiastrobilifera(L.)
R.Br.
300-2300SalparniHRtPowderordecoctionofrootisadministratedorallytocureasthma.Respiratorysystem25270
105IndigoferalinnaeiAli1500-2500LatahaibelHWP,LfJuiceofwholeplantisgivenintimesofdiarrhea.
Freshleafjuiceisappliedonscalptoremovedandruff.
Digestivesystem
Dermatologicalsystem
24771
106TrifoliumrepensL.1500-2500TipatiyaHWPPlantpasteisappliedaspoulticeoncutsandwounds.Dermatologicalsystem24589
Family-Fagaceae
107Quercus
leucotrichophoraA.Camus
140-2400BanjTFrFruitsareusedasdiuretic.Venerealandurogenetial
system
22432
Family-Fumariaceae
108CorydalisgovanianaWall.3000-4800BhutkesiHRhRhizomeisheatedwithmusteredoilandmassagedonpainfuljoints
tocurearthritis.
Bones,musclesandjoints23692
109FumariaindicaPugsleyUpto-1500Pitta-paparHWPThewholeplantisboiledinwaterandisusedinitching,pimplesand
boilsofskin.
Dermatologicalsystem9737
Family-Gentianaceae
110SwertiaangustifoliaBuch.
-Ham.exD.Don
600-2600ChirayataHWP,RtDecoctionofwholeplant/coldinfusionisusedorallytocurefever.
Rootjuiceistakentogiverelieffromcoldandcough.
GBA
Respiratorysystem
25110
111Swertiachirayata
(Roxb.ex.Fleming)
Karsten
1500-2500ChirayataHWP,RtThewholeplantisdippedinwaterovernightandthebitterjuiceis
takenthenextmorningtocuremalarialfever.
Decoctionoftheplantisusedastonicthatinfluenceonthedigestive
organsandalsousedasanthelmintic,especiallyforchildren.
Juiceoftherootistakentocureliverdiseases;pasteoftheplantis
alsousedincommonailmentslikecough,cold,asthma,headache
andfever.
Root,crushandpastearerubbedoverjointsforquickrelieffrom
pain;leaveswarmedandpastepreparedwithmustardoilareapplied
overboilsandscabies.
Cardio-vascularsystem,
digestivesystem,
liverandbiliarysystem,
respiratorysystem,
GBA
bone,musclesandjoints
dermatologicalsystem
25156
Family-Gesneriaceae
112Didymocarpuspedicella-
tusR.Br.
500-2500EkpattaHRtRootextractisgiventocurekidneystones.
DecoctionofrootsmixedwithBansMishriisgiveninleucorrhoea.
Venerealandurogenetial
systemreproductive
system
25099
Family-Helminthostachyaceae
113Helminthostachyszeylan-
ica(L.)Hook.
Upto-600Sansari/
Kamraj
PteridophyteRhRhizomeoftheplantiscleanedthoroughlywithwater,crushedand
deeplyboiledalongwithcow’smilkanddecoctiongivenwithblack
pepper(Pipernigrum)tothepatientsfortwomonths.
Thedecoctionoftherhizomeisusedforcuringimpotency.
Reproductivesystem12038
Family-Hippocastanaceae
114Aesculusindica(Wall.ex
Cambess.)Hook.
1500-2500PagarTFrWarmpasteoffruitisappliedonthejointsduringRheumaticpain.Bone,musclesandjoints22221
Continued…

13. Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2217
Bhatt et al., 2017
Family-Hypoxidaceae
115Curculigo
orchioidesGaertn.
Upto-1800Kali-musliHRtRootismadeintopasteandappliedexternallyasanantidoteagainstsnakebite.
Rootpowder/pasteisadministratedorallyforWorminfestation.
Rootisboiledwithmilkandgiveningeneraldebility.
Antidote,
digestivesystem,
GBA
25350
Family-Juglandaceae
116JuglansregiaL.1000-3000AkhrotTStStembarkisrubbedandpasteisappliedonherpes,eczema,scrofulaand
syphilis.
Dermatologicalsystem,
venerealandurogenetial
system
21948
Family-Lamiaceae
117AjugabracteosaWall.ex
Benth.
1200-5100NeelkanthHLfThedecoctionofleavesisgiventoregulatemenstrualcycle
Leafjuiceisgiventoinfantsduringhighfever.
Reproductivesystem,
GBA
25711
118Colebrookeaoppositifo-
liaSm.
250-1700BursongShLfLeafischewedandjuiceisswallowedincough.Respiratorysystem24944
119Coleusforskohlii(Willd.)
Briq.
1000-2500Pasan-bhedHRtRootdecoctionisusedtoincreasetocrushtheKidneystoneandtoincrease
urineflow.
Venerealandurogenetial
system
24499
120Elsholtziaciliata(Thunb.)
Hyl.
300-2000----------HFlDecoction/Infusionisgivenasdiuretic.Venerealandurogenetial
system
1891
121NepetaciliarisL.2300-3600-------HLf,
WP
Decoctionofdriedleavesismixedwith2-3spoonfulsofhoneytocure
tuberculosis.
Wholeplantdecoctionisactsasdiuretic,giventocurepainfulurination.
Cardiovascularsystem
Venerealandurogenetial
system
25178
122OcimumsanctumL.400-1000TulsiHLfJuiceofleaveswithsomepiperpowderisgiveninchronicfever,coldand
cough.
GBA,respiratorysystem18679
123OriganumvulgareL.2600-3300Van-TulsiHWPDecoctionofwholeplantisgivenorallyinurinarydisorders.Venerealandurogenetial
system
22971
124Pogostemoneplactenthroides
(Burm.f.)Kuntze
-------------
---
Masu-PeeraHLfLeafpasteisheatedwithgheeandappliedonwounds.Dermatologicalsystem25400
125Royleacinerea(D.Don)
Baill.
1200-3700KauralShLf,
Br
Infusionofleavesisgiveninthroatdiseases.
DecoctionofbarkisgivenintimesofStomachacheanddysentery.
GBA,digestivesystem25517
126SalviamukherjeeaBennetand
Raizada
1000-1600GhaniyaHLfLeafpoulticeisappliedonforeheadtocuremigraine.Nervoussystem20517
127ScutellariarepensBuch.-
Ham.exD.Don
700-2400KurkumHWPWholeplantdecoctioninwatergivenwithhoneythriceadaytocure
hyperacidity.
Digestivesystem20501
128ThymuslinearisBenth.2400-3300Van-AjwainHFl,
WP
Infusionofflowerswithwaterisgiveninwhoopingcough,bronchitisand
congestedlungs,asagargleforthroatandmouthinfections,andtohelpsettling
indigestionandflatulence.
Respiratorysystem,
GBA,digestivesystem
25435
Family-Lauraceae
129Cinnamomumtamala(Buch.-
Ham.)T.NeesandNees
400-2000DalchiniTLfLeavesarechewed;pillsmadefrompowderedleavesaretakenfor4daysto
curecoughandcold.
Respiratorysystem25579
130LitseachinensisLam.1000-
2000
Meda-lakriTFl,
Lf
(a)Pasteofflowersalongwithjuiceofleavesboiledinwateristakentocure
burningsensationduringUrination.
(b)Toincreasephysicalstrengthandtoavoidconstipationtheleavesareboiled
inwaterandtheextractedjuiceistaken.
Venerealandurogene-
tialsystem,GBA,
digestivesystem
24221
Family-Leeaceae
131LeeaalataEdgew.Upto-500-----------HRtRoastedrootsarepowderedandadministratedorallyinconstipation.
Oilpreparedfromrootisappliedlocallyinboils.
Digestivesystem,
dermatologicalsystem
10825
Continued…

14. 2218 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Bhatt et al., 2017
Family-Liliaceae
132AloebarbadensisMill.Upto-1800PatkwarHLfLeafisheatedonlowflameandtiedovertheaffectedparttocurerheu-
maticarthritisandgout.
Leafjuiceisgiveninconstipationanddiarrhoea.
Bone,musclesandjoints
digestivesystem
15539
133Chlorophytumtu-
berosum(Roxb.)Baker
800-1300SafedmusaliHTbFleshybulbsareeatenwithGheeastonic.
GroundedbulbsmixedwithPiperlongumL.isgiventocureleucor-
rhoea.
GBA,reproductive
system
24148
134Drimiaindica(Roxb.)
Jessop
1200-2400------------HBbJuiceofbulbsaregiventoinducevomitingtoexpelthepoison.Antidote15562
135FritillariaroyleiHook.3000-4000KakoliHBbBulbsarecrushedandgivenwithhoneytocureasthmaandbronchitis.Respiratorysystem21921
136GloriosasuperbaL.400-2200LangliHRtPasteoftherootisappliedexternallyonjointstocureRheumatoidar-
thritis.
Bone,musclesandjoints20825
137LiliumpolyphyllumD.
Don
1500-2200---------HRtDecoctionofRootisadministratedorallyastonicingeneraldebility.GBA29454
138ParispolyphyllaSm.1500-2400SwetVachHRt1.Tuberousrootsintheformofpasteorpoulticeareusedexternallyin
skindiseases,cutsandwoundsandinanypoisonousbite.
2.Powderorinfusionofrootistakenorallytotreatdiarrheaanddysen-
tery.
Dermatological
system,antidote
digestivesystem
25461
139Polygonatumcirrhifoli-
um(Wall.)Royle
1700-3500MedaHRtBulbsareeatenorallywithmilktocuregeneraldebility.GBA24319
140Polygonatumverticilla-
tum(L.)All.
1500-3500MahamedaHRtPowderofbulbsistakenorallywithhoneyintuberculosis.
Whenbulbsaretakenwithmilk,actsastonic.Rootpowderismixed
withoneglassfulofwatertocureLeucorrhoea.
Respiratorysystem,
reproductivesystem
24320
Family-Linaceae
141Reinwardtiaindi-
caDumort.
30-2300PyoliHWPWholeplantpasteisappliedonwounds.Dermatologicalsystem25772
Family-Loranthaceae
142DendrophthoefalcataL.
f.
Upto-1200---------ShLfLeafpasteisappliedonItching.Dermatologicalsystem23852
Family-Lygodiaceae
143Lygodiumflexuosum(L.)
Sw.
Upto-1200BariyariPteridophyteRhPasteofrhizomemixedwithsugarisgiventocuregonorrhoea.Venerealandurogenetial
system
24344
Family-Lythraceae
144Woodfordiafruti-
cosa(L.)Kurz
200-1800DhaulShLfJuiceisgoodfortreatingdysentery.Digestivesystem22997
Family-Malvaceae
145GossypiumarboreumL.Upto-1500KapasShSdSeedsarepastedandappliedonfracturedboneforbonesetting.Bone,musclesandjoints23234
146SidacordifoliaL.400-1200BalaShRt,
St
Stembarkorrootpowderisgiveningeneraldebility.GBA20326
147SidarhombifoliaL.Uto-800AtibalaShRtDecoctionofrootswithgingerisgiveninintermittentfever.
Thepowderedrootbarkisadministeredwithmilkandsugarastreat-
mentforurinarytroubleandleucorrhoea.
GBA,venerealand
urogenetialsystem,
reproductivesystem
25197
148UrenalobataL.200-1400VanPyazShBbPasteofwholeplantisadministratedorallywithmilkastonicandto
curebodyache.
GBA24947
Continued…

15. Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2219
Bhatt et al., 2017
Family-Meliaceae
149AzadirachtaindicaA.Juss.Upto-1000NeemTLfLeafpastewithsomesaltisappliedonabscessasdressing;itburstswithin5-6
hourstherebyrelivingpain.
Dermatologicalsystem24117
150MeliaazedarachL.600-1400Meetha
Neem
TLfLeafdecoctionisdrunk,itactsasdiuretic.Venerealandurogenetial
System
22039
151ToonaciliataM.Roem.200-1700ToonTBrBarkisboiledwithwaterandwaterextractisdrunktocurediabetes,feverand
dysenteryandgastricproblems.
Metabolicdisorders,
Digestivesystem
20738
Family-Menispermiaceae
152CissampelospareiraL.200-2200PathaHWP,RtWholeplantisgroundedandadministratedorallyduringhyperacidity.same
applicationisgivenindiarrhoea,dysentery.
Rootsarechewedduringstomachache.
Digestivesystem12062
153Tinosporacordifo-
lia(Willd.)Miers
200-1200GurjHStDecoctionofstemisgivenorallyduringheartdiseases.
JuiceofStemisadministratedorallywithhoneytocuretheacuteattacksof
asthma.
Cardio-vascularsystem,
respiratorysystem
23915
Family-Mimosaceae
154Acaciacatechu(L.f.)Willd.200-1400KhairTBrThebarkofthetreeisusedinchronicdiarrhea.Digestivesystem20742
155Acacianilotica(L.)Willd.ex
Delile
200-1100BaboolTSt,Br,
Rs
Thetwigoftheplantisusedasnaturaltoothbrush.Theextractoffreshbarkis
usedastonic.
Gumisusedasapowerfultonicafterdeliveryifgivenwithmilk.
Dentalpathologyand
reproductivesystem
25352
156Albizialebbeck(L.)Benth.250-1000SirisTBrFreshBarkdecoctionisusedthreetimesdailyintimesofstomachtroublesand
dysentery.
Digestivesystem20579
157MimosahimalayanaGamble300-1900AalShLfPasteofleavesisappliedonskinirruption.Dermatologicalsystem23010
Family-Moraceae
158FicusbenghalensisL.300-1400Bar,
Bargad
TRtRootcrushedandmixedwithBansMishriisgiventocuremetrorrhagia.Reproductivesystem18571
159FicuspalmataForssk.600-2300BeruTLtxMilkyLatexisappliedonboils,cutsandwounds.Dermatologicalsystem2147
160FicusreligiosaL.Upto-1600PeepalTBrBarkgroundedwithturmericpowderisappliedexternallyoncuts,woundsand
skindiseases.
Dermatologicalsystem12946
Family-Myrsinaceae
161EmbeliaribesBurm.f.400-1500Bi-
vidang
ShSdSeedsareusedinroundwormsasanantidotetosnakebite.Digestivesystemantidote1338
162Myrsineindica600-1400-------ShFrFruitpowderisgiventochildrentokillworms.Digestivesystem23547
Family-Myrtaceae
163Syzygiumcumini(L.)
Skeels
300-1500JamunTSdSeedpowder/decoctionisgivenfortreatingdiarrhea,dysenteryanddiabetes
patients.
Digestivesystemmetabolic
disorders
15770
Family-Nyctaginaceae
164Boerhaaviadif-
fusavar.hirsutaKuntze
300-1200PunernavaHLfLeafjuiceofplantmixedwithgoat’smilkisdroppedineyestocurecataract
problem.
Ophthalmicdiseases25532
165MirabilisjalapaL.Upto-2000GulbansHLf,
Br
TheLeafjuicemixedwithwatercuresjaundice,dysentery,diarrhoeaand
dyspepsia.
Barkisrubbedonburnscars.
Digestivesystem
Liverandbiliarysystem
Dermatologicalsystem
25039
166Nyctanthesarbor-tristisL.------------ParijatShLfYoungleavesofNyctanthesarbor-tristisL.andZingiberofficinalearetaken
togetherinequalquantities,boiledwithwaterandtakentwiceadayforthree
daystocurecoldandCough.
Respiratorysystem24967
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16. 2220 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Bhatt et al., 2017
Family-Orchidaceae
167CoelogynecristataLindl.100-1800HarjojanHBbBulbsarecrushedandplasteredonfracturedboneforbonesetting.Bone,musclesandjoints23895
168Dactylorhizahatagirea(D.
Don)Soó
3200-3750Salam-panjaHTbFreshRootsarecrushedincoldwaterandfilteredanddrunktoregularize
menstruationcyclefor15daystwiceinaday.
Driedandpowderedtubersaremixedwithtwotablespoonmustardoiland
pasterubbedexternallyontheeffectedparttocheckthebleeding.
Reproductionsystem,
dermatologicalsystem
25087
169HabenariaintermediaD.
Don
1500-2500RidhiHTbTubersareusedasageneraltonic.GBA24504
170MalaxisacuminataD.Don1600-3600JeevakHTbUsedasatonicandtocuretuberculosis;slightlyfriedtubersaregivento
enhancespermproduction.
Cardio-vascularsystem,
reproductivesystem
24597
171SatyriumnepalenseD.Don1400-2000Salam-misriHTbDecoctionofthetubersmixedwithmilkandonetablespoonofhoneywas
drunktochecktheexcessivebleedingduringchildbirthandalsoactsasa
tonic.
Reproductivesystem29084
Family-Oxalidaceae
172OxaliscorniculataL.300-2900ChalmoraHLfDecoctionofleavesisusedaseyedropsincataracttreatment.Ophthalmicdiseases25696
Family-Paeoniaceae
173PaeoniaemodiWall.ex
Royle
2000-2500ChandrainHLfTheleavesareeatenraworasvegetabletocuredysenteryanddiarrhoea.Digestivesystem21918
Family-Papaveraceae
174ArgemonemexicanaL.200-1500SatyanasiHWP,
Lf,Sd
WholeplantpasteisappliedontheaffectedparttocureLeprosy.
TheLeafdecoctionisgiveninulcersandmalarialfever.
Seedsareusefulindropsyandjaundice.Yellowjuiceofplantisappliedon
thescorpionsting.
Dermatologicalsystems,
cardio-vascularsystem,
liverandbiliarysystem,
antidote
10742
175PapaversomniferumL.500-1800PostHSdDecoctionofSeedsisgiveningouttoreducethefrequencyofpain.Bone,jointsandmuscles13953
Family-Pittosporeaceae
176Pittosporiumerocarpum
Royle
1200-1500AgnibaiTBrYoungstembarkispastedandappliedgentlyonandaroundboilstwicea
dayforoneweektogetcompletecure.
Dermatologicalsystem5796
Family-Pinaceae
177PinusrouxburghiiSarg.1100-2100ChirTRsUsedaspoulticeonsuppuratedboils.Dermatologicalsystem23528
178AbiespindrowSpach.2400-4400Talish-patraTLfJuiceoffreshleavesisadministratedorallytocurefever.GBA25782
Family-Piperaceae
179PiperlongumL.200-1000PeepliHRt,FrRootpowderofPiperlongumL.mixedwithhoneyistakenduringthroat
infection.
PowderordecoctionofFruitisadministratedorallytocurecough.
GBA
Respiratorysystems
21113
Family-Plantaginaceae
180PlantagomajorL.1200-2600IsabgolHSdThehuskoftheSeedsyieldscolloidalmucilage,usedtocuregastric
complaints,burningsensationinstomachanddysentery.
Digestivesystem25556
Continued…

17. Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2221
Bhatt et al., 2017
Family-Plumbaginaceae
181PlumbagozeylanicaL.Upto-1400ChitrakHRtPowderedrootisgivenwithmilktocurebackache.
Decoctionofrootifadministratedorally,actsasabortifacient.
GBA,reproductivesystems21930
Family-Poaceae
182Cynodondactylon(L.)Pers.Upto-3000DoobHW
P
Entireabovegroundpartsarecrushedwithwater.Twotothreedropsof
thisextractarepouredinthenostriltocurenasalbleeding.
GBA25974
183Desmostachysbipinnata(L.)
Stapf
Upto-800KushHRtItsrootpasteisusedalongwithmilkagainstRheumatism.Poulticemadeof
Rootsisappliedoncarbuncle.
Bone,jointsandmuscles,
dermatologicalsystem
7219
184PaspalumscrobiculatumL.
.
200-2200PaplyaHRtRootextractmixedwithwaterseemstobediureticondrinkingthiswater,
patientgetsrelieffrompainfulurination.
Venerealandurogenetial
systems
23281
185SaccharumspontaneumL.200-1800MunjaHLfLeafpasteisappliedoncutsandwoundstocurepusformation.Dermatologicalsystem25184
186Setariaitalica(L.)P.Beauv.900-2300KauniHSdSeedsarecookedwithwaterandgiventopatientssufferingfromchicken
pox.
Seedsarealsousedasmattressestocuresamedisease.
Dermatologicalsystem7389
Family-Podophyllaceae
187PodophyllumhexandrumRoyle2800-4200BankakriHRtTherootpasteisappliedonulcers,cutsandwounds.Itisalsousedaspur-
gative,forcuringskindiseasesandarrestingtumorsgrowth.
Dermatologicalsystem24380
Family-Polygoniaceae
188PolygonumaffineD.Don1600-4800InniHRtRootsastringent,refrigerantandtheirextractisusedforwashingulcers,
Seedarepurgative,emetic,andtonicalsogivenintimesofcolicpain.
Digestivesystems16480
189PolygonumnepalenseMeisn.1200-4100--------HLfLeavesarechewedduringIndigestion.Digestivesystems13690
190RheumaustraleD.Don3000-4000DoluHRtRootsheatedmildlyandplasteredonfracturedpartcoveredwithaband-
agewhichreducesswelling,painandfracture.
Bones,jointsandmuscles25094
191RheumwebbianumRoyle3600-4800TartriHLf,
Rt
Apasteismadebytheleavesandeatentocureanorexia.Thedryrootis
powderedandmixedwithwater;athickpasteisappliedexternallyonthe
affectedparttocureswelling.
Digestivesystem,
bones,jointsandmuscles
16867
192RumexhastatusD.Don1000-2600BhilmoraHLfLeavesarerubbedbythelocalagainststingsbyinsects.Antidote19943
193RumexnepalensisSpreng.1200-2500Jangli
Palak
HLfYoungleavesarecrushedandappliedonnettlestungportionforimmedi-
aterelief.
Antidote25244
Family-Ranunculaceae
194AconitumferoxWall.exSer.3100-3600MeethavishHRtTheRootarechewedtwiceadaytocontrolabdominalpainandVomiting.
AlsousedinFever,Bodyache,andasanAphrodisiactonic.
Digestivesystems25092
Continued…

18. 2222 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Bhatt et al., 2017
195Aconitumheterophyl-
lumWall.exRoyle
3000-3700AteeshHRtPasteofdriedrootwithwaterandsugararetakenorallyandusedto
treatdiarrhoea,fever,bodyache,andasanaphrodisiactonic.
Digestivesystems,GBA23941
196ActaeaspicataL.2500-3700MamiraHRtRootsarechewedtocureasthma,nervesdisorders,rheumatismand
paralysis
Respiratorysystem,nervous
system,bones,jointsand
muscles
20489
197AnemoneobtusilobaD.Don2300-4200Kan-
chphool
HSdSeedsareemeticandoilfromtheseedsaregiveninrheumatism.The
decoctionoftherootbarkisusedforsoresinthemouth.
Bones,jointsandmuscles
anddentalpathology
25984
198AnemonerivularisBuch.-
Ham.
3000-4000DaiiphaHRhDecoction/powderispreparedfromrhizomestocure
Bronchitis.
Respiratorysystems21654
199ClematisorientalisL.1500-3300---------ShLf,WP1-2dropsofleafjuiceisdroppedintotheeartocheckmigraine.
Wholeplantpasteisusedforscabiesandeczema.
Nervoussystem,
dermatologicalsystem
14911
200Delphiniumcashmeria-
numRoyle
3000-4000NirbishiHRt,FlRootdecoctionisgivenforpurificationofblood,heartproblems,
cough,typhoid,malariaandpneumoniafever,alsoappliedonthe
placebittenbysnake.
Flowerextractisusedforeyerednessandglaucomaandparticularly
forinfectionsofeyes.
Blooddiseasescardio-
vascularsystemsrespiratory
systemsantidote(against
snakebite)ophthalmic
diseases
2533
201RanunculuslaetusWall.ex
Royle
1500-1800AinuwaHLf,StLeafandstempasteisexternallyappliedtocureboils.Dermatologicalsystem25648
202ThalictrumfoliolosumDC.1300-3400MamiraHRtRootsaregroundedandappliedonwounds,swellings.
Decoctionofrootistakentocureuterinetumors,paralysisandnerv-
ousdisorders.
Dermatologicalsystemsand
nervoussystems
25101
Family-Rhamnaceae
203ZizyphusmauritianaLam.200-1200BerTFrFruitjuiceisgivenindiarrhoea.Digestivesystem25405
Family-Rosaceae
204Cotoneastersp.2000-5400---------ShRtRootdecoctionismadeanddrunktotreatscrofula.Dermatologicalsystem24890
205GeumelatumWall.exG.
Don
3400-4200------------HWPWholeplantjuiceisgivenistakenduringdiarrhoea.Digestivesystems25149
206PotentillafulgensWall.ex
Hook.
1600-4800BajradantiHRt,LfRootandleafdecoctionisusefulinteethcleaning,toothacheand
pyorrhea.
Dentalpathology25734
207PrinsepiautilisRoyle------------BhekolShRtRootextractistakenorallyasanantidotetoneutralizetheeffectof
poisonintake.Rootpasteafterheatingatlowtemperatureinanearth-
enpotisappliedonwounds.
Antidote(againstpoison),
dermatologicalsystems
23553
208PrunuscerasoidesBuch.-
Ham.exD.Don
1200-2500PadamTBrDecoctionofbarkisgiventodecreasethemuscularpainandSwell-
ing.
Bone,musclesandjoints23524
Continued…

19. Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2223
Bhatt et al., 2017
209RosamacrophyllaLindl.2100-3800JangliGulabShFlPetalsarechewedduringdiarrhoea.Digestivesystem20498
210RubusellipticusSm.1100-2400HisaluShRtRootofR.ellipticusSm.withpowderofpeppernigrumL.isgiven
tocurestomachache.
Digestivesystem24623
211RubuspaniculatusSm.1600-2900KalaHisaluShRtRootisgroundedwithwaterandgiventocontroldysentery.Digestivesystem25630
Family-Rubiaceae
212GalliumaparineL.2000-4200KuriHLf,WPDriedleavesarepowderedandappliedonscarstoremoveit.whole
plantisgrindedinwaterandthispreparationisusedinworminfes-
tation.
Dermatologicalsystemand
digestivesystem
25514
213Leptodermislanceola-
taWall.
1800-3500ChirarShLf,FlLeavesandflowersareboiledwithwaterandfilteredwaterisdrunk
tocurefever.
GBA25201
214RubiacordifoliaL.
.
1200-2200ManjithHWPWholeplantpulprubbedwithhoneyisrecommendedasacurefor
acneanddarkspotsonface.
Dermatologicalsystem25428
Family-Rutaceae
215Aeglemarmelos(L.)
Corrêa
600-1100BelTLf,FrLeavesofAeglemarmelos(L.)Corr,AzadirachtaindicaJuss.and
powderofPipernigrumL.isgiventothepatientofdiabetes.Fruit
juiceisgiventogetridfromheatstrokesandconstipation.
Metabolicdisorders,
physicalirritants,digestive
system
25402
216Boenninghauseniaalbiflo-
ra(Hook.)Meisn.
600-3300PissumarHLf,RtPoulticeofleafandredsoil(Geru)isappliedonburnscarstocheck
thesensation.
Dermatologicalsystem25204
217Glycosmisarbor-
ea(Roxb.)DC.
200-1000BanNimbu,
Makranda
TBr,RtRootbarkisboiledwithsaltanddecoctionisgiventothepatient
sufferingfrompyorrhea.Powderofrootisadministratedorallywith
sugartocurefever.
DentalpathologyandGBA4445
218Skimmialaureola(DC.)
SieboldandZucc.ex
Walp.
2400-3200Ner-PatiShRt,LfPasteofrootisusedasantidoteagainstsnakeandscorpionsting.
Driedleavesareburntandinhaledtocuresinusundernasaltract.
Antidote(againstsnakebite),
GBA
24999
219Zanthoxylumarmatum
DC.
1100-2500TimoorTStStemtwigisusedtobrushtheteethtocheckbadbreathandpyor-
rhea.
Dentalpathology25174
Family-Sapindaceae
220Sapindusmukoros-
siGaertn.
800-1500ReethaTFrFruitpowderisgivenatintervalstoregaintheconsciousness.Nervoussystem20607
Family-Saxifragaceae
221BerginialigulataEngl.1600-3200SilphoraHRhRhizomepowderordecoctionisgivenorallytocureKidneystones.Venerealandurogenital
system
24860
222Bergeniastracheyi(Hook.
f.andThomson)Engl.
3600-4200Siilphari,
Silphora
HRhFreshrhizomeareremovedandwashedthoroughly,cutintopieces
andchewedlikecandytocureurinaryandkidneytrouble.
Venerealandurogenital
system
22861
223Saxifragadiversifo-
liaWall.exSer.
3000-4000SilyansHRtRootdecoctionisusedasvermifuge.Digestivesystem27841
Continued…

20. 2224 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Bhatt et al., 2017
Family-Scrophulariaceae
224Bacopamonnieri(L.)
Pennell.
600-1000BrahmiHWPJuiceofwholeplantisgiveninmentalillness.
2.-3dropsaredroppedineyestocureconjunctivitis.
Nervoussystem
Ophthalmicdiseases
24577
225DigitalispurpureaL.1000-1800TilpushpiHLfLeafjuice/decoctionisusedascardiotonic.Cardio-vascularsystem25577
226LindenbergiaindicaVatke300-2600Makari-JharHRtRootisgroundedandgiventoinfantbabiestocurethroatproblems.GBA21380
227PicrorhizakurrooaRoyle
exBenth.
3300-4800KutkiHRhRhizomedecoctionboiledmildlyfor5-10minandflavoredwithhoney
isgiventocurestomachache.
Rhizomepowderandblackpeppermixedwithhoneyisgivenorallyto
curehighfever.
GBAanddigestivesystem25001
228VerbascumthapsusL.1000-4000AklbeerHFl,LfPowderofflowersaremixedwithmusteredoilisappliedonboils.leaf
juiceisdroppedineyestocurecataract.
Dermatologicalsystemand
ophthalmicdiseases
25167
Family-Smilaceae
229SmilaxasperaL.1200-2600----------ShRtRootpasteisgivenorallywithwatertogetridfromdiarrhoea.Digestivesystem23516
Family-Solanaceae
230DaturametelL.300-1200DaturaHWPDecoctionofwholeplantisgiventocurefever.
Warmleavesaretiedoveraffectedparttocureboils.
GBAanddermatological
system
25236
231DaturastramoniumL.200-2200Krishna-Datu-
ra
HFl,
Sd
Juiceofflowerisdroppedinearduringearache.
Thepastepreparedofroastedseedsofdruginmusteredoilisapplied
locallyonringworm.
GBAanddermatological
system(Infection)
23834
232SolanumanguiviL.-----------BaiganBhattaShRtRootistiedasbeltaroundbacktocurehernia.Venerealandurogenital
system
14158
233SolanumnigrumL.800-3000Gewain,
Makoi
HWPJuiceofwholeplantisadministratedorallyduringintermittentfever.
JuiceofwholeplantisgiventocureJaundice.
GBAandliverandbiliary
system
24283
234Solanumxantho-
carpumSchrad.andH.
Wendl.
-----Kant-KariHSdFumesofseedsareinhaledtocheckattacksofasthma.Respiratorysystem25530
235Withaniasomnifera(L.)
Dunal
800-1400AswagandhaShLf,
Rt
Decoctionoftheleavesistakenasremedyforworminfestation.
Therootpowdermixedwithblackpepperusedinrheumaticswellings.
Digestivesystem,
bones,musclesandjoints
24970
Family-Sterculiaceae
236HelicteresisoraL.Upto-1000Bendu,
Marorphali
ShRtRootsofHelicteresisoraL.togetherwithFlowersofPunicagranatum
L.andblackpiperisgiventofacilitatethedelivery.
Rootiscrushedwithwater,onespoonofsugarisaddedandtaken
orallyindiarrhoea.
Reproductivesystem,
digestivesystem
18292
Family-Taxaceae
237Taxusbaccatasubsp.
wallichiana(Zucc.)Pilg.
1800-3400ThunerTSt,LfDecoctionofstembarkisadministratedorallytocurecough.Respiratorysystem24870
Continued…

21. Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2225
Bhatt et al., 2017
Family-Thymelaeaceae
238DaphnecannabinaWall.ex
Steud
1400-2300SatpuraShRtRootsareboiledwithmusteredoilandmassagedonpainful
joints.
Bones,musclesand
joints
225086
Family-Tiliaceae
239Grewiaoptiva
(Buch.-Ham.exRoxb.)JR.
Drumm.exBurret.
150-1800BheemalTFr,BrGroundedfruitsaregiventofacilitatedelivery.
Barkisusedasshampootoremovedandruff.
Reproductive
System,
dermatological
system
25076
240GrevillearobustaBurch.100-1800-----------TLfLeafpastemixedwithmusteredoilisappliedonburnscars.Dermatological
system
2028
241Triumfetta
rhomboideaJacq.
500-1500Leswa-
Kura
ShLfLeavesarepoundedwithcurdandappliedoncutsand
woundsforhealingpurpose.
Dermatological
system
25468
Family-Urticaceae
242UrticadioicaL.3000-4500SisoonShLfFloggingofleafisdoneduringbonefracture.Bones,jointsand
muscles
25889
243UrticaparvifloraRoxb.600-3000BichhuShLfFloggingofleafisdoneduringbonefracture.Bones,jointsand
muscles
25808
Family-Valerianaceae
244Nardostachysgrandiflora
DC.
3200-4000JatamasiHRtLocallyrootsareusedasincense.Thesmokeisgiventothe
patientofepilepsyatthetimeoffits.
Rootsareboiledwithgheeandusedtocurejointpain.
Nervoussystem,
bones,jointsand
muscles
24996
245ValerianawallichiiDC.1500-3300SameoHRtRootdecoctionisgiveninmentaldisorders.
Rootsalsoactasinsecticide.
Nervoussystem25089
Family-Verbenaceae
246CallicarpamacrophyllaVahl300-1500DayaShLf,FrLeavesareheatedandtiedoveraffectedpainfuljointsand
rheumaticpain.Fruitsareeatenduringurinarytrouble.
Fruitpastemixedwithyoghurtiseatentocuremouth
blisters.
Bones,musclesand
joints,venerealand
urogenitalsystem
2565
247Clerodendronserratum(L.)
Moon
300-1600BharangiShLf,RtLeavesaretakenraworaremixedwithvegetableforcuring
diabetes,highbloodpressureandasthma.Leavesareboiled
andsteamisinhaledtocuregonorrhea.
Metabolicdisorders,
cardio-vascular
system,respiratory
systemvenerealand
urogenitalsystem
2503
248VitexnegundoL.100-1300NirgundiShLfLeafjuiceisdroppedineyestocureredness.
2-3dropsaredroppedinnosetocurethemigraine.
Leavesarepoundedwithriceandwatermadeintoasyrup,
giventopatientsufferingfromsyphilis.
Ophthalmic
diseases,nervous
system,venerealand
urogenitalsystem
25175
Continued…

22. 2226 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Bhatt et al., 2017
Family-Violaceae
249Viola
canescensWall.
1400-2600BanfsaHWPDecoctionofwholeplantisusedduring
cold,coughandfever.
Respiratory
system
22600
Family-Vitaceae
250Cissus
quadrangulaL.
Upto-1100RatgalShRtRootmixedwithPipernigrumL.is
groundedandappliedexternallyto
decreaseSwellingandinflammation.
Freshandtuberousrootsarepounded
togetherwithsomesaltandappliedon
fracturesbonefor1-2monthsforbone
setting.
Bone,
musclesand
joints
15577
Family-Zingiberaceae
251Curcuma
angustifoliaRoxb.
800-1300JangliHaldiHRhDecoctionofrootorrootsdippedin
waterforovernightistakeninjaundice.
Liverand
biliarysystem
24573
252CurcumaamadaL.700-1300BayadaHRhAgruelofrhizomewithmilkactsasa
fantasticnutrient.Roastedrhizomes
takenwithSyzigumaromaticum(L.)
Merr.issaidtocureleucorrhea.
GBA,
reproductive
system
2825
253Hedychiumspi-
catumBuch.-Ham.ex
Sm.
1000-2000SathiHRhPowderofrhizomeisusedorallyin
neuro-musculardisorders.
Nervous
system
24059
254Roscoeaal-
pinaRoyle
2000-3500KakoliHRhRhizomesgroundedwithmilkaregiven
tothenewlyformedmothertogetrid
fromweakness.
Reproductive
system
22083
255Roscoeapur-
pureaSmith
1500-3000KakoliHRhRhizomesgroundedwithmilkaregiven
tothenewlyformedmothertogetrid
fromweakness
Reproductive
system
22112
Family-Zygophyllaceae
256TribulusterrestrisL.Upto-600GokhruHSdSeedsarefriedinGheeandgiventothe
patientsufferingfromasthma
Respiratory
system
14087

23. The recorded plant species were used in curing
about 108 ailments. Most of the plant species were used
to cure more than one ailment. Since the number of
ailments is quite high, in order to describe and to include
all of them in the analysis, the ailments were categorized
and grouped into fourteen broad classes of diseases. The
highest numbers of plant species were documented to
cure dermatological problems (69 species, 18%),
followed by digestive disorders (63 species, 16%),
generalized body ache (43 species,11%), Reproductive
disorders (35 species, 9%), bone/muscles/joints disorders
(32 species, 8%), venereal and urinogenetial disorders
(29 species, 8%), respiratory disorders (25 species 6%),
nervous disorders (18 species, 7%), others (16 species,
4%), cardio vascular disorders (14 species, 4%), liver
and billiary disorders (12 species, 3%), antidotes (12
species, 3%), metabolic disorders (7 species, 3%),
physical Irritants (3 species, 1%) (Figure 5). Plants were
the major ingredients in these medical formulations. The
common ailments were cough and cold, followed by skin
diseases, dysentery, arthritis and cuts and wounds.
DISCUSSION
In spite of the improvement of provincial health
administrations, villagers still utilize medicinal herbs to a
substantial surviving for treatment of basic illness like
cough, cold, fever, headache, and body ache,
constipation, dysentery, cuts, burns, boils, ulcer, skin and
respiratory ailments and so forth. The list of plants used
in the treatment of various ailments and the formulations
made by the vaidyas is diverse. Even within the minor
altitudinal variations one can find diversified uses of the
same plant species. Attempts have been made to explore,
identify and prepare an inventory of plant resources of
this region (Dhar et al., 1997; Pande et al, 1998; Kala,
2000; Pande and Joshi, 2001; Tewari and Pande, 2010;
Pant et al., 2009 and 2011; Bhatt et al., 2009, 2010,
Kumari et al., 2009 and 2011). Such studies give an idea
about the existing status of plant resources of a particular
region. The present study provides comprehensive
database on the diversity, distribution, and utilization
pattern and plant part used for the medicines in
traditional medicinal systems in kumaun. Such baseline
information on the useful species is very much important
to access the population in wild and identify their
conservation and economic values. This information is
also useful in developing strategies for the conservation
and management of the species that are under high
anthropogenic pressure. Around 90% of the plant species
utilized as a part of herbal industry and conventional
systems of medications are straight forwardly separated
from wild, majority of which originates from sub-alpine
zones and alpine zones of the Himalaya (Uniyal et al.,
2002). Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Angelica
glauca Edgew, Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) IM.
Jhonston, Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo,
Nardostachys grandiflora DC., Picrorhiza kurrooa
Royle ex Benth., Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, Rheum
austral D. Don, Rheum webbianum Royle,
Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don are some of alpine
species which are facing excessive pressure on wild
populations due to continuous extraction from wild for
trade. Grazing is another factor that is carrying out
pressure on these species by both migratory animals of
transhumance i.e. sheep, horses and goats of the
inhabitants of adjacent lower valleys during snow free
period (Ram and Singh, 1994). It can influence the
vegetation by altering it’s composition, structure, and
productivity. These effects are described variously by
(Kala et al., 1998; Kala and Rawat, 1999).
In the tropical and sub-tropical region, Berberis
aristata DC., Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.
Don, Paris polyphylla Sm., Polygonatum cirrhifolium
(Wall.) Royle, Polygonatum verticilatum (L.) All.,
Habinaria intermedia D. Don, Malaxis acuminata
Lindl., Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Berginia ligulata
(Wall.) Engler, Tribulus terrestris L. are the medicinal
plant species which are also facing the threat of habitat
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2227
Bhatt et al., 2017

24. degradation and over exploitation. Acorus calamus L.,
Baliospermum monatum (Willd.) Muell.- Arg.,
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., Gloriosa superba L.,
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br., Cinnamomum tamala
Nees, Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. etc. are
tropical species used in pharmaceutical companies and
traditional systems of medicines as raw material. In this
region except the threat of overexploitation, grazing etc.,
flood is one of the main reasons of habitat destruction.
The over exploitation of some of high value
species such as Aconitum heterophyllum Wall ex Royle,
Angelica glauca Edgew, Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G.
Don) I.M. Jhonston, Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don)
Soo, Nardostachys grandiflora DC., Picrorhiza kurrooa
Royle ex Benth., Podophyllum hexandrum Royle,
Berberis aristata DC., Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham.
ex D. Don, Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Curculigo
orchioides Gaertn., Cinnamomum tamala Nees etc. for
trade has caused severe threat to these species.
Promotion of cultivation strategies of such medicinal
herbs in villages may reduce the anthropogenic pressure
on wild habitats. Success of such practices will provide
enough time for these species to regenerate in natural
conditions (Joshi et al., 1999, 2001; Joshi, 2002;
Maikhuri et al., 1998 a and b). Large scale cultivation of
threatened species in ex situ and In situ conditions will
reduce not only the pressure on wild populations but will
also help in socio economic upliftment of inhabitants.
However, they urgently need proper market linkage and
marketing strategies for their products. Grazing,
trampling and other anthropogenic activities are the
major reasons for the diminishing of species and
ecological imbalance of forest zones. Thus, trampling
and rotational grazing may be factors that can slow down
the pressure from natural habitats and wild populations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are generously grateful to the nearby Rajji
people for their tremendous help amid field study and
giving data about the customary health care systems of
their community.
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