This document discusses different frameworks for designing effective instruction including essential questions, Bloom's taxonomy, depth of knowledge (DOK), understanding by design, and the SAMR model. It explains that essential questions spark curiosity, have no definite answers, and require students to construct their own understandings. Bloom's taxonomy and its revision classify learning objectives from lower to higher order thinking. DOK levels range from recall to extended thinking. Understanding by design focuses lessons around big ideas, enduring understandings, and authentic assessments. The SAMR model evaluates technology integration from substitution to redefinition. These frameworks aim to engage students in strategic, creative, real-world problem solving and thinking.

1. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
THE BIG IDEAS
EDUU 551

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY
DEPTH OF KNOWLEDGE (DOK)
UNDERSTANDING BY DESIGN
BACKWARDS DESIGN
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
SAMR, TPACK, DOK, AND BLOOM’S

3. Bloom’s Thinking Levels
Ask students to demonstrate:
 Knowledge - recall information in original form
 Comprehension - show understanding
 Application - use learning in a new situation
 Analysis - show s/he can see relationships
 Synthesis - combine and integrate parts of
prior knowledge into a product, plan, or
proposal that is new
 Evaluation - assess and criticize on basis of
standards and criteria
1956

4. Remembering
Understanding
Applying
Analyzing
Evaluating
Creating
• Creating – designing, constructing, planning,
producing, inventing, devising, making
• Evaluating – checking, hypothesizing, critiquing,
experimenting, judging, testing, detecting,
monitoring
• Analyzing – comparing, organizing,
deconstructing, attributing, outlining, finding,
structuring, integrating
• Applying – implementing, carrying out, using,
executing
• Understanding – interpreting, summarizing,
inferring, paraphrasing, classifying, comparing,
explaining, exemplifying
• Remembering – recognizing, listing, describing,
identifying, retrieving, naming, locating, finding
Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy

5. Webb’s
Depth of
Knowledge

7. • Level 3:
Strategic
Thinking
• Level 4:
Extended
Thinking
• Level 2:
Skill
Concept
• Level 1:
Recall Memorize
Identify Report
Define Draw Use
Name Match
Measure List
Label Illustrate
What Where
When Why
Recognize
Repeat Recite
InferCategorize
Collect Display
Graph Classical
Separate Cause
& Effect
Estimate
Compare
Summarize
Revise Assess
Construct
Investigate
Develop Logical
Argument
Hypothesize
Explain Critique
Cite Evidence
Design Connect
Synthesize Apply
Concepts
Critique
Analyze
Create
Prove

8. DOK Level 1: Common Core State
Standards (CCSS)
 Recall and
Reproduction: Level 1
 DOK 1 requires recall of
information, such as a
fact, definition, or term,
or performance of a
simple process or
procedure.
Memorize
Identify Report
Define Draw
Use Name
Match Measure
List Label Illustrate
What Where When Why
Recognize
Repeat

9. DOK Level 2: Common Core State
Standards (CCSS)
 Skills and Concepts: Level 2
 DOK 2 includes the
engagement of some mental
processing beyond recalling
or reproducing a response.
 Items require students to
make some decisions as to
how to approach the question
or problem.
Infer
Relate
Categorize
Collect Show
Display Graph Classify
Separate Cause /Effect
Estimate Distinguish
Compare Summarize

10. DOK Level 3: CCSS
 Strategic Thinking: Level 3
 DOK 3 requires deep
understanding as exhibited
through planning, using
evidence, and more
demanding cognitive
reasoning.
 The cognitive demands at
Level 3 are complex and
abstract.
Revise Assess
Investigate
Develop Logical
Argument
Hypothesize
Explain Critique
Cite Evidence
Draw Conclusions
Formulate
Construct

11. DOK Level 4: CCSS
 Extended Thinking: Level 4
 DOK 4 requires high cognitive
demand and is very complex.
 Students are expected to make
connections – relate ideas
within the content or among
content areas – and have to
select or devise one approach
among many alternatives on
how to solve the problem.
Design
Connect
Synthesize
Apply Concepts
Critique
Analyze
Create
Prove

12. Framing Essential Questions
Essential Questions at the top of Bloom’s
Taxonomy
 Create - innovate
 Evaluate – make a thoughtful choice
between options, with the choice based on
a clearly stated criteria
 Synthesize – invent a new or different
version
 Analyze – develop a thorough and
complex understanding through skillful
questioning.

13. Essential Questions: EQs
 Spark our curiosity and sense of wonder
 Desire to understand
 Something that matters to us
 Answers to EQs can NOT be found
 Students must construct own answers
 Make their own meaning from information they
have gathered
 Create insight

14. Essential Questions
 Answering such questions may
take a lifetime!
 Answers may only be tentative
 Information gathering may take
place outside of formal learning
environments
 Engage students in real life applied
problem solving
 EQs lend themselves to
multidisciplinary investigations.

15. Ideal Essential Questions
 Framed by students themselves
 Best to start with subsidiary
questions that might help support
the main question
 Formulate categories of related
questions
 “What else do we need to know?
 State suppositions
 Hypothesizing and Predicting
 Thought process helps provide a basis
for construction of meaning.

16. Understanding by Design
 What are the big ideas?
 Core concepts
 Focusing themes
 On-going debates/issues
 Insightful perspectives
 Illuminating
paradox/problem
 Organizing theory
 Overarching principle
 Underlying assumption
 What’s the evidence?
 How do we get there?
Represent a big idea having
enduring value beyond the
classroom
Reside at the heart of
the discipline (involve
“doing” the subject)
Uncover abstract
misunderstood
ideas
Engaging
Students
Enduring
Understanding

17. Understanding by Design
 Desired Results:What will
the student learn?
 Acceptable Evidence: How
will you design an
assessment that accurately
determines if the student
learned what he/she was
supposed to learn?
 Lesson Planning: How do you
design a lesson that results in
student learning?
Identify
desired
results
Determine
acceptable
evidence
Plan learning
experiences and
instruction

18. Understanding by Design
Will this lesson lead to enduring understanding?
Worth being familiar
with
Important to know
and do
Enduring
Understanding

19. Understanding by Design
Performance tasks
and projects
 Open-ended
 Complex
 Authentic
Summative Culminating
Activity
 Project
 Product or Publication
 Performance or
Presentation
 Exhibition
Performance tasks and projects need
assessments that are more authentic than
traditional quizzes and tests.

21. The SAMR Model

22. The SAMR Model

24. The SAMR Model and Bloom’s

26. SAMR,TPCK, DOK, and Bloom’s