Historical Foundation of Education

1. Historical Foundation of Education
Faculty of education and social science
Theoretical Perspective
Virtual Class Presentation
Presented By
Ramesh Prasad Lamichhane
NOU Roll no 75152120
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2. 2
Objective of presentation
 To Trace the history of education from earliest times to modern
 To acquire broad background of historical foundations of education
 To analyze the reasons for changes in school organizations and programs
in the modern era in relation to historical events
Ramesh pd lamicbbane

3. Overview
Time line of the educational development in the world
 Education in Different civilization (Eastern and Western )
( Babylonian , Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Chinese, Indo-Arabian)
 Education in different era
( Ancient- Medial- Scholastic-Renaissance- modern Scientific)
History of Nepalese Education
(Indigenous- period, Negligence -period, opposition-period,
Development-period)
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4. Time line of the educational development in the world
• Primite time :(Pre-literate era), No formal education
• No writing the text and number, simple human life, hunting
and gathering food , Education only for security and survive.
• 3000 B.C. Egyptian Education:
• Objective: Religion, vocation, Military, Art development
• Content: Reading, writing, secular literacy, astronomy,
architecture, physics, medicine, engineering,Geometry
• Agency: Home , Temple Schools, Military Schools ,
Court Schools , Vocational Schools (Deniz and
Borgerding 2018).

5. 2000 B.C, China civilization:
• First formal schools in China
• Education in ancient China was originally only for boys from
rich, important families only educated people held positions of
social and political leadership
• (1880-1595-1155): Babylon used Cuneiform writing.
In which, more than 350 signs was thee.
 They used to write on soft clay tablets.
 pen were made of bone and bamboo.
 Own numeral system. (Deniz and Borgerding 2018).
• 1500 B.C. Priests in India used to teach religion, writing,
philosophy, sciences and astrology. Some writer has estimated –
Hindu puran and smritis were started to be mentioned in this era,
but actual date of writing of Vedas and purans is not detected.

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• Athens was the leading cultural center, birthplace of western civilization
and origin of rule of law.
• Aims of Education:To make Good citizenship and Individual excellence
• Reading by the alphabet and Writing on wax or tablets was method
• Civic Training, Moral Training, and Physical Education was content
• Private schools were also agencies of education.
(9 th - 2nd ) Century B.C. Greek
• 762 B.C Homer‘s Illiad(History book) apeared, educating about
Greek history and mythological gods.
• In Greece, mostly free men (non-slaves) have access to teachers.
• Mainly two city states: Sparta and Athens (Fallis 2010)
Spartan education was based upon Detective-politic and patriotic
efficiency. It was a soldier state. Army training was compulsory.
 Military education, gymnastic, music, vocation was the content
 State was sole agency of education
Training was method of education. (Deniz and Borgerding 2018).

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550 B.C. Confucius, who was revered Chinese teacher,
philosopher, Social reformer, Virtuous Guru, Writer, moral
educator contributed in Asian civilization
400 B.C. Sophists, teachers in Greece, taught people how to
argue through logic. Socrates teaches in public: Value of
truth, Ideal behave, morality content, civic knowledge.
387, 355 B.C. Plato & Aristotle establish schools in Athens.
Plato's school called the "Academy." Schools focused on
truth. Plato wrote ‘The Republic’
•vision of perfect society and welfare state. Education based
on social standing and for ideal state. (Deniz and Borgerding
2018).
Late make
education
for
Philosopher
Warrior and
worker
500 BC, Buddism from indo-Asia started to be flourished.
peace and non-violence was main theme. It is still flourishing
up all over the world as Buddhism philosophy

8. o 753Bc-509 BC–476 AD Roman Education: most powerful
cuntry, Based on Greek Tradition, Learn to read and write,
Repressive mode in school, army(phisical) traning for boys,
only literacy for girl. Only for rich class got the chance. They
had their own numerization system (Fallis 2010)
350-275 BCE) an Indian statesman and philosopher Chanadkya
(Kautilya), who was The professor of Takshasilaila University
contributed in political science, economics, ethics and the Vedas literature.
Which is being implacable till now. In India and Nepal, Education at that
time was religious based. Bedah, Bedantas, Puran, Smriti, Jyotish,
economics, byakaran, vocation, nyaya and math were used to be taught in
Takshashila University, India

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100 B.C. Romans philosopher Cicero contributed
to make education broad sing arts & sciences in study. and
making it as the ability of learner. His writing include books of
ratoric, philosophy, political treaties, and oration. contributed in
the field of law, state-ship, politic and education in Rome
0 B.C./A.D. Jesus teaches in Jerusalem. He often used
spiritually significant fictional narratives called parables to
illustrate his teachings
105 A.D. Paper was invented in China. This paper was
probably uses mulberry bark, making the paper on a mold of
bamboo strips

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500-1500 A.D. Is called "The Middle Ages" in Western culture.
It is an era of slower progress (Dark age), Religion supremacy,
Scholastic, Renaissance, and Classical.(Fallis 2010)
• In "writing rooms," monks used to copy the important texts by
hand. The Catholic Church has great influence over teachings
throughout this period. Priests teach religion, writing, sciences
500 A.D. Nalanda, great Buddhist university in India, home
to over 10,000 students. Largest "resident" place of learning
in history at the time. Subjects included religious study, as
well as philosophy, grammar, medicine
Christianity, scholasticism
Colony, slavery and
autocracy became
hindrances of the
development of education

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999 A.D. Avicenna, Iranian leading thinker on medicine writes The
Canon of Medicine. This work and others by Arab, North African,
and Spanish thinkers has great impact on European education ideas.
1000 A.D. Arabic learning. Europeans learn an Arabic number
system, still used in the West today. Priests used to teach
religion, writing, sciences in this time in Europe (Reese 2010).
1100 A.D. Scholastics, a movement that helped bridge
differences between purely religious teachings and philosophical
and scientific thinking. Education was only for bible study and
Salvation. Priest of the church wee not only teacher also ruler in
sometime (sharma, 2004).

12. 1150-1250 "Modern" universities founded after anglo-saxon
Paris/ Sorbonne in 1150, Cambridge in 1209, Oxford in 1248
Thomas Aquinas, a Catholic theologian, works with the concepts of
the Scholastics at Paris. Universities begin offering degrees in variety
of subjects (Reese 2010).
.
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1450 Printing press invented. This development begins
improvement in literacy as access to books is easier, but still easy
for most people.
1499 Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch teacher, begins researching
ancient documents. Advises teachers in Europe to think about
literature, not just read or memorize existing. His educational
writings contributed to the replacement of the older scholastic
curriculum by the new humanist perspective and Germanized the
Renaissance movement.

13. 1500 The Renaissance through 17th century. Italy was
especially active during this time. More women begin to pursue
education, although it is still out of reach for most men and
women (Deniz and Borgerding 2018)..
1592 Shakespeare's played role in England. Theater is a place
where philosophical ideas could be taught from the stage,
helping illiterate audience members grow and think.
1609 Censorship in education. Galileo invented telescope. He
announced, the Sun is in the center of the universe, and is
denounced by Catholic Church as a danger to the faith. He is
ordered not to teach his findings (sharma, 2004).

14. 1620s Slide rule is invented, math is made easier
1837 First Kindergarten opened by Friedrich Froebel as a place
where small children can grow and learn before entering
elementary school.
1880s "Evolution" radically changes education. Darwin's
theories of evolution, pushed forward into education by
Herbert Spencer, continue to have believers and detractors
today
1905 First standardized test of intelligence. Developed by
Alfred Binet 1920s, Emphasis on early childhood learning

15. 1920AD: Italian Maria Montessori develops methods still in use,
teaching very young children basics of life in practical, sensory,
and formal skills. Her ideas influence kindergartens and pre-
schools
1951 Television was used in teaching first. Jack LaLanne
educates for 34 years daily in Tv.
1960s Multi-media hits the classroom. Slide and filmstrip
projectors, and tape players are common
1970s Electronic math calculators make educators fear many
students will forget how to do basic math.
Late 1990s The Internet changes everything. Virtual learning,
E-learning, "online." approaches has widely been used at preaent

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History of education in Nepal
Indigenous education:
 Ancient education: ( primitive time to 1780 BS)
o Gurukul- Aim: To Explain puran, smriti, and Bedah,
Tutor: Pandit, prist, Dharma guru
Content: Purans, Bedah, astrology
Learner: Boys (8-25)
o Rishikul(Sage): Tutors are Sages, venue was cottage of sage,
others are similar to Gurukul
oPitrikul ( Parental Edu.): home-schooling, (sharma, 2004)
Ancient
Sanskrit
&
Bouddha
Education
Based
On
religion

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Negligence period(1780-1903): After the unification of Nepal, on the behalf of state,
nothing more contribution for the development of education had held. So it is called
negligence period. Although, army education was started. Religious education,
indigenous home-schooling and education by priest was continued. Because of the war
with English and Tibet, education was totally fallen in shadow.
 Education in Lichchvi period: golden period of art education, medium language:
sanskrit, Religion supremacy, option for state. Financed by trust of temples (Math-
mandir), bihar, gumba. Content was Bedah, byakaran, Jyotish(Astrology),
Nyaya(Justic). Some went to Bikramshila.
 Education in Malla period: Development of vocational education. No formal school.
Honor for educated in state, Religious education.

18. Education in Rana Regime (1903- 2007 BS.)
o First Formal School from Jung Bdr Rana in 1910 Bs. Access only for Rana
o Establishment of department of education and appointment of Director.
o Sanscrit school in 1024 by Bir shamser, Vhasha pathasala by Dev samser in 1957,
o Closing of (250) Vhasha pathasala by chandra samser and No authority to open and
run school even to write book so it is also called opposition time.
o Shrestha education started to produce official worker, accountant and writer
o First college in 1975 Bs and SLC board in 1990 Bs was established. before that,
Nepalese student used to go India for Matriculation exam and higher study.
o Just 2% people were literate in nepal in 2007 Bs because of opposing it.

19. Development Period in education ( After 2007BS):
o Public community established and run the schools
o Government also started to open schools and University after the report of Nepal
National education Planning Commission (2011).
oFirst University ( TU ) was established, School started to run under the rule and invest of
Government and National curriculum
oIn 2028 BS, National education was systematized by implementing (NESP-2028)
objectives, structure, curriculum, evaluation system, supervision, investment, teacher
training, scholarship, extra curricular was started in sew and systematic manner under
the education act 2028.

20. o Project based educational efforts has been held since 2037 Bs implementing
Different educational project like Sati project, primary education projects, Basic and
primary education project, Education for all, school sector reformation project etc
o After the recommendation of National Education Commission 2049 BS, there are
two types of school which are private and (Government financed) community
school.
o After the 2002 Ad, Nepal made well progress in access, equity, and literacy But
struggling in Quality. This public comment and my opinion also.

21. Fallis, A. .. 2010. World History. sixth. USA: Wadshorth, CEngage Learning.
Ornstein, A. C., & Levine, D. U. (2008). Foundations of Education (10th ed.). Boston, New
York: Houghton Miffin Company.
Perez R., D. (2014). Historical Foundation of Edacation. Retrieved October 3, 2019, from
Slideshare
Reese, William J. 2010. History, Education, and the Schools. USA: palgraw mqcmillan.
sharma, C. (2004). Foundation of education. Kathmandu: M K Publisher and distributer.
https://www.slideshare.net/GretchenGevela1/historical-foundation-of-education-
65409780?qid=96b7f22d-d3b8-4e23-b222-7671aa584d1b&v=&b=&from_search=3
Sharma, C. (2001). Foundation of Education. Kathmandu: M k Publishor and distributor.
Reference