The document discusses hospital waste management practices in India. It begins by outlining the research question, aim, hypothesis, and variables of a study comparing waste management at a private and government-run hospital in India. It then defines different types of hospital waste and provides data on typical waste composition and generation rates. The document notes that while hazardous waste accounts for only 15% of total waste, improper segregation causes all waste to become hazardous. It discusses the rationale for proper waste management, including risks to health and the environment. Finally, it outlines the key approach of segregating waste at the source to ensure safe and effective hospital waste handling.
1. The document discusses hospital waste management, outlining the concepts, statutory mandate, roles and responsibilities, and general practices according to BMW rules 1998.
2. It describes the different types of hospital waste and provides a schematic representation of waste generation areas, collection, treatment options, and final disposal.
3. The roles of the hospital head, administrator, waste generators, sanitary supervisor, and technicians are defined in ensuring proper hospital waste management.
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OVERVIEW IN INDIAManoj Chaurasia
this upload on bio-medical waste treatment and disposal overview is improved version of my previous upload on the subject. The presentation highlights the bio-medical treatment status at Allahabad, India. The content is the result of my experience gained from routine inspections of various health care facilities located in Allahabad region.
This document provides an overview of biomedical waste management rules and regulations in India. It defines biomedical waste and outlines the key steps for managing waste, including characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal. It discusses the current scenario of biomedical waste generation and treatment in India. It also summarizes the major differences between the 1998 and 2016 biomedical waste management rules, including changes to waste categories, treatment standards, and operator duties. Formats for authorization applications, annual reports, and accident reporting are also included.
The document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and explains the need for proper management due to risks to health and environment. It outlines various categories of waste like infectious, pathological, radioactive and their appropriate treatment and disposal methods like incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection and others. The document provides guidance on proper waste segregation, collection, storage, transportation and treatment to safely manage biomedical waste.
Dr. Said El Quliti - A General Procedure for Assessing and Improving the Efec...Hudhaib Al-Allatti
This document outlines a general procedure for assessing and improving medical waste management systems. It involves collecting data on key parameters like waste generation, segregation practices, storage, disposal methods, cleanliness and staff knowledge. The systems are then evaluated and recommendations are made for improvement. Areas assessed include typology of staff, waste amounts, classification, storage tools, disposal methods, time spent, cleanliness and staff knowledge. Hospitals, health centers and dispensaries are evaluated and an overall city evaluation is made along with recommendations.
This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste as waste capable of transmitting infectious diseases, including blood, body fluids, and contaminated sharps. It notes that biomedical waste is categorized into infectious sharps, laboratory waste, medical sharps, isolation waste, and some animal waste. The sources of healthcare waste and groups at risk are identified. Key aspects of biomedical waste management include segregation, collection, transportation, storage, and end treatment/disposal.
This document discusses biomedical waste - waste generated by hospitals and healthcare facilities that can transmit infections. It notes that biomedical waste poses hazards due to infectivity and toxicity. Examples of biomedical waste include human tissues, sharps like needles, discarded medicines, and soiled materials. The document outlines best practices for handling biomedical waste safely to avoid infection, such as using protective equipment and disinfecting any spills. It also discusses regulations in India for properly disposing of biomedical waste.
The document summarizes a study on bio-medical waste management practices at General Hospital in Sirsa, Haryana, India. The study found that while some practices like contracting a private agency for waste collection were in place, proper waste segregation and availability of designated bins were lacking. Recommendations included appointing staff to monitor waste management, conducting regular quality assessments, training and awareness programs for staff, and ensuring safety protocols and environmentally sound disposal practices are followed.
1. The document discusses hospital waste management, outlining the concepts, statutory mandate, roles and responsibilities, and general practices according to BMW rules 1998.
2. It describes the different types of hospital waste and provides a schematic representation of waste generation areas, collection, treatment options, and final disposal.
3. The roles of the hospital head, administrator, waste generators, sanitary supervisor, and technicians are defined in ensuring proper hospital waste management.
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OVERVIEW IN INDIAManoj Chaurasia
this upload on bio-medical waste treatment and disposal overview is improved version of my previous upload on the subject. The presentation highlights the bio-medical treatment status at Allahabad, India. The content is the result of my experience gained from routine inspections of various health care facilities located in Allahabad region.
This document provides an overview of biomedical waste management rules and regulations in India. It defines biomedical waste and outlines the key steps for managing waste, including characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal. It discusses the current scenario of biomedical waste generation and treatment in India. It also summarizes the major differences between the 1998 and 2016 biomedical waste management rules, including changes to waste categories, treatment standards, and operator duties. Formats for authorization applications, annual reports, and accident reporting are also included.
The document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and explains the need for proper management due to risks to health and environment. It outlines various categories of waste like infectious, pathological, radioactive and their appropriate treatment and disposal methods like incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection and others. The document provides guidance on proper waste segregation, collection, storage, transportation and treatment to safely manage biomedical waste.
Dr. Said El Quliti - A General Procedure for Assessing and Improving the Efec...Hudhaib Al-Allatti
This document outlines a general procedure for assessing and improving medical waste management systems. It involves collecting data on key parameters like waste generation, segregation practices, storage, disposal methods, cleanliness and staff knowledge. The systems are then evaluated and recommendations are made for improvement. Areas assessed include typology of staff, waste amounts, classification, storage tools, disposal methods, time spent, cleanliness and staff knowledge. Hospitals, health centers and dispensaries are evaluated and an overall city evaluation is made along with recommendations.
This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste as waste capable of transmitting infectious diseases, including blood, body fluids, and contaminated sharps. It notes that biomedical waste is categorized into infectious sharps, laboratory waste, medical sharps, isolation waste, and some animal waste. The sources of healthcare waste and groups at risk are identified. Key aspects of biomedical waste management include segregation, collection, transportation, storage, and end treatment/disposal.
This document discusses biomedical waste - waste generated by hospitals and healthcare facilities that can transmit infections. It notes that biomedical waste poses hazards due to infectivity and toxicity. Examples of biomedical waste include human tissues, sharps like needles, discarded medicines, and soiled materials. The document outlines best practices for handling biomedical waste safely to avoid infection, such as using protective equipment and disinfecting any spills. It also discusses regulations in India for properly disposing of biomedical waste.
The document summarizes a study on bio-medical waste management practices at General Hospital in Sirsa, Haryana, India. The study found that while some practices like contracting a private agency for waste collection were in place, proper waste segregation and availability of designated bins were lacking. Recommendations included appointing staff to monitor waste management, conducting regular quality assessments, training and awareness programs for staff, and ensuring safety protocols and environmentally sound disposal practices are followed.
This document discusses bio medical waste management. It defines different types of hospital waste including biomedical waste. It classifies waste into hazardous and non-hazardous categories. Hazardous waste is further divided into infectious and toxic types. Ten categories of biomedical waste are outlined along with their color coding and appropriate treatment methods. The key steps in waste management are identified as survey, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Common health risks of improper waste handling are also noted.
Biomedical waste includes human waste, animal waste, and materials contaminated with blood or body fluids. It is generated during diagnosis, treatment, research, or testing involving humans or animals. The main types are infectious waste, sharps, pathological waste, pharmaceutical waste, and genotoxic waste. Healthcare facilities, research labs, and clinics produce the majority of biomedical waste. Exposure to biomedical waste puts sanitation workers, medical staff, and patients at risk of diseases. Proper management includes segregating, storing, transporting, and treating waste before disposal to prevent disease transmission. Treatment methods include incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, and secured landfilling. Following universal safety precautions and biomedical waste rules
These kinds of topics give more information and awareness of medical history. Getting acquainted with these kinds of topics and information makes us more responsible.
It is a power point presentation on effects of wrong disposal of Bio-Medical waste on environment and mankind. It has many points like
Side effects.
Analysis of Bio-medical waste in Maharashtra.
Treatments for Bio-medical waste.
Violation of rules.
How can this be stopped.
This document discusses the management of biomedical waste in India. It begins with defining biomedical waste and outlining the health hazards posed. It notes that India generates around 3 million tons of medical waste annually. The document then discusses the BMW rules established by the government regarding segregation, packaging, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. It provides details on the categories of waste and appropriate treatment methods. Proper practices within hospitals are also covered, highlighting current issues and the duties of occupiers.
The document discusses the classification, hazards, and proper management of biomedical waste. It defines biomedical waste and explains why its treatment is important for public health and the environment. It outlines 10 categories of biomedical waste and provides color-coding for waste segregation. The objectives of biomedical waste management are to minimize waste production, recycle to the extent possible, treat waste through safe and environmentally-friendly methods, ensure safety during handling, and prevent healthcare-associated infections. Proper training, universal safety precautions, waste segregation, and hygienic facilities are key to effective biomedical waste management.
The document defines biomedical waste as any waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or research involving humans or animals. It outlines the principles of biomedical waste management, which include waste minimization, segregation, collection, treatment, and disposal while ensuring occupational safety and monitoring. The rules in India regarding disposal are described, including the different waste categories and color-coded containers. Proper collection, segregation into infectious and non-infectious waste, and treatment techniques like incineration are discussed as important for safe disposal.
The document discusses the waste composition and treatment facilities at JPMC hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. It finds that the hospital generates approximately 2.5 tons of waste daily, of which 700kg is infectious, and the waste is treated using an incinerator. The document also provides conclusions and recommendations about improving waste management practices at the hospital.
BioMedical Waste Management & Handling Rules (1998 vs draft 2015) dr sumi Sumi Nandwani
The document discusses differences between the 1998 Biomedical Waste Management Rules and the draft 2015 rules. Key differences include expanded definitions and categories of waste in the draft 2015 rules. The draft rules also provide more detailed duties for occupiers, operators of common biomedical waste treatment facilities, and authorities. Challenges in implementing the draft rules include the lack of authorized common waste treatment facilities and recyclers in some states.
1) The document discusses biomedical waste management and proper treatment of waste generated in healthcare settings.
2) Biomedical waste needs to be properly segregated and treated due to risks of transmitting infectious diseases. It can be classified into 8 categories.
3) Common technologies used to treat biomedical waste include incineration, autoclaving, hydroclaving, microwaving, and irradiation. Each method uses different processes like heat or chemicals to eliminate pathogens.
The Biomedical Waste Management of the wastes which are colour coded to Yellow, i.e., the Pharmaceutical and Medical Wastes are described along with the steps of Management here. Everything is explained along with Images and simple yet completely understandable contents.
The pictures placed in the document belongs to their respective owners. Strictly no copyright infringement intended.
New bio medical waste management rules 2016Gunwant Joshi
Notification of New Bio Medical Waste Management Rules 2016 by MOEF & CC in March 2016 has prompted to launch new presentation on the subject in place of earlier one.
STUDY ON HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GENERAL HOSPITAL OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ...ayishaa
This document summarizes a comparative study on hospital waste management practices in public and private hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. The study aimed to collect information on waste collection, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. It also sought to assess awareness among hospital staff and identify potential health and environmental impacts of improper management. The methodology involved surveys and interviews with 100 staff from two hospitals. The findings showed private hospitals had better awareness of applicable legislation and storage practices, while both sectors showed similar awareness of occupational health hazards from improper waste handling. The conclusion was that while practices differed, awareness of environmental and health impacts was the same.
The document provides guidelines for hospital waste management in India based on the Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998. It outlines 10 categories of hospital waste and appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category, including incineration, deep burial, autoclaving, microwaving, shredding, and secured landfilling. The guidelines emphasize segregation of waste, use of colored containers, and proper treatment to minimize health and safety risks from hazardous hospital waste.
The document discusses proper management of biomedical waste. It defines key terms related to biomedical waste management and outlines the duties of occupiers and operators. The rules for biomedical waste management were revised in 2016 to improve safety standards. Facilities that generate biomedical waste must now obtain authorization, follow strict waste segregation and disposal procedures, and report any accidents to the appropriate authorities. Proper management of biomedical waste is necessary to protect human health and the environment from occupational hazards.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 and its 2018 amendment in India. It defines biomedical waste and explains the importance of proper management. It outlines the classification of waste into 4 color-coded categories and their treatment and disposal options. It describes the steps of waste segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal. It highlights some major changes introduced in the 2018 amendment like phasing out of chlorinated plastic and establishing a barcode system.
The document discusses healthcare waste management in developing countries, focusing on treatment methods such as incineration. It specifically examines De Montfort incinerators, which were designed to be affordable yet effective incinerators that can reach temperatures over 800°C. The document also provides a case study of healthcare waste management in Hargeisa, Somaliland using De Montfort incinerators.
The document discusses two novels, Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert and Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel. In both novels, the central female protagonists - Emma and Tita respectively - struggle to express themselves within the confines of their societies and family situations. Emma uses relationships with men to find satisfaction, while Tita uses food and cooking. However, their means of expression ultimately lead to their destruction.
Tropical rainforests have a humid climate with high temperatures year-round and heavy rainfall almost daily. They have a complex structure with five layers - emergent trees, canopy, understory, shrub layer, and forest floor. Plants in each layer have adaptations like buttress roots and waxy leaves to survive in the dense forest. Threats to the rainforest include deforestation for agriculture, timber, and development which can be seen increasing over time in satellite images. Rainforests provide many useful products like foods, materials, medicines and maintain nutrient and water cycles.
This document discusses bio medical waste management. It defines different types of hospital waste including biomedical waste. It classifies waste into hazardous and non-hazardous categories. Hazardous waste is further divided into infectious and toxic types. Ten categories of biomedical waste are outlined along with their color coding and appropriate treatment methods. The key steps in waste management are identified as survey, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Common health risks of improper waste handling are also noted.
Biomedical waste includes human waste, animal waste, and materials contaminated with blood or body fluids. It is generated during diagnosis, treatment, research, or testing involving humans or animals. The main types are infectious waste, sharps, pathological waste, pharmaceutical waste, and genotoxic waste. Healthcare facilities, research labs, and clinics produce the majority of biomedical waste. Exposure to biomedical waste puts sanitation workers, medical staff, and patients at risk of diseases. Proper management includes segregating, storing, transporting, and treating waste before disposal to prevent disease transmission. Treatment methods include incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, and secured landfilling. Following universal safety precautions and biomedical waste rules
These kinds of topics give more information and awareness of medical history. Getting acquainted with these kinds of topics and information makes us more responsible.
It is a power point presentation on effects of wrong disposal of Bio-Medical waste on environment and mankind. It has many points like
Side effects.
Analysis of Bio-medical waste in Maharashtra.
Treatments for Bio-medical waste.
Violation of rules.
How can this be stopped.
This document discusses the management of biomedical waste in India. It begins with defining biomedical waste and outlining the health hazards posed. It notes that India generates around 3 million tons of medical waste annually. The document then discusses the BMW rules established by the government regarding segregation, packaging, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. It provides details on the categories of waste and appropriate treatment methods. Proper practices within hospitals are also covered, highlighting current issues and the duties of occupiers.
The document discusses the classification, hazards, and proper management of biomedical waste. It defines biomedical waste and explains why its treatment is important for public health and the environment. It outlines 10 categories of biomedical waste and provides color-coding for waste segregation. The objectives of biomedical waste management are to minimize waste production, recycle to the extent possible, treat waste through safe and environmentally-friendly methods, ensure safety during handling, and prevent healthcare-associated infections. Proper training, universal safety precautions, waste segregation, and hygienic facilities are key to effective biomedical waste management.
The document defines biomedical waste as any waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or research involving humans or animals. It outlines the principles of biomedical waste management, which include waste minimization, segregation, collection, treatment, and disposal while ensuring occupational safety and monitoring. The rules in India regarding disposal are described, including the different waste categories and color-coded containers. Proper collection, segregation into infectious and non-infectious waste, and treatment techniques like incineration are discussed as important for safe disposal.
The document discusses the waste composition and treatment facilities at JPMC hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. It finds that the hospital generates approximately 2.5 tons of waste daily, of which 700kg is infectious, and the waste is treated using an incinerator. The document also provides conclusions and recommendations about improving waste management practices at the hospital.
BioMedical Waste Management & Handling Rules (1998 vs draft 2015) dr sumi Sumi Nandwani
The document discusses differences between the 1998 Biomedical Waste Management Rules and the draft 2015 rules. Key differences include expanded definitions and categories of waste in the draft 2015 rules. The draft rules also provide more detailed duties for occupiers, operators of common biomedical waste treatment facilities, and authorities. Challenges in implementing the draft rules include the lack of authorized common waste treatment facilities and recyclers in some states.
1) The document discusses biomedical waste management and proper treatment of waste generated in healthcare settings.
2) Biomedical waste needs to be properly segregated and treated due to risks of transmitting infectious diseases. It can be classified into 8 categories.
3) Common technologies used to treat biomedical waste include incineration, autoclaving, hydroclaving, microwaving, and irradiation. Each method uses different processes like heat or chemicals to eliminate pathogens.
The Biomedical Waste Management of the wastes which are colour coded to Yellow, i.e., the Pharmaceutical and Medical Wastes are described along with the steps of Management here. Everything is explained along with Images and simple yet completely understandable contents.
The pictures placed in the document belongs to their respective owners. Strictly no copyright infringement intended.
New bio medical waste management rules 2016Gunwant Joshi
Notification of New Bio Medical Waste Management Rules 2016 by MOEF & CC in March 2016 has prompted to launch new presentation on the subject in place of earlier one.
STUDY ON HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GENERAL HOSPITAL OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ...ayishaa
This document summarizes a comparative study on hospital waste management practices in public and private hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. The study aimed to collect information on waste collection, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. It also sought to assess awareness among hospital staff and identify potential health and environmental impacts of improper management. The methodology involved surveys and interviews with 100 staff from two hospitals. The findings showed private hospitals had better awareness of applicable legislation and storage practices, while both sectors showed similar awareness of occupational health hazards from improper waste handling. The conclusion was that while practices differed, awareness of environmental and health impacts was the same.
The document provides guidelines for hospital waste management in India based on the Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998. It outlines 10 categories of hospital waste and appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category, including incineration, deep burial, autoclaving, microwaving, shredding, and secured landfilling. The guidelines emphasize segregation of waste, use of colored containers, and proper treatment to minimize health and safety risks from hazardous hospital waste.
The document discusses proper management of biomedical waste. It defines key terms related to biomedical waste management and outlines the duties of occupiers and operators. The rules for biomedical waste management were revised in 2016 to improve safety standards. Facilities that generate biomedical waste must now obtain authorization, follow strict waste segregation and disposal procedures, and report any accidents to the appropriate authorities. Proper management of biomedical waste is necessary to protect human health and the environment from occupational hazards.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 and its 2018 amendment in India. It defines biomedical waste and explains the importance of proper management. It outlines the classification of waste into 4 color-coded categories and their treatment and disposal options. It describes the steps of waste segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal. It highlights some major changes introduced in the 2018 amendment like phasing out of chlorinated plastic and establishing a barcode system.
The document discusses healthcare waste management in developing countries, focusing on treatment methods such as incineration. It specifically examines De Montfort incinerators, which were designed to be affordable yet effective incinerators that can reach temperatures over 800°C. The document also provides a case study of healthcare waste management in Hargeisa, Somaliland using De Montfort incinerators.
The document discusses two novels, Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert and Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel. In both novels, the central female protagonists - Emma and Tita respectively - struggle to express themselves within the confines of their societies and family situations. Emma uses relationships with men to find satisfaction, while Tita uses food and cooking. However, their means of expression ultimately lead to their destruction.
Tropical rainforests have a humid climate with high temperatures year-round and heavy rainfall almost daily. They have a complex structure with five layers - emergent trees, canopy, understory, shrub layer, and forest floor. Plants in each layer have adaptations like buttress roots and waxy leaves to survive in the dense forest. Threats to the rainforest include deforestation for agriculture, timber, and development which can be seen increasing over time in satellite images. Rainforests provide many useful products like foods, materials, medicines and maintain nutrient and water cycles.
Global warming is caused by a build-up of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels. This traps heat from the sun and warms the planet, causing long-term climate changes like rising temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns (climate change). Evidence of global warming includes measurements of higher carbon dioxide levels and rising temperatures over the past 1000 years from ice core data, as well as photographs showing shrinking glaciers in Alaska between 1914 and 2004 and lower water levels in rivers. Individual actions like using energy efficient light bulbs and driving less can help reduce emissions and slow global warming.
Waste Management Research - City University of Pasay (BPG)Cristy Melloso
The document discusses the solid waste management practices of Barangay 159 in Pasay City. It aims to determine how the barangay complies with the goals of the local Solid Waste Management Office. The researchers conducted surveys to assess the barangay's proper waste disposal, garbage collection, cleaning maintenance consistency, people's participation in waste disposal, garbage recycling, and people's satisfaction. Based on the survey results, most respondents rated the barangay's performance in these areas as good, with 38% rating cleaning maintenance and people's participation as excellent. The document provides background information on solid waste management laws and strategies to analyze the barangay's compliance.
The document discusses waste management in the Philippines using the 5Rs techniques of reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, and repair. It notes that 35,000,000 kilos of garbage is produced in the Philippines every day. Reduce means lessening trash by buying reusable products. Reuse finds new uses for used materials. Recycle creates new products from used materials. Recover generates energy from burning garbage in incinerators. Repair fixes broken items to reuse them.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste and their effects. It describes concepts of waste management including reduce, reuse and recycle. Methods of solid waste storage, collection, transport, disposal and technologies are explained. Recommendations are made to improve waste management through increased public awareness, prohibiting littering, and moving from open dumping to sanitary landfilling.
Impact of Biomedical Waste on City Environment :Case Study of Pune India.IOSR Journals
Indian cities are facing problem of Biomedical waste management in the wake of urban development. The number of healthcare facilities is increasing day by day resulting in large-scale generation of bio medical waste. It has been observed that inadequate disposal of biomedical waste is creating highly unhygienic environment and posing serious heath threat for inhabitants. Present paper discusses the issue of biomedical waste management from a wider perspective with special emphasis on chemical waste which is one of the most hazardous wastes in present context. Various types of biomedical waste with reference to generation, handling and disposal practices are presented. It includes study and analysis of the parameters which affect the quality of environment to explore their impact on city environments. The current practices of handling such waste is presented based on a study conducted in city of Pune, which is the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is aimed to put forth the importance of adequate handling and treatment of biomedical waste with reference to healthy and hygienic living environment for inhabitants to live in.
The health of patients is important to hospitals making it imperative to properly dispose of biomedical waste. Having the proper biomedical waste containers is part of keeping patients safe from illnesses they could contract while in the hospital.
This project report summarizes Rochan Banga's investigatory project on biological waste management. The report discusses the need for proper biological waste management in hospitals to prevent the spread of diseases and environmental pollution. It provides classifications of biomedical waste, sources of waste, and the problems caused by improper management. It also outlines the key steps in biological waste management processes, including collection, segregation, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Common treatment methods like incineration and autoclaving are also summarized.
This project report summarizes Rochan Banga's investigatory project on biological waste management. The report discusses the need for proper biological waste management in hospitals to prevent the spread of diseases and environmental pollution. It provides classifications of biomedical waste, sources of waste, and the problems caused by improper management. It also outlines the key steps in biological waste management processes, including collection, segregation, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Common treatment methods like incineration and autoclaving are also summarized.
The document is an outline for an extended essay on comparing bio-medical waste management practices between a private and government hospital in India. It includes an introduction defining bio-medical waste and the rationale for proper management. It then outlines the research question, aim, hypothesis, variables, and steps for bio-medical waste management. The steps include segregation, collection, transportation, and treatment. It also discusses regulations and compares practices between P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and L.T.M.G. Sion Hospital.
The document discusses the management of biomedical waste from hospitals. It notes that hospital waste is classified as 85% non-hazardous and 15% hazardous, with the hazardous waste further divided into infectious (10%) and toxic (5%). The key aspects of management include proper segregation of waste based on category at the point of generation, use of colored containers, treatment and disposal options according to waste type, and compliance with the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998 which regulate waste disposal. Improper management can pose health risks like infections to patients, staff and the public.
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It begins by introducing the types of hazardous materials generated in hospitals, including infected materials, cytotoxic drugs, and radioactive substances. It then describes the nature and quantities of hospital waste, classifying it as hazardous (15%) and non-hazardous (85%). Hazardous waste is further divided into infectious (10%) and toxic (5%) categories. The document outlines the health hazards of improper management, principles of infection control, and the Bio-Medical Waste Rules for treatment and disposal of different categories of waste.
This document defines and describes biomedical waste and the risks associated with improper management. It notes that biomedical waste can be categorized as either risk waste or non-risk waste. Risk waste is further divided into seven groups: infectious, pathological, sharps, pharmaceutical, genotoxic, chemical, and radioactive waste. The document provides examples of materials that fall into each risk waste category and notes that improper disposal of biomedical waste poses health risks to healthcare workers, the community, and the environment.
Hospital waste poses serious health and environmental risks if not properly managed and disposed of. It includes infectious biological waste, hazardous materials, and general non-hazardous trash. Hospitals must properly segregate waste types using designated color-coded containers. Biological and hazardous waste must be stored securely and for no more than 24 hours before collection and disposal. All hospital staff must be trained on safe waste handling procedures and provided protective equipment to prevent infection and injury from potentially dangerous medical waste. Proper management is crucial to prevent the spread of diseases from improper disposal of hospital waste.
Hospital waste presents serious health and environmental hazards if not properly managed. It includes infectious biological waste that can spread diseases. Hospitals must strictly segregate waste into hazardous and non-hazardous categories using designated color-coded containers. Waste must be collected, stored no more than 24 hours at room temperature, and disposed of according to regulations to prevent the transmission of infections and protect public health. Proper training, safety precautions, and worker vaccination are also essential for safely handling hospital waste.
The document discusses the management of healthcare waste. It defines healthcare waste as any waste generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunization of humans or animals in healthcare facilities. It notes that healthcare waste requires safe handling due to its potential for infection and injury. It then outlines the types of healthcare waste and provides examples, as well as treatment and disposal options according to regulations. Finally, it discusses how healthcare waste is managed and treated in Pimpri Chinchwad, with waste being collected and transported daily to an incinerator facility.
Hospital waste management Real time AnalysisJobi Mathai
This document discusses biomedical waste generated in healthcare settings. It states that about 85% of waste from hospitals is non-hazardous, while 10% is infectious waste and 5% is hazardous. It provides examples of different types of clinical, laboratory, and non-clinical waste and how waste is typically collected and disposed of at hospitals. The document notes that medical waste can pollute the environment and pose health risks if not properly managed.
The document discusses hospital waste management. It classifies hospital waste into hazardous and non-hazardous categories. Hazardous waste includes infectious waste from medical procedures and laboratories as well as chemical and radioactive waste. Proper segregation, treatment, and disposal of hospital waste is important to prevent health hazards. Key steps include waste minimization, segregation, storage, treatment, transportation, and final disposal.
This document discusses biomedical and special waste management. It identifies the key components of biomedical waste as medical waste, infectious waste, and domestic waste. Infectious waste is defined as waste that is contaminated with pathogens and is capable of causing disease. Biomedical waste is categorized into 10 categories based on the type of waste. Different categories of waste are assigned specific colored containers or bags for proper disposal, like yellow bags for categories 1, 2, 3, and 6 and red bags for categories 3, 6, and 7. Proper management of biomedical waste is important to prevent the spread of disease.
This document provides information on biomedical waste (BMW) management. It defines BMW and discusses its sources and categories. Significant amounts of hazardous BMW are generated daily, posing infection and toxicity risks if not properly handled. The World Health Organization estimates that 15% of hospital waste is infectious and has linked contaminated medical equipment to millions of viral infections annually. The document outlines Indian and international BMW rules and treatment/disposal methods. Proper segregation, containment, transport and treatment are necessary to safely manage this waste and protect public health.
Hospital waste management involves classifying, handling, and disposing of different types of waste generated in hospitals. The main types are non-hazardous waste like food scraps; infectious waste like medical equipment, tissues and fluids; and hazardous waste like chemicals, drugs and radioactive materials. Proper segregation, storage, treatment and disposal is needed to minimize health risks to patients, staff and the public from infectious or toxic waste. Key steps include waste surveys to understand waste types and amounts, training staff, using color-coded containers, disinfecting or sterilizing infectious waste, and following guidelines for safe transportation and disposal.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on solid waste management challenges in India during the COVID-19 pandemic. It begins with an introduction to COVID-19 and its impact on waste generation. It then describes the types of biomedical waste and different treatment methods used in India. Some key challenges facing waste management in India during the pandemic are improper waste segregation and lack of training and PPE for workers. Proposed solutions include separate collection of COVID waste and guidelines for safe handling. The conclusion stresses the importance of proper waste treatment to prevent further virus spread.
Health care waste includes all waste generated during healthcare activities. It is classified into infectious, pathological, chemical, pharmaceutical, radioactive and general waste. Improper management of healthcare waste poses hazards to workers, patients and the environment. Key principles for management include duty of care, polluter pays, precautionary and proximity. Management involves segregation, storage, transportation and treatment which includes incineration and non-burn techniques like burial and chemical disinfection. International agreements like the Basel and Stockholm Conventions aim to minimize hazardous waste and promote environmentally sound management.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
EE
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Table of Contents
Type chapter title (level 1) ........................................................................................................................................................1
Type chapter title (level 2) .....................................................................................................................................................2
Type chapter title (level 3) .................................................................................................................................................3
Type chapter title (level 1) ........................................................................................................................................................4
Type chapter title (level 2) .....................................................................................................................................................5
Type chapter title (level 3) .................................................................................................................................................6
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E.E
Hospital Waste Management
By: Shubhankar Sood
Research Question
To compare the bio-medical waste management practices at private hospital to that of government hospital in a
metropolitan city in India.
Aim
To analyze and compare the bio- medical waste management practices at Hinduja hospital (private ownership)
to that of L.T.M.G. Sion Hospital (governmental ownership).
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis: there is no comparable difference in the waste management practices followed by both the
hospitals.
Alternative Hypothesis: there is distinctive comparable difference in the bio-medicalwaste management
practices followed by both the hospitals.
There may becomparable difference in the bio-medical waste management practices followed by both
hospitals. Were in, private hospitals waste management practices should be closer to the norms and
government hospitals waste management practices lag behind the standard norms.
Variables:
Independentvariables: management of hospitals (private or government)
Dependent Variables: the method used for segregation and disposing bio-medical waste
Controlled Variables: location of the hospitals (including country and city); morbidity pattern of the city
What is hospital waste?
Hospital waste refers to all waste generated, discarded and not intended for further use in the hospital.
General Classification of hospital waste:
(1) General waste: Largely composed of domestic or house hold type waste. It is non-hazardous to
human beings, e.g. kitchen waste, packaging material, paper, wrappersand plastics.
(2) Pathological waste: Consists of tissue, organ, body part, human foetuses, blood and body fluid. It
is hazardous waste.
(3) Infectious waste: The wastes which contain pathogens in sufficient concentration or quantity
that could cause diseases. It is hazardous e.g. culture and stocks of infectious agents from
laboratories, waste from surgery, waste originating from infectious patients.
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(4) Sharps: Waste materials which could cause the person handling it, a cut or puncture of skin e.g.
needles, broken glass, saws, nail, bladesand scalpels.
(5) Pharmaceutical waste: This includes pharmaceutical products, drugs, and chemicals that have
been returned from wards, have been spilled, are out-dated, or contaminated.
(6) Chemical waste: This comprises discarded solid, liquid and gaseous chemicals e.g. cleaning,
housekeeping, and disinfecting product.
(7) Radioactive waste: It includes solid, liquid, and gaseous waste that is contaminated with
radionuclide’s generated from in-vitro analysis of body tissues and fluid, in-vivo body organ
imaging and tumour localization and therapeutic procedures.
Amount and composition of hospital waste generated:
(a) Amount
Country Quantity (kg/bed/day)
U. K. 2.5
U.S.A. 4.5
France 2.5
Spain 3.0
India 1.5
(b) Hazardous/non-hazardous
Hazardous(total) : 15%
a) Hazardous but non- 5%
infective
b)Hazardous and infective 10%
Non-hazardous 85%
(c) Composition
By Weight:
Plastic 14%
Combustible:
Dry cellulosic solid 45%
Wet cellulosic solid 18%
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Non-combustible:
Non-combustible products 20%
[Source: Medical Superintendent at the Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow]
What is biomedical waste?
Any solid, fluid and liquid or liquid waste, including its container and any intermediate product, which is
generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human being or animals, in research pertaining
thereto, or in the production or testing of biological and the animal waste from slaughter houses or any other
similar establishment. All biomedical waste is hazardous. In hospital it comprises of 15% of total hospital waste.
Hospital Waste an Environmental Hazard and Its Management:
Hospital is a place of almighty, a place to serve the patient. Since beginning, the hospitals are known for
the treatment of sick persons but many are unaware about the adverse effects of the garbage and filth
generated by them on human body and environment. Now it is a well-established fact that there are many
adverse and harmful effects to the environment including human beings which are caused by the "Hospital
waste" generated during the patient care. Hospital waste is a potential health hazard to the health care
workers, public and flora and fauna of the area. Hospital acquired infection, transfusion transmitted diseases,
rising incidence of Hepatitis B, and HIV, increasing land and water pollution lead to increasing possibility of
catching many diseases. Air pollution due to emission of hazardous gases by incinerator such as Furan, Dioxin,
Hydrochloric acid etc. have compelled the authorities to think seriously about hospital waste and the diseases
transmitted through improper disposal of hospital waste. This problem has now become a serious threat for
the public health and, ultimately, the Central Government had to intervene for enforcing proper handling and
disposal of hospital waste.
Rationale of hospital waste management:
Hospital waste management is a part of hospital hygiene and maintenance activities. In fact only 15% of
hospital waste i.e. "Biomedical waste" is hazardous, not the complete. But when hazardous waste is not
segregated at the source of generation and mixed with non-hazardous waste, then 100% waste becomes
hazardous. The question then arises that what is the need or rationale for spending so many resources in terms
of money, man power, material and machine for management of hospital waste? The reasons are:
Injuries from sharps leading to infection to all categories of hospital personnel and waste handler.
Nosocomial infections in patients from poor infection control practices and poor waste management.
Risk of infection outside hospital for waste handlers and scavengers and at time general public living in
the vicinity of hospitals.
Risk associated with hazardous chemicals, drugs to persons handling wastes at all levels.
"disposable" being repacked and sold by unscrupulous elements without even being washed.
Drugs which have been disposed of, being repacked and sold off to unsuspecting buyers.
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Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly due to waste, or due to defective incineration emissions and
ash.
Approach for hospital waste management:
1. Segregation of waste
Segregation is the essence of waste management and should be done at the source of generation of Bio-
medical waste e.g. all patient care activity areas, diagnostic services areas, operation theaters, labour rooms,
treatment rooms etc. The responsibility of segregation should be with the generator of biomedical waste i.e.
doctors, nurses, technicians etc. (medical and paramedical personnel). The biomedical waste should be
segregated as per categories mentioned in the rules.
2. Collection of bio-medical waste
Collection of bio-medical waste should be done as per Bio-medical waste (Management and Handling) Rules. At
ordinary room temperature the collected waste should not be stored for more than 24 hours.
Type of container and colour code for collection of bio-medical waste
Category Waste class Type of container Colour
1. Human anatomical waste Plastic Yellow
2. Animal waste -do- -do-
3. Microbiology and Biotechnology -do- Yellow/Red
waste
4. Waste sharp Plastic bag puncture proof Blue/White Translucent
containers
5. Discarded medicines and Plastic bags Black
Cytotoxic waste
6. Solid (biomedical waste) -do- Yellow
7. Solid (plastic) Plastic bag puncture proof Blue/White Translucent
containers
8. Incineration waste Plastic bag Black
9. Chemical waste (solid) -do- -do-
3. Transportation
Within hospital, waste routes must be designated to avoid the passage of waste through patient care areas.
Separate time should be earmarked for transportation of bio-medical waste to reduce chances of it's mixing
with general waste. Desiccated wheeled containers, trolleys or carts should be used to transport the
waste/plastic bags to the site of storage/ treatment.
Trolleys or carts should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected in the event of any spillage. The wheeled
containers should be so designed that the waste can be easily loaded, remains secured during transportation,
does not have any sharp edges and is easy to clean and disinfect. Hazardous biomedical waste needing
transport to a long distance should be kept in containers and should have proper labels. The transport is done
through desiccated vehicles specially constructed for the purpose having fully enclosed body, lined internally
with stainless steel or aluminium to provide smooth and impervious surface which can be cleaned. The
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driverscompartment should be separated from the load compartment with a bulkhead. The load compartment
should be provided with roof vents for ventilation.
4. Why treatment of hospital waste?
Treatment of waste is required:
To disinfect the waste so that it is no longer the source of infection.
To reduce the volume of the waste.
Make waste unrecognizable for aesthetic reasons.
Make recycled items unusable.
5.Treatment of general waste:
The 85% of the waste generated in the hospital belongs to this category. The, safe disposal of this waste is the
responsibility of the local authority.
6.Treatment of bio-medical waste:
Deep burial: The waste under category 1 and 2 only can be accorded deep burial and only in cities having
less than 5 lakh population.
Autoclave and microwave treatment Standards for the autoclaving and microwaving are also mentioned
in the Biomedical waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998. All equipment installed/shared should meet
these specifications. The waste under category 3,4,6,7 can be treated by these techniques. Standards for the
autoclaving are also laid down.
Shredding: The plastic (IV bottles, IV sets, syringes, catheters etc.), sharps (needles, blades, glass etc)
should be shredded but only after chemical treatment/microwaving/autoclaving. Needle destroyers can be
used for disposal of needles directly without chemical treatment.
Secured landfill: The incinerator ash, discarded medicines, cytotoxic substances and solid chemical waste
should be treated by this option.
Incineration: The incinerator should be installed and made operational as per specification under the
BMW rules 1998 and a certificate may be taken from CPCB/State Pollution Control Board and emission levels
etc should be defined. In case of small hospitals, facilities can be shared. The waste under category 1,2,3,5,6
can be incinerated depending upon the local policies of the hospital and feasibility. The polythene bags made of
chlorinated plastics should not be incinerated.
It may be noted that there are options available for disposal of certain category of waste. The individual
hospital can choose the best option depending upon the facilities available and its financial resources.
However, it may be noted that depending upon the option chosen, correct colour of the bag needs to be used.
7. Safety measures
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All the generators of bio--medical waste should adopt universal precautions and appropriate safety
measures while doing therapeutic and diagnostic activities and also while handling the bio-medical waste.
It should be ensured by the hospital and the government that:
Drivers, collectors and other handlers are aware of the nature and risk of the waste.
written instructions, provided regarding the procedures to be adopted in the event of spillage/ accidents.
Protective gears provided and instructions regarding their use are given.
Workers are protected by vaccination against tetanus and hepatitis B.
8. Measures for waste minimization
As far as possible, purchase of reusable items made of glass and metal should be encouraged. Select non PVC
plastic items. Adopt procedures and policies for proper management of waste generated, the mainstay of
which is segregation to reduce the quantity of waste to be treated. Establish effective and sound recycling
policy for plastic recycling and get in touch with authorised manufactures.
INDIAN BIO-MEDICAL WASTE RULES1998:
Based on Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998, notified under the Environment
Protection Act by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (Government of India) bio-medical waste has to be
segregated according to the following 10 categories:
Option Waste Category Treatment & Disposal
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste incineration /deep burial
(human tissues, organs, body parts)
Category No. 2 Animal Waste incineration/deep burial
(animal tissues, organs, body parts carcasses,
bleeding parts, fluid, blood and experimental
animals used in research, waste generated by
veterinary hospitals, colleges, discharge from
hospitals, animal houses)
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste local autoclaving/micro-
(Wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or micro- waving/incineration
organisms live or vaccines, human and animal cell
culture used in research and infectious agents
from research and industrial laboratories, wastes
from production of biological, toxins, dishes and
devices used for transfer of cultures)
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Category No. 4 Waste Sharps disinfection (chemical
(needles, syringes, scalpels, blade, glass, etc. that treatment) /auto
may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both claving/microwaving and
used and unused sharps) mutilation/shredding
Category No. 5 Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs incineration/destruction and
(Waste comprising of outdated, contaminated and drugs disposal in secured
discarded medicines) landfills
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste incineration/autoclaving/m
(items contaminated with blood, and body fluids icrowaving
including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts,
linen, bedding, other material contaminated with
blood)
Category No. 7 Solid Waste disinfection by chemical
(Waste generated from disposal items other than treatment/autoclaving/mic
the sharps such a tubing’s, catheters, intravenous rowaving and
sets etc.) mutilation/shredding
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste disinfection by chemical
(Waste generated from laboratory and washing, treatment and discharge
cleaning, housekeeping and disinfecting activities) into drains
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash disposal in municipal
Ash from incineration of any bio-medical waste) landfill
Category No. 10 Chemical Waste chemical treatment and
(Chemicals used in production of biological, discharge into drains for
chemicals used in disinfection, as insecticides, liquids and secured landfill
etc.) for solids
W.H.O REGULATIONS
Definition according to W.H.O:
Health-care waste includes all the waste generated by health-care establishments, research facilities, and
laboratories. In addition, it includesthe waste originating from ‘minor’ or ‘scattered’ sourcessuch as
thatproduced in the course of health care undertaken in the home (dialysis,insulin injections, etc.)
W.H.O Classification:
As per W.H.Othe biomedical wastes could be classified into eight categories on the basis of the type of waste
and the risk of transmission of infectious material in them.
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1. General waste (domestic)
2. Pathological
3.Radioactive
4. Chemical
5. Infectious
6. Pharmaceutical wastes
7. Sharps
8. Pressurised containers
Data Collection and Processing
I had visited two different hospitals, in different localities and with different ownerships for my research work.
Collecting information and data through interviews, cross-sectional study, and observational study; pertaining
to the waste generated by the hospital and its subsequent management and disposal.
The two hospitals visited are:
1] P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre: private ownership
2] L.T.M.G. Sion Hospital: governmental ownership
P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre
Also popularly known as Hinduja Hospital, is a private hospital located at Mahim in Mumbai, India.The hospital
was established in 1951 byParmanandDeepchandHinduja.The hospital is a modern multi-speciality tertiary care
hospital with a medical research centre set up in collaboration with Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH),
Boston. The hospital has an inpatient capacity of 381 beds including of 53 critical care beds in different
specialities. As a tertiary care hospital, it offers services covering investigations & diagnosis to therapy, surgery,
and post-operative care. It is the first tertiary care hospital to have received ISO 9002 certification from KEMA,
Netherlands, for Quality management systems, and was awarded the "Golden Peacock Global Award" for
philanthropy in emerging economies (2006).
P. D. Hinduja National Hospital has many departments and wards like:
1. Trauma centre
2. Burn unit
3. Main OT
4. Urology dept.
5. Neurology dept.
6. ENT dept.
7. Minor OT
8. Emergency Dept.
9. Eye Dept.
10. Pediatric Dept.
11. Dermatology Dept.
12. Gynecology Dept.
13. Diagnostic Labs
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14. Pharmacy
15. Etc...
Note: Due to time constrain and for sake of comparison only some main target departments have been studied
for data.
All the waste generated in the hospital is segregated, collected and disposed according to the categories of
waste defined by ‘INDIAN BIO-MEDICAL WASTE RULES 1998’. Hence the below mentioned data is in terms of
these categories
NOTE: the ‘INDIAN BIO-MEDICAL WASTE RULES 1998’ categories have been listed in tabular form earlier in the
report. Hence it is advisable to keep in mind the ‘waste categories’ while referring to the data given below.
DATA COLLECTION:Table 1
Wards or Hospital Waste Collected[kg/Bed/week] (03/09/11-09/09/11)
Dept.
Category Category Category Category Category Category Category Category Category Category
No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No.9 No.10
OPD area - - - 0.08 0.01 0.08 0.04 0.08 - 0.01
Causality 0.12 - 0.02 0.15 0.02 0.22 0.24 0.15 - 0.02
ICU’s 0.04 - 0.01 0.19 0.03 0.27 0.29 0.21 - 0.03
OT area 0.59 - 0.03 0.21 - 0.32 0.37 0.32 - 0.05
Diagnosti - - 0.46 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.20 - 0.42
c Labs
Radiology - - - 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.18 - 0.08
Dept.
Pharmacy - - - 0.01 0.18 0.02 0.01 0.07 - 0.01
Table 2
Wards or Hospital Waste Collected[kg/Bed/week] (10/09/11-16/09/11)
Dept. Category Category Category Category Category Category Category Category Category Category
No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No.9 No.10
OPD area - - - 0.09 0.01 0.11 0.03 0.14 - 0.02
Causality 0.14 - 0.03 0.23 0.03 0.28 0.42 0.23 - 0.03
ICU’s 0.08 - 0.02 0.31 0.03 0.35 0.51 0.36 - 0.05
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Hinduja Hospital has its own Hospital Infection Control Team (HICT), which carries out
surveillance/inspection of different areas of hospital.
HICT comprises of: -
1. Medical Superintendent
2. Nursing Superintendent
3. H.O.D. Microbiology
4. Casualty Medical Officer (CMO)
5. Ward Medical Officers
L.T.M.G. Sion Hospital
LTMGH, (LokmanyaTilak Municipal General Hospital), locally known as "Sion Hospital", is a general municipal
hospital situated in Sion, a suburb of Mumbai, India. It was started in 1947 with 10 beds initially, which has now
grown into multi-specialty hospital with 1,416 beds. In the same campus, it is attached to LTMMC
(LokmanyaTilak Municipal Medical College) which is a teaching institute for undergraduate and post graduate
studies in medical sciences. It is named after LokmanyaTilak, an eminent Maharashtra freedom fighter in pre-
independence India.
L.T.M.G. Sion Hospital has many departments and wards like:
1. Trauma centre
2. Burn unit
3. Main OT
4. Urology dept.
5. Neurology dept.
6. ENT dept.
7. Minor OT (Ward 4)
8. Emergency Dept.
9. Eye Dept.
10. Pediatric Dept.
11. Dermatology Dept.
12. Gynecology Dept.
13. Diagnostic Labs
14. Pharmacy
15. Etc...
Note: Due to time constrain and for sake of comparison only some main target departments have been studied
for data. The hospital did not maintain perfect data according to the categories provided by ‘INDIAN BIO-
MEDICAL WASTE RULES 1998’; hence I had do that so as to make data comparison easier and clearer.
Data Collection:
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Causality - -
ICU’s - -
OT area - -
Diagnostic - -
Labs
Radiology - -
Dept.
Pharmacy - -
METHOD OF WASTE DISPOSAL ADOPTED BY L.T.M.G. SION HOSPITAL:
Colour Coding Waste Category Method of Disposal Adopted by
Hospital
Yellow Category 1,2,3 &6 Deep burial / Collected by BMC and
[Human & Animal anatomical waste / dumped at Deonar(near Chembur)
Micro-biology waste and soiled
cotton/dressings/linen/beddings etc.]
Red Category 7 Autoclaving / Microwaving /
[Tubing’s, Catheters, IV sets.] Chemical treatment/Collected by
BMC and dumped at Deonar
Blue/White Category 4 Autoclaving / Microwaving /
[Waste sharps like Chemical treatment /
Needles, Syringes, Scalpels, blades Shredding/Collected by BMC and
etc.] dumped at Deonar
Black Category 5,8,9 &10 Chemical treatment/Collected by
[Discarded medicines/cytotoxic drugs, BMC and dumped at Deonar
Incineration ash, Chemical waste.]
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