History of Educational Resources

2. OBJECTIVE: Trace the development of education under the different era
and the corresponding educational technology used.
The history of “Educational technology …
can be traced back to the time when tribal
priests systemized bodies of knowledge,
and early cultures invented pictographs or
sign writing to record and transmit
information.”
(Paul Saettler, 1990)

3. OBJECTIVE: Trace the development of education under the different era
and the corresponding educational technology used.
“Technology is commonly
thought of in terms of
gadgets, instruments,
machines and devices … most
(educators) will defer to
technology as computers.”
(Muffoletto, 1994)

4. •The girls on the other hand stayed by their
mothers who taught them the rudiments of
housekeeping and motherhood
•In Athens, the right of the individual to
develop to the fullest is recognized.
•Music schools with the kitharist
•Grammar schools with the grammatist and
•Gymnastics with the paedotribe
••With the help of the Sophist, cognitive
rules, systematically arranged subject matter
instructional technologies and effective
instructional materials were designed and
implemented.
•Man started to use pointed sticks to in
script signs and symbol on the leaves of
trees and knives for the bark of trees.
•At about 3100 B.C. the Egyptians devised
a system for picture writing called
hieroglyphics .
•Rise of the class known as scribes, a
group of men trained in the art of writing.
•In ancient Greece, the Spartan education
Emphasized the Development of Physical
body coupled with discipline.
•The boys underwent exercises and
activities that promoted bodily strength,
endurance and vitality. They were taught by
the paidonomus , a military commander in
the public barracks.
During the Ancient Times

5. During the Ancient Times
INQUIRY & THE SOCRATIC
METHOD
Through the use of questioning, Socrates (and his
students Plato and Zenophon) guide the learner to their
inborn knowledge. AVID, a national program for college
readiness, still emphasizes the Socratic Method as an
integral part of the curriculum as students work in small
groups with a tutor to use questioning to guide their peers
to solve their homework questions.

6. Saun-Pan and Soroban
•The earliest surviving
counting board is the
Salamis Tablet which dates
back to 400 BC. China (Saun-pan)
and Japan (Soroban)
introduced computer trays at
about the same point in
history (200 AD). The
Soroban (a type of abacus),
in particular, is still used
today for calculating.
Abacus
•The invention of the
abacusin 3,000 BC
marked the beginning of
computers.
•For the first time, people
had a calculating device
with which to do math.
•Abacus( Babylonian 3000 B.C.)
•Saun Pan (China)
•Soroban (Japan)

7. Around 2,300 BC the creators
of Stonehenge first began work
on what is now known as an
astronomical calculator. This
miraculous complex took over
2,000 years to complete.
•Stonehenge stands on
Salisbury Plain, two miles west
of the town of Amesbury,
Wiltshire, in Southern England.
The identification of the history of
technology with the history of
humanlike species does not help in
fixing a precise point for its origin,
because the estimates of
prehistorians and anthropologists
concerning the emergence
of human species vary so widely.
Animals occasionally use natural
tools such as sticks or stones, and
the creatures that became human
doubtless did the same for
hundreds of millennia before the
first giant step of fashioning their
own tools.

8. Even then it was an interminable time before they put such tool
making on a regular basis, and still more aeons passed as they
arrived at the successive stages of standardizing their
simple stone choppers and pounders and of manufacturing them—
that is, providing sites and assigning specialists to the work.
A degree of specialization in tool making was achieved by the
time of the Neanderthals (70,000 BCE); more-advanced tools,
requiring assemblage of head and haft, were produced by Cro-
Magnons (perhaps as early as 35,000 BCE); while the application of
mechanical principles was achieved by pottery-making Neolithic
(New Stone Age; 6000 BCE)

9. During the Medieval Era
•The establishment of the Medieval
University
•Emperor Frederick I of Bologna in
1158 chartered the first University
degrees
•The Saracens or the Arabs among
the Moors of Spain aimed to search
for knowledge and the application of
scientific facts to their daily lives
•They originated the scientific method
of teaching.
During the Middle Age Advent of
Scholastic Philosophy, Pierre Abelard
introduced a technology of instruction
which was really a new method of
structuring and presenting materials
that helped set the style of scholastic
education.
John Amos Comenius was
recognized as the pioneer
of modern instructional
technology by reason of his
book Orbis Pictus (The
World in Picture) which
was illustrated textbooks
for children studying Latin
& Sciences.
Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbart
and Montessori contributed their own
concept on educational technology
improving educative process.

10. Their curriculum was the most
organized and complete in the
elementary, secondary and
collegiate levels. Their universities
and libraries were the models in
the entire Europe because they
invented the printing press. They
also originated the scientific
method of teaching.
Charles Martel was the first ruler who sought
to educate the population. At first, he
appointed several priests to educate the sons
of important men. Gradually he changed
education from being purely related to God to
including more practical knowledge such as
mathematics and Latin. By this time education
had increased considerably but very few could
read and write and even fewer pursued a
higher education.
The most common language in the medieval world was
Latin, even though most countries had their own language.
Latin a thousand years ago was like English today: The
language that most people understood and did business
with. Many nobles were taught to read and write in Latin
which was taught mostly in monasteries and abbeys.
Those who studied in a monastery often became monks and
worked by writing books and preserving Greek and Roman
texts. They translated many classical works into Latin. Few
professions existed for those who were educated - those
who were skilled in fighting generally earned more than
those who weren't. For example, most politicians and rulers
ascended to power rarely by education, but rather
by warfare and inheritance.

11. During the Renaissance Period
Authorities agree that modern times began
with the movement known as age of
Renaissance or Reawakening. The period has
three main lines of concern:
-Intellectual to which education belongs
-Aesthetic
-Scientific
Along the intellectual development,
movements like:
- Humanism
-Reformation
-Realism
-Disciplinism
-Rationalism
All these contributed to the development of
educational technology especially along
theories and practices. Bacon , Rabelais, Vives
and Milton advance their own ideas about
education
 John Locke came out with his idea about the
nature of the child's mind at birth in Tabula
Rasa.

12. Most peasants were never allowed to study as the fees required by the church were
beyond their reach. In addition, by keeping the population ignorant, the upper class could
get away with almost anything. Study books were extremely expensive so the only viable
way to learn was with the help of a teacher. From an early age a boy's role was
determined. Some became fighters, others became merchants and so on.
Most elite fighting troops were educated. The knights, with their famous Code of
Chivalry are a perfect example. They were educated from a very early age and excelled in
reading, writing and other practical skills. A knight was usually appointed to teach them
everything they needed to know.
During the High Middle Ages many European nations became more stable. The Viking
raids were over, Law and Order improved and periods of peace ensued. The first
real universities were constructed during this period. Even though still reserved mostly for
the rich, they allowed a gradual shift towards education that had been lost since the times
of the Romans.
Women had been virtually ignored up to this point. Even though only a small minority of
them began to study in universities, this was a changing point towards a more equal
society. However, women were still required to do everything his husband or lord pleased.

13. During the Renaissance Period
Leonardo da Vinci Calculator
In 1452 AD it is believed
that Leonardo
da Vinci conceived of a
calculation device.
Johannes Gutenberg (Germany)
developed the printing press, sometimes
considered the greatest invention of all
time.
•Between 1452 and 1456, Gutenberg
printed the first book ever, the Bible. •John Amos Comenius developed
the first picture book known as the
Orbis Pictus (the World in Pictures)
•He was considered as the pioneer
in instructional technology
development
Maria Montessori used multi-sensory
materials to teaching.

14. The invention of the printing press in the late
15th century gave rise to some of the first
forms of mass communication, by enabling the
publication of books and newspapers on a
scale much larger than was previously possible.
The invention also transformed the way the
world received printed materials, although
books remained too expensive really to be
called a mass-medium for at least a century
after that.
Humanist educators designed teaching
methods to prepare well-rounded, liberally
educated persons. Dutch humanist Desiderius
Erasmus was particularly influential. Erasmus
believed that understanding and conversing
about the meaning of literature was more
important than memorizing it, as had been
required at many of the medieval religious
schools. He advised teachers to study such
fields as archaeology, astronomy, mythology,
history, and Scripture
One of Luther’s colleagues, German
religious reformer Melanchthon, wrote the
school code for the German region of
Württemberg, which became a model for
other regions of Germany and influenced
education throughout Europe. According to
this code, the government was responsible
for supervising schools and licensing
teachers.
The Protestant reformers retained the dual-class
school system that had developed in
the Renaissance. Vernacular schools
provided primary instruction for the lower
classes, and the various classical humanist
and Latin grammar schools prepared upper-class
males for higher education.

15.  Jean Jacques Rousseau’s educational views
were contained in a book
titled Emile, which he authored.
The aim of education was the preservation
of the natural goodness of the individual and
the formation of society based upon the
recognition of natural individual rights.
Herbart also came out with the five formal
steps to teaching now known as
the Herbartian Method of Teaching with the
following steps: preparation, presentation,
comparison and abstraction, generalization
and application.
 Peztallozi believed that teaching is more
effective if it proceeds from concrete to
abstract, hence the use of actual and real
objects that involve most of the senses.
 Froebel, who was known as the Father of
Kindergarten emphasized the use of actual
objects, which could be manipulated by the
learners.
During the Age of Naturalism
John Napier, the inventor of
logarithms, created an aid to
calculation known as 'Napier's
Bones'in 1617.
•He described a method of
multiplication using "numbering
rods"with numbers marked off on
them. Napier's numbering rods
were made of ivory, so that they
looked like bones. This explains
why they are now known as
Napier's bones. To multiply
numbers, the bones were placed
side by side and the appropriate
products read off.

16. During the Age of Naturalism
Founding of the first
public schools
1650 – The Horn-Book
Wooden paddles with
printed lessons were
popular in the colonial
era. Perhaps this is
where fraternities got
the idea? On the paper
there was usually the
alphabet and a religious
verse which children
would copy to help them
learn how to write.
•Robert Bissaker first created the
slide rule in 1654, an instrument
used by engineers and scientists until
the 1970s.
•The slide rule was a precursor to
the electronic calculator.

17. The Magin Catacopricaor magic lantern,
invented in 1646, led to the eventual
zoetrope.
•Magic lantern, or slide, shows played an
important role, attracting young and old to
schools, theaters, and homes to watch
depictions of fables, legends, and current
events. The magic lanterns projected hand-painted
or photographic glass slides, which
were inserted into the projector one at a time
for small audiences to view together. A skilled
projectionist could move them quickly, making
the screen images appear to move.
•In 1725, Joseph-Marie Jacquard(French)
invented a way to weave silk using punched
cards. These punched cards would become
the predecessors of those used in the first
computers.
•The idea of using punched cards to control
machines was considered to be the birth of
modern day computer programming.
Benjamin Franklindiscovered by when he flew
his kite one stormy day in June, 1752. This
discovery would eventually allow us to power
the computers we have come to rely on so
heavily in our modern society.

18. The 19th century paved in the advent of
effective technological development including
the production of textbooks, use of
blackboards and improvements in writing
implements like pen and ink. Photography was
invented, giving a way to a movement called
“Visual Instruction”.
Movements in the 19th Century

19. Movements in the 19th Century
Advent of the first calculating machines
invented by Leibniz and produced in large
numbers.
Calculating Machine
Charles Babbage’s calculating engine
•Charles Babbage'scalculating engines (1822)
are among the most celebrated icons in the
prehistory of computing.
•Babbage is often considered the "Grandfather
of Modern Digital Computing".
•He was the first person to realize that a
computing machine must be composed of
–input device (the card reader)
–memory (the store),
–central processing unit (the mill),
–and output device (the printer).
Motion Pictures
Peter Mark Roget,1824,
first envisioned motion
pictures.
•In 1912 the Victor
Animatograph Company
produced the first portable
lantern-slide projector and
16 mm projector.

20. Telephone
In1876, Alexander Graham Bellinvented the
electrical speech machine which we now call
the telephone.This machine would one day
make distance learning and the Internet
possible.
Bell Telephone
•Hollerith, in 1884, applied for a patent for his
automatic punch-card tabulating machine and
then in the 1890s he developed an
electromechanical machine to help with the
US census.
•Hollerith's tabulator became so successful
that he started his own business (Tabulating
Machine Company) to market the device. This
company eventually became International
Business Machines (IBM).
Hollerth and IBM
In the late 1800s Thomas Edisoninvented
the Kinetoscope, disk phonograph, and
electric light bulb.

21. During the late 1800s distance education was
first introduced by Issac Pittman in England.
•Distance university study began in America in
1874 at Illinois Wesleyan University at both the
graduate and undergraduate levels. A
Correspondence University was also founded
in Ithica, New York in 1883.
•Today interactive television, computer based
E-Mail and conferencing, as well as exchange
of messages by audio and video tape are the
norm.
1850 – 1870 – Ferule
This is a pointer and also a corporal
punishment device. Seems like both this and
the Horn-Book had dual purposes in terms of
‘educating’ the youths of that era.
1870 – Magic Lantern
The precursor to a slide projector, the ‘magic lantern’
projected images printed on glass plates and showed
them in darkened rooms to students. By the end of
World War I, Chicago’s public school system had
roughly 8,000 lantern slides.
1890 – School Slate
Used throughout the 19th century in nearly
all classrooms, a Boston school
superintendent in 1870 described the slate
as being “if the result of the work should, at
any time, be found infelicitous, a sponge will
readily banish from the slate all
disheartening recollections, and leave it free
for new attempts.

22. Wireless Communication: Radio
In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi
successfully sent signals using
electromagnetic waves between a
transmitter and a receiving antenna.
Radio Transmission
1900 – Pencil
1901
The earliest forerunners of the educational
film were the newsreel, travelogue, and the
scientific motion picture.
•In 1902 Charles Urban exhibited films which
showed the growth of plants, emergence of a
butterfly, and undersea views. These films are
thought to be the first educational films.
•Thomas Edison was one of the first to
produce films for classrooms.
Just like the chalkboard, the pencil is also
found in basically all classrooms in the U.S. In
the late 19th century, mass-produced paper
and pencils became more readily available and
pencils eventually replaced the school slate.
Educational Film
Radio signals sent
across Atlantic

23. In 1912, the first experimental telephonic
broadcast was conducted in the Physics
Department of the University of Wisconsin.
This year also saw the introduction of 16 mm
projectors.
Educational Radio
It is believed that the oldest educational radio
station is WHA, owned by the state of
Wisconsin and operated by the University of
Wisconsin since 1917.
1905 – Stereoscope
At the turn of the century, the Keystone View
Company began to market stereoscopes which
are basically three-dimensional viewing tools
that were popular in homes as a source of
entertainment. Keystone View Company
marketed these stereoscopes to schools and
created hundreds of images that were meant
to be used to illustrate points made during
lectures.
1925 – Film Projector
Similar to the motion-picture projector,
Thomas Edison predicted that, thanks to
the invention of projected images, “books
will soon be obsolete in schools. Scholars
will soon be instructed through the eye.”
1925 – Radio New York City’s Board of
Education was actually the
first organization to send
lessons to schools through a
radio station. Over the next
couple of decades, “schools
of the air” began
broadcasting programs to
millions of American
students.

24. Educational
Technology
By 1920, visual media became widely accepted.
Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts.
In 1926, educational films were used as
instructional media.
In 1927, Pressey wrote on programmed learning
through a machine which tested and confirmed a learning
task.
•John Dewey formulated the scientific theory of learning
•Edward Lee Thorndike advanced the three primary laws of
learning
•Production of books, use of blackboard, pen and inks
•Photography
•Visual media widely accepted, 1920
•Audio-visual materials
•Educational films,1926
•First TV instructional program,1932
•16 mm sound motion picture was developed

25. •The first public demonstration on television
was conducted in 1927.
•The birth of the electronic television age is
almost impossible to pinpoint exactly.
•Due to the numerous contributors that
helped to develop this new medium, it is even
more difficult to acknowledge any one person
for its invention.
Differential
Analyzer
•Bush, Vannevar (1890-1974), an American
scientist. From 1919 to 1971 Bush worked and
taught at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) where he invented the
differential analyzer, a forerunner to the
modern computer.
Turing Machine
Turing, a British Mathematician, often known
as the founder of computer science, developed
the Turing machine in 1936.
•Turing's Machine is the cornerstone of the
modern theory of computation and
computability even though it was invented
nine years before the creation of the first
electronic digital computer.
•In 1941 , the ENIAC computer was
introduced.
•ENIAC was unveiled in Philadelphia. It
represented a stepping stone towards the true
computer.
•It was built out of some 17,468 electronic
vacuum tubes, ENIAC was in its time the
largest single electronic apparatus in the
world.

26. 1930 – Overhead Projector
Initially used by the U.S.
military for training
purposes in World War
II, overhead projectors
quickly spread to schools
and other organizations
around the country.
In 1932, the first instructional
television program was aired at the
State University of Iowa.
About the same time, the 16 mm
sound motion picture was developed
and this served as the educational
workhorse during the audio-visual
movement of the time.
During World War II, the
U.S. government
encouraged the
implementation of
technology of instruction for
military training programs.
This gave impetus to a
system approach to
instruction to include:
micro-teaching,
individualized instruction,
Language laboratories,
behavioral laboratories,
behavioral objectives,
computer assisted
instruction and among
others
1940 – Ballpoint Pen
1940 – Mimeograph
While it was originally invented in 1888, it was
not until 1940 that the ballpoint pen started to
gain worldwide recognition as being a useful
tool in the classroom and life in general.
Surviving
into the
Xerox age,
the
mimeograph
made copies
by being
hand-cranked.
Makes you
appreciate
your current
copier at
least a little
bit now.

27. Electronic Computer
Systems
First Generation:1943-1956
 Used vacuum tubes in
electronic circuits.
 Used punch cards to input and
externally store data.
 Up to 4K of memory.
 Programming in machine
language and assembly
language.
 Required a compiler.
First Generation:
1943-1956
Electronic Numerical
Integrator
and Calculator (ENIAC)
World’s first electronic digital
computer.
Used to produce WWII ballistic
firing tables for the U.S.
Defense Department.

28. 1950 – Headphones
Thanks to theories that students could learn
lessons through repeated drills and repetition
(and repeated repetition) schools began to
install listening stations that used headphones
and audio tapes. Most were used in what were
dubbed ‘language labs’ and this practice is still
in use today, except now computers are used
instead of audio tapes
1950 – Slide Rule
The use of slide rules continued to grow
through the 1950s and 1960s even as
digital computing devices were being
gradually introduced; but around 1974
the electronic scientific calculator made
it largely obsolete and most suppliers left
the business.
1951 – Videotapes
The electronics division of entertainer
Bing Crosby’s production company, Bing
Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world’s
first demonstration of a videotape
recording in Los Angeles on November 11,
1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and
Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device
gave what were described as “blurred and
indistinct” images, using a modified
Ampex 200 tape recorder and standard
quarter-inch (0.6 cm) audio tape moving
at 360 inches (9.1 m) per second.
William Oughtred and others developed the
slide rule in the 17th century based on the
emerging work on logarithms by John Napier.
Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it
was the most commonly used calculation tool
in science and engineering.

29. Educational Television Programs 1957 – Reading Accelerator
Some accounts of the origin of
classroom television mark May 25,
1953 as the day when KUHT in
Houston, Texas began broadcasting.
Others point to commercial
programs beamed into homes early
in the morning, such as the
Continental Classroom.
With an adjustable metal bar that helped
students tamp down a page, the reading
accelerator was a simple device designed to
help students read more efficiently. Personally,
this looks like a torture device and is probably
the least portable thing to bring along with a
book. 1957 – Skinner Teaching Machine
B. F. Skinner, a
behavioral scientist,
developed a series of
devices that allowed a
student to proceed at his
or her own pace through
a regimented program of
instruction.
Second Generation: 1957-1964
1956 IBM 350
RAMAC
• Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.
• Up to 32K of memory.
• Programming in computer languages,
such as FORTRAN and COBOL.

30. On October 4, 1957, the former Soviet
Union successfully launched Sputnik I.
The world's first artificial satellite was
about the size of a basketball, weighed
only 183 pounds, and took about 98
minutes to orbit the Earth on its
elliptical path.
Programmed Instruction
In 1957, programmed instruction materials
based on Skinner’s behaviorism are used at the
Mystic School in Massachusetts
Integrated Circuits
1958,Texas Instruments began manufacturing
integrated circuits on one piece of silicon.
COBOL Language
•1960Common Business Oriented Language
(COBOL)was developed by a team drawn from
several computer manufacturers and the
Pentagon.
•COBOL, the first packaged programs which
were sold by the Computer Science
Corporation.
Communication Satellites
In 1962, we saw the advent of communication
satellites.
Mouse
In 1963CAD and Sketchpad were first
introduced and a patent was received on the
mouse pointing device.
Third Generation:
1965-1971
• Used integrated circuits.
• Up to 3 million bytes of memory.
• Lower cost, smaller size, and
increasing processor speed.

31. Mini-Computers
Mini-computers and BASIC were both
introduced in 1964.
The first Ph.D. of Computer Science
The first Ph.D. was awarded in computer
science to Dr. Wexelblat at the University of
Pennsylvania in 1965.
PDP-8 in 1965the First TRUE Minicomputer
In 1967, IBM began producing floppy disks.
During 1972, three engineers from Texas
Instruments, Kilby, Maryman and Van Tasel,
invented the electronic pocket calculator.
In 1973, the first international connections
were made to ARPANET

32. Fourth Generation:
1972-Now
Microcomputer Revolution Begins.
 1971, Intel develops
4004, the first
microprocessor chip.
 Altair sold in 1975, the
first personal
computer. It is a kit that
must be assembled.
 Apple Computer is
formed in 1976 and
sells 50 Apple I.
 Advances increase
memory size, storage
space, and processing
speeds.
• Personal computers or PCs.
• Usually cost about $2,000 or
less.
• Process over 1 billion
operations per second.
• “Stand-alone” or connected
to other computers as a
network system.
Microcomputers
1970 – The Hand-Held Calculator
The predecessor of the
much-loved and much-used
TI-83, this calculator
paved the way for the
calculators used today.
There were initial
concerns however as
teachers were slow to
adopt them for fear they
would undermine the
learning of basic skills.
1972 – Scantron
The Scantron Corporation removed
the need for grading multiple-choice
exams. The Scantron machines were
free to use but the company made
money by charging for their
proprietary grading forms.

33. 1980 – Plato Computer
Public schools in the
U.S. averaged about
one computer for
every 92 students in
1984. The Plato was
one of the most-used
early computers to
gain a foothold in the
education market.
Currently, there is
about one computer
for every 4 students.
1985 – CD-ROM Drive
1985 – Hand-Held Graphing Calculator
A single CD could store an entire encyclopedia
plus video and audio. The CD-ROM and
eventually the CD-RW paved the way for flash
drives and easy personal storage.
The successor to the hand-held
calculator , the graphing
calculator made far more
advanced math much easier as it
let you plot out points, do long
equations, and play ‘Snake’ as a
game when you got bored in
class.
1999 – Interactive Whiteboard
The chalkboard
got a facelift with
the whiteboard.
That got turned
into a more
interactive
system that uses
a touch-sensitive
white screen, a
projector, and a
computer.

34. The Internet
•In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
initiated a research program to
investigate techniques and
technologies for interlinking packet
networks of various kinds.
•In 1986, the U.S. National Science
Foundation (NSF) initiated the
development of the NSFNET which,
today, provides a major backbone
communication service for the
Internet.
8800 Computer 1975
First Mass Produced and Marketed Personal
Computer
By 1975 the market for the personal computer
(PC) was demanding a product that did not
require an electrical engineering background
and thus the first mass produced and
marketed personal computer (available both as
a kit or assembled) was welcomed with open
arms.

35. MS DOS
•1975saw the introduction of the MS DOS
Operating System by Microsoft
•PC/IBM -DOS was developed for IBM by Bill
Gates. He retained the rights and later
developed MS-DOS. MS-DOS was derived from
Seattle Computer Products' 86-QDOS and
renamed DOS v.1.0 in 1981
Bill Gates
1977 microcomputers were placed in schools
and Apple was formed.
1980s CAI: Computer-Assisted Instruction
•In 1980, Seymour Papert GO, a constructivist
programming tool for children.
•It was the first language specifically designed
to enable children to learn by discovery.
Macintosh Computer
•In 1984, Apple first introduced the
Macintosh Computer.
•The mouse and the icon became the major
tools for computer interaction.
•In 1990, Windows 3.01 was developed
and networked systems were introduced.
•During 1991, GOPHER and the World Wide
Web (WWW) were released.
•In 1992, Windows 3.1, the Pentium
processor by Intel and Hewlett-Packard
laser jet printers were all introduced.
•In 1994, shopping malls arrived on the
Internet, allowing a new method to shop at
home.
•1995 saw the introduction of Windows
'95.

36. Education in Contemporary
Times
Technologies of the Future
Advanced robotics
commonplace
Smart houses
Wearable computers
Holodeck virtual reality
Truly individualized
education

37. •Video disks (VCD)
•CD-ROMs
•Multimedia
•DVD
•Teleconferencing
•Software--
2000 to Present
•Virtual reality
•Online life
•Mobile computer lab
•Wireless Internet access
Only recently focused on computers.
Internet current primary trend.
Communication with colleagues.
Lesson plan preparation.
Student resources.
Access research and best practices
for teaching.
The 2nd millennium saw the
pervasiveness of educational
technology in all aspects of
educational organization and
management.Most schools have
already adopted the
computerization of records,
entrance procedures and all over
aspects of administration and
supervision. Schools in the
secondary, collegiate levels and
even in the graduate level have
radically revised and enriched
their curricular offerings to
include courses
in computerapplications.Compute
rs became more user friendly so
people began procuring sets for
personal as well as for office and
instructional use.

38. 2005 – iClicker
There are many similar tools available now, but
iClicker was one of the first to allow teachers
to be able to quickly poll students and get
results in real time.
2006 – XO Laptop
The ‘One Laptop Per Child’
computer was built so it was
durable and cheap enough to
sell or donate to developing
countries. It’s an incredible
machine that works well in
sunlight, is waterproof, and
much more
2010 – Apple iPad

39. Summary-1From
Blackboard to WWW
•Blackboard
•Slides-Projector
(audio tape, video
cassette…)
•PowerPoint
•WWW
–Unlimited resources
–Equal accessibility
(divide vs. equalizer)
–Instantaneously
–Simultaneously
–Multimedia
Summary-2From
instructional tools for
teachers to learning tools for
students and teachers as well
•Classroom without teachers
•Programmed instruction
•CAI: Computer-Aided
Instruction
•Web-based learning
•NTeQ Model: Integrating
Technology for Inquiry
•Education theory vs. learning
theory

40. Summary-3From the extension of
human sense organs’ capacities to
enhancement of human thinking
and reasoning abilities
•See more clearly
•Hear more distinctively
•Conduct more efficiently
•Physical brain & digital brain
•Multitasking
•Multidimensional thinking
•Active reasoning momentum
•Ownership of information
resources
•Incidental learning opportunity
•Teacher and student learn from
each other
•No limitation of time and place