The document provides a timeline of important developments in education from 2000 BC to 1901 AD. Some key events and developments include: formal schools existing in ancient Sumer and China around 2000 BC; Socrates developing the Socratic method of teaching in Greece around 470-399 BC; the establishment of Harvard College in 1636 as the first colonial college; compulsory education laws being passed in Massachusetts in 1642 and other colonies in 1647; and the founding of Joliet Junior College in 1901 as the first public community college in the U.S. The timeline shows the evolution of education from ancient times through the modern era.

1. 2000BC (FIRST KNOWNSCHOOLS)
Thoughit's possible thatthe "cavemen"hadcreateda formal cave school that taught theircave
childrenhowtoadd,subtract, write poetryandperformotherimpressive skillswithclubs,it'shighly
unlikely. The discoveryof cuneiformmathematics textbooks,datedback to 2000 BC, however,
suggeststhatsome formof schoolsdidmostlikelyexistedinSumeratthattime (now moderndayIraq).
There'salsoevidence thatsuggestsformal schoolsexistinginChinaduringthe HsiaandShang dynasties
aroundthe same time.Talkabouthavinga headstart! Americawouldn'tevenbe discovereduntil afew
thousandsof yearslater.
0470 BC - 0399 BC (SOCRATES)
A man of legendinnotonlythe educational world,butinmostof the intellectual worldtoday,Socrates
was one of the Westernworld'sfirstgreatphilosophers.Noactual writingsfromSocrateshimself have
beenfound,butSocrates'spredecessorsandstudents,XenophonandPlato,wrote downmost(we
hope all) of hisgreat ideas.The methodofteaching that Socratescame up with,the creativelynamed,
"Socratic Method,"involvesthe teacheraskingaseriesof questionswhichleadsthe studenttoacertain
conclusion.Thismethodisextremelyeffectiveinnotonlyallowingastudentto memorize knowledge,
but alsobeingable toapplythe knowledgeandformulate thatknowledgeintoarefinedanswer.
0455 BC - 0431 BC (AGEOF PERICLES)
The thirst forknowledge inGreece continuedtogrow until itwasenoughtogenerate anorganized
desire forformal education.Thistime periodisknownasthe Age of Pericles,whenmanyof the Greek
city-statescreatedtheirownversionsof formal education.The Greekcity-stateSpartausededucation
to gear childrentowardsbecomingeffective militarysupport.The aimsof Spartaneducationcentered
on developingsuchidealsascourage,patriotism, obedience, cunningness,andphysical strength.
Athens,anotherGreekcity-state,developedaneducationprogramthatwasevenmore influentialto
our U.S. educationsystem, asitstronglystressedintellectual andaestheticgoals.Betweenthe agesof 8
and 16, manyAthenianboysattendedaseriesof publicschoolsthattaughtgrammar,reading,writing,
music,history,math,andmanyother subjectsthatare still beingtaughtinthe UnitedStates.
0427 BC - 0347 BC (PLATO)
Plato,a disciple /studentof Socrates,wrote manyof Socrates'sideasdownandtooksome of his ideas
one stepfurther.Platosuggestedthatsocietyshouldcontainthree classesof people:artisans(the
workingclass),soldiers(people todefendsociety),andthe philosophers(orthe government,neededto
rule society).Platobelievedthateachpersonina societyshouldbe well educatedintheirspecific,
chosenrole,allowingthe societyasawhole tobenefit.Schoolstodayhave beenheavilyinfluencedby
Plato'sideastowardeducationandhisbreakdownof the differentclassesthatpeople canchoose tobe
part of.

2. 0384 BC - 0322 BC (ARISTOTLE)
The nextgreat philosopherwasAristotle,astudent of Plato'sandteacherof Alexanderthe Great.
Aristotle believedthata person'smostimportantpurpose inlife wastoserve andimprove humankind.
He believedthatthe qualityof asocietyhadsuch a directcorrelationtothe qualityof that society’s
educationsystem,thatitwasa must fora societytomake educationatop priority.Aristotle,unlike
Socratesand Plato,tooka veryscientificandpractical approachto education.People wholike toget
handson withthe worldinsteadof justthinkingup thingsintheirbigbrainshave alot to thankAristotle
for.
0050 BC – 0200 (DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN SCHOOLS)
The Greekinfluence onthe Romaneducationsystemhelpedanentire systemof schoolstodevelop.
Some children,afterlearningtoreadandwrite,attendedagraminaticusschool tostudyLatin,
literature,history,math,music,anddialectics.These Latingrammarschoolswere verysimilartothe
20th centurysecondaryschools.
0035 BC – 0095 (QUINTILIAN)
In a seriesof bookstitled"The Institutesof Oratory,"Quintilianwrote aboutcurrenteducational
practices,recommendedthe type of educationalsystemneededinRome,andlistedthe greatbooks
that were inexistence atthattime.Quintilianbecame one of the mostinfluential Romaneducators.
Wouldthe term "EducatorSuperhero"be takingittoofar?
0400 – 1000 (DARK AGES)
Relativelylittle wasrecordedduringthisperiodof history -solittle infact,thatthe mostdescriptive title
anyone couldcome up withthatdescribedthe periodwas"The DarkAges".Brilliant.Duringthisperiod,
political andreligiousoppressiontowardthe commonpeoplestuntedtheirabilitytoinnovate andgrow
intellectuallyasthe GreeksandRomansonce had. The lack of growth,inmany ways,actuallycaused
humanknowledge toregressinEurope.Thoughformal educationwasn'tanoptionforthe common
person,advancesinhumanthinkingwere still made bycertainkeypeople ineitherthe churchor that
were part of a wealthyfamily(personof power).If people inthe middle agesare lookeddownonin
historybooksas beinguneducated,thenwhydowe Americanslovestudyingabout,readingaboutand
watchingmoviesthattake place duringthe darkages?
0735 – 0804 (ALCUIN)
Once upona time,Charlemagne,tiredof livinginthe "dark,"soughtfarand wide fora talentededucator
whocouldimprove the educationsysteminthe kingdom."Isthere noone whoiswillingtotake onthis
great task?"criedCharlemagne (…okay,notsure if he actuallysaidthose words,but...).Longstoryshort,
Charlemagne didselectAlcuinasthe chief educational adviser.Alcuinbecame the mostfamous
educatorof hisday.It isreportedthat Charlemagne himself oftensatinthe Palace School withthe
children,tryingtofurtherhisown"meagereducation."...U.S.politiciansmightlearnafew thingsfrom
havingthisattitude...

3. 1225 – 1274 (THOMAS AQUINAS)
Up until thispointinthe dark ages,the church didnot encourage commonerstostudythe bible ontheir
own,but rather,theythoughtthattheyshouldbe taughtfrom educatedpriestsinthe RomanCatholic
Church.One large problemwiththismethod(otherthanthe obviousproblemof onlyhearingthe Bible
readbrieflyonce aweek) isthat,as much powerasthe church had,manypriestswere corruptas they
became priestjustforthe powerthat itgave them(thinktelevangelistcrookstodaysiphoningmoney
fromthe poor).Asa theologian,ThomasAquinas,more thananyotherperson,helpedtochange the
church's viewsonlearningandhowcommonerswere togrow inbiblical knowledge.Aquinaswrote the
"SummaTheologic,"whichbecame the doctrinal authorityof the RomanCatholicChurchandformalized
"Scholasticism,"the logical andphilosophical studyof the beliefsof the church.Rootedinthe ideasof
Aristotle, ThomasAquinashelpedleadthe creationof new learninginstitutionssuchasthe medieval
universities.
1300 – 1700 (THE RENAISSANCE)
The Renaissance representedthe protestof individualsagainstthe dogmaticauthoritythatthe church
exertedovertheirsocial andintellectual life.The Renaissance startedinItalywhenpeoplereacquired
the spiritof free inquirythathadprevailedinAncientGreek.The Renaissance slowlyspreadthrough
Europe,resultinginageneral revival of classical learningcalled "humanism."
1483 – 1546 (MARTINLUTHER AND THE REFORMATION)
The ProtestantReformationhaditsformal beginningin1517. In that year,Martin Lutherpublishedhis
ninety-fivetheses,whichstatedhisdisagreementswiththe RomanCatholicChurch.One of these
disagreementsheldgreatimplicationsforthe importance of formal education.MartinLutherwas
stronglyconvictedagainstthe church'spracticesof not allowingcommonerstostudythe Bible lestthey
misinterpretthe Bible'smeaning.Muchlike anover protective parent,the RomanCatholicChurchwas
essentiallyafraidtoletcommonersthinkontheirown"lesttheygethurt."Lutherfoughtagainstthis
and arguedfor the importance of education,asitallowedindividualstoreadandinterpretthe Bible for
themselves.
1632 – 1704 (CONCERNING HUMANUNDERSTANDING)
JohnLocke wrote anessaytitled"ConcerningHumanUnderstanding,"whichexplainshisbeliefthatthe
humanmindisa "tabularasa," or "blankslate,"atbirthand knowledgeisderivedthroughexperience,
rather thaninnate ideasaswas believedbymanyatthat time.Locke'sviewsconcerningthe mindand
howpeople learnhave stronglyinfluencedAmericaneducation.
1636 (HARVARD AND OTHER COLLEGES ESTABLISHED)
Harvard, the firstcolonial college, wasestablishedtoprepare ministers.Justafew yearslater,other
AmericancollegessuchasWilliamandMary, Yale,Princeton,King'sCollege,Collegeof Philadelphia,
Brown,Dartmouthand Queen'sCollegewere established.College ishere...Letthe impendingstudent
debtsbegin!

4. 1642 (MASSACHUSETTS BAY SCHOOL LAW)
The MassachusettsBay School Law requiredthatparentsassure theirchildrenknow the principlesof
religionandthe capital lawsof the commonwealth.Justone smallsteptowardsmanbeingfully
educated…one giantleaptowardsCompulsoryEducation!
1647 (OLD DELUDER SATANACT)
The Old DeluderSatanActdecreedthateverytownof at least50 familieshire aschoolmasterwho
wouldteachthe town'schildrentoreadand write andthat all townsof at least100 familiesshouldhave
a Latin grammar school masterwhowouldprepare studentstoattendHarvardCollege.I'mprettysure
that the same brilliantpersonwhocame upwiththe name forthe "darkages,"thoughtof thisname.
…Trulygets childrenexcitedtolearn…
1690 (NEW ENGLAND PRIMER)
The NewEnglandPrimerwasthe firstreadingprimerdesignedforthe AmericanColonies.Itbecame the
mostsuccessful educationaltextbookpublishedin18thcenturyAmericaandit became the foundation
of mostschoolingbefore the 1790s.
1693 (SOME THOUGHTS CONCERNING EDUCATION)
JohnLocke's,"Some ThoughtsConcerningEducation,"waspublished,describinghisviewsoneducating
upperclassboysto be moral,rationally-thinking,andreflective "younggentlemen." (Aka,smoothwith
the ladies...okay,maybe thatwasn'thisoriginal intent...
1700 (HORNBOOK)
Woodenpaddleswithprintedlessonswere popularinthe colonial era.Onthe paperusuallycontained
the alphabetanda religiousverse whichthe childrenwould copytohelpthemlearnhow towrite.(If the
childrenfailedtomemorize theirverses,the Hornbookdoubledasapaddle...one of the first
"Transformers"inhistory.
1706 – 1790 (BENJAMINFRANKLIN)
BenjaminFranklinformedthe AmericanPhilosophical Society,whichhelpedbringideasof the European
Enlightenment,includingthose of JohnLocke,tocolonial America.He alsosaw the needformore and
bettertrainedskilledworkersandsohe proposeda new kindof secondaryschool inPennsylvania.This
proposal broughtaboutthe establishment,inPhiladelphiain1751, of the firsttrulyAmerican
educational institution - the AmericanAcademy.
1751 (AMERICANACADEMY)
The educational institutionthatBenjaminFranklinhelpedtoestablishwasfirstcalledthe "English
Academy"withacurriculumthat wasboth classical andmodern,includingsuchcoursesashistory,

5. geography,navigation,surveying,andmodernaswell asclassical languages.The academyultimately
became the Universityof Pennsylvania.
1762 (JEAN-JACQUESROUSSEAU')
Jean-JacquesRousseau'publishedEmile,whichdescribeshisviewsoneducation.Rousseau'sideason
the importance of earlychildhoodeducationwere insharpcontrastwiththe prevailingviewsof histime
and influence notonlycontemporaryphilosophers,butalso20th-CenturyAmericanphilosopherand
educational reformerJohnDewey.
1779 (THOMAS JEFFERSON)
Jeffersonproposedatwo-trackeducational system, withdifferenttracksfor"the laboringandthe
learned."Whywaste yourtime withinformationthatyouwill neveruse?
1783 – 1785 (AMERICAN SPELLING BOOK)
Because of hisdissatisfactionwithEnglishtextbooksof the day,NoahWebsterwrote aGrammatical
Institute of the EnglishLanguage,consistingof three volumes:aspelling book,agrammarbook,and a
reader.Theybecame verywidelyusedthroughoutthe UnitedStates.Infact,the spelling volume later
renamedthe AmericanSpellingBookandoftencalledthe Blue-BackedSpeller,hasneverbeenoutof
print!I doubtthat bookserieslike "Twilight"willhave the same lastingimplications.
1801 (BLACKBOARD)
JamesPillansinventedthe blackboardin1801. Still verypopulartoday,the chalkboardisone of the best
inventionsineducation(oreducational technologyforthatmatter).
1820 (SCHOOL SLATE)
The slate was a personal learningtool.A Bostonschool superintendentin1870 bestdescribedthe slate
by saying,“if the resultof the workshould,atany time,be foundinfelicitous,asponge willreadily
banishfromthe slate all dishearteningrecollections,andleave itfree fornew attempts."Slatesare what
the moderntabletcomputers(likethe iPad) are looselybasedon.
1852 (COMPULSORYEDUCATION)
Duringthe Reformationin1524, Martin Lutheradvocatedcompulsoryschooling sothatall parishioners
wouldbe able toread the Bible themselves,andStrasbourg—thenafree cityof the HolyRoman
Empire—passedaccordantlegislationin1598. Compulsoryschool attendance onthismodel gradually
spreadto othercountries,reachingthe AmericanState of Massachusettsin1852, and spreadingto
otherstatesuntil,in1917, Mississippi wasthe laststate toenact a compulsoryattendance law.
1854 (BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY)
The Boston PublicLibraryopenedtothe public.Itwasthe first major tax-supportedfree libraryinthe
U.S.

6. 1867 (CHRISTOPHER SHOLES)
ChristopherSholesinventedthe "modern"typewriter.Knownasthe SholesGlidden,itwasfirst
manufacturedbyE. Remington&Sonsin1873. T9 predictive textwasafeature addedmuch much
later....
1870 (MAGICLANTERN)
Notto be confusedwiththe "GreenLantern,"the Magiclanternwasthe precursorto a slide projector.
The device projectedimagesprintedonglassplatesandshowedthemindarkenedroomstostudents.
By the endof WorldWar I,Chicago’spublicschool systemhadroughly8,000 lanternslides.
1876 (DEWEYDECIMAL SYSTEM)
The DeweyDecimal System,developedbyMelvil Deweyin1873, waspublishedandpatented.The DDC
isthe world’s mostwidely-usedlibraryorganizational /classificationsystemstillusedtoday.That's
almost200 years organizational power!Mostpeople can'tmanage tokeeptheirroomorganizedfora
day..
1884 (FOUNTAINPEN)
The firstpractical fountainpen,the capillaryfeedpen,waspatentedby LewisWaterman.Thisdevice
made passingnotesinclass -er,I mean,writingessays,considerablyeasier.
1891 (STANDFORD UNIVERSITYFOUNDED)
StanfordUniversitywasfoundedin1891 by formerCaliforniaGovernorandrailroadtycoonLeland
Stanfordinmemoryof hisson, LelandJr.
1892 (HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUM)
Formedbythe National EducationAssociationtoestablishastandardsecondaryschool curriculum,the
Committee of Ten,recommendedacollege-orientedhighschool curriculumthatlaidthe foundationto
modernhighschoolstoday.
1900 (ASSOCIATIONOF AMERICANUNIVERSITIES)
The Associationof AmericanUniversitieswasfoundedtopromote higherstandardsandtoput U.S.
universitiesonanequal footingwiththeirEuropeancounterparts.
1900 (PENCILSAND PAPER)
Mass-producedpaperandpencilsbecame more readilyavailableandpencilseventuallyreplacedthe
school slate,makingiteasiertowrite.Thisshiftinwritingtoolswasagreat move forchildren,buta
horrible one forall of the cute forestanimalslivinginthe trees..

7. 1901 (FIRST COMMUNITYCOLLEGE)
JolietJuniorCollegeinJoliet,Illinois,opened,becomingthe firstpubliccommunitycollege inthe U.S.
1905 (CARNEGIEFOUNDATIONFOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING)
The Carnegie Foundationforthe Advancementof Teachingwasfounded.Itwaschartedby an act of
Congressin1906, the same yearthe Foundationencouragedthe adoptionof astandardsystemfor
equation"seattime"tohighschool credits.The systemwascalledthe "CarnegieUnit".
1909 (ELLA FLAGG YOUNG)
Educational reformerEllaFlaggYoungbecame superintendentof the ChicagoPublicSchools.She was
the firstfemale superintendentof alarge city school system.One yearlater,she waselectedpresident
of the National EducationAssociation.
1916 (JOHNDEWEY)
JohnDewey's"DemocracyandEducation:AnIntroductiontothe Philosophyof Education"was
published.Dewey'sviewshelpedadvance the ideasof the "progressive educationmovement."An
outgrowthof the progressive political movement,progressive educationsoughttomake schoolsmore
effectiveagentsof democracy.
1917 (FIRST RADIO EDUCATIONPROGRAM)
WHA beganbroadcastingmusiceducationprogramsonthe radio.Thiswas one of the firstusesof audio
for education.Thislaidthe foundationformanyteachingtechnologiesthatare usedtoday.
1917 (ARMYALPHA AND BETA TESTS)
As the U.S. enteredW.W.I,the armyhadno meansof screeningthe intellectualabilityof itsrecruits.
RobertYerkes,thenPresident of the AmericanPsychological Associationandanarmyofficer,becomes
Chairmanof the Committee onPsychological Examinationof Recruits.The committee,whichincluded
LouisTerman,had the task of developingagroupintelligence test.He andhisteamof psychologists
designedthe ArmyAlphaandBetatests.Thoughthese testshadlittle impactonthe war,theylaidthe
groundworkforfuture standardizedtests.
1919
(PROGRESSIVEEDUCATION ASSOCIATION)
The Progressive EducationAssociationwasfoundedwith the goal of reformingAmericaneducation.
1919 (PUBLICSCHOOL TRANSPORTATION)
All statesby1919 had lawsto provide fundsfortransportingchildrentoschool.

8. 1926 (SAT)
The ScholasticAptitude Test(SAT) wasfirstadministeredin1926, beingbasedon the Army Alphatest.
The SAT is owned,published,anddevelopedbythe College Board,anonprofitorganizationinthe
UnitedStates.Itwas formerlydeveloped,published,andscoredbythe Educational TestingService
whichstill administersthe exam.The testisintendedtoassessastudent'sreadinessforcollege.
1930 (OVERHEAD PROJECTOR)
Initiallyusedbythe U.S.militaryfortrainingpurposesinWorldWar II,overheadprojectorsquickly
spreadto schoolsandotherorganizationsaroundthe countryallowingforvisual elementstobe added
to lessonsthatthe entire classcouldsee atthe same time.
1938 (BALLPOINT PEN)
While itwasoriginallyinventedin1888, it wasnot until 1940 thatthe ballpointpenstartedtogain
worldwide recognitionasbeing auseful tool inthe classroomandlife ingeneral.The firstballpointpens
wentonsale at Gimbelsdepartmentstore inNew YorkCityon29 October1945 for US $9.75 each.This
penwas widelyknownasthe rocketinthe U.S. intothe late 1950s.
1939 (NATIONALSCHOOL BUSES)
Frank W. Cyr,a professoratColumbiaUniversity'sTeachersCollege,organizedanational conference on
studenttransportation.The conference resultedinthe adoptionof standardsforthe nation'sschool
buses,includingthe shade of yellow.
1939 (IQ TESTING)
The WechslerAdultIntelligence Scale wasdevelopedbyDavidWechsler.Itintroducedthe conceptof
the "deviationIQ",whichcalculatesIQscoresbasedonhow farsubjects'scoresdeviatfromthe average
score of otherswhoare the same age.These testsare still widelyusedinUSschoolstodaytohelp
identifystudentsneedingspecialeducationandtohelpdiscoverwhichstudentsshouldjuststayonthe
familyfarm...(Nonotreally).
1946 – 1956 (FIRST COMPUTER)
The computerage beganas the ElectronicNumerical Integrator andComputer(ENIAC),the first
vacuum-tube computer,wasbuiltforthe U.S.militarybyPresperEckertandJohnMauchly.Thissingle
inventionmarksone of the greatestinventionsof all time.
1950 (FIRST COMPUTER SIMULATOR)
The firstInstructional use of computersasas a flightsimulatorwasusedtotrainpilotsat MIT

9. 1950 (SLIDE RULERS REGAIN POPULARITY)
WilliamOughtredandothersdevelopedthe slide rule basedonthe emergingworkonlogarithmsby
JohnNapier.Before the adventof the pocketcalculator,the slide rulerwasthe mostcommonlyused
calculationtool inscience andengineering.The use of slide rulescontinuedtogrow throughthe 1950s
and 1960s evenasdigital computingdeviceswerebeinggraduallyintroduced;however,around1974
the electronicscientificcalculatormade itlargelyobsolete
1957 (ED TV)
By the earlysixties,therewere more than50 channelsof TV whichincludededucational programming
that airedacross the country.ThomasEdisonwas soexcitedaboutthe possibilityof teachingwithvideo
that he said"Bookswill soonbe obsolete inthe schools.Scholarswill soonbe instructedthroughthe
eye.Itis possible toteacheverybranchof humanknowledgewiththe motionpicture.Ourschool
systemwill be completelychangedintenyears."Thoughnotanentirelyaccurate prediction,video
technologyhasbeenakeyplayertorevolutionizingeducation.
1958 (SKINNER TEACHING MACHINE)
Skinner,abehavioral scientist,developedaseriesof devicesthatallowedastudenttoproceedathis or
herown pace througha regimentedprogramof instruction.Trulyadvancedforitstime,the basic
conceptbehindteachingmachinesis,atitscore, how manycomputerizedlearningsystemsworktoday.
1959 (ACT)
The ACT Test wasfirstadministeredinNovember1959 by EverettFranklinLindquistasa competitorto
the College Board'sScholasticAptitude Test(now the SATReasoningTest.)The ACThashistorically
consistedof fourtests:English,Mathematics,Reading,andScience Reasoning.Thoughthe SAThas
remainedthe standardincollege acceptance test,the ACTisstill verypopularandusedexclusivelywith
some school systems.
1959 (PHOTOCOPIER)
Xerographicoffice photocopying wasintroducedbyXerox anditgraduallyreplacedcopiesmade by
Verifax,Photostat,carbonpaper,mimeographmachines,andotherduplicatingmachines.Thismachine
was suchan importantinventionthatitisstill one of the single mostimportanttoolsin amodernschool
today.Justthinkof whatthe Dark Age monkscouldhave accomplishedif theyhadaXerox machine to
copy the bible insteadof spendingall of theirtime handcopyingit...
1959 (FIRST USE OF COMPUTERS INPUBLIC SCHOOLS)
Computersinpublicschoolswere firstusedtoteachNew Yorkelementarystudentsbinaryarithmetic.

10. 1960 (FIRST BLACK CHILD TO ATTEND AN ALL-WHITE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN THE SOUTH.)
Firstgrader RubyBridgeswasthe firstAfricanAmericantoattendWilliamFrantz ElementarySchool in
NewOrleans.She became aclassof one as parentsremovedall theirCaucasianstudentsfromthe
school....andsome kidscomplainaboutbeingpickedlastinP.E...
1960 (LANGUAGELABS & HEADPHONES)
Language laboratorieswere anaudio oraudio-visualinstallationusedasanaidto teachinglanguages
throughrepeateddrillsandrepetition.Studentswouldlistentothe language theywere learning
throughheadphonesandattempttospeakitback witha condensermicrophone mountedattheir
stationsor headphones,where the teachercouldthenlistenandgrade whattheycoulddo.Language
Labs was anothertechnologythatlaidthe foundationtomanycomputer/iPadlanguage learning
solutionsusedtoday.
1968 (SESEME STREET)
The original goal of Seseme Streetwastocreate a children'stelevisionshow thatwould"masterthe
addictive qualitiesof televisionanddosomethinggoodwiththem",suchashelpingyoungchildren
prepare forschool.The showwas so successful thatitisstill beingairedtoday.
1969 (THE OPENCLASSROOM)
HerbertR. Kohl'sbook,The OpenClassroom, helpstopromote openeducation,anapproach
emphasizingstudent-centeredclassroomsandactive,holisticlearning.The conservativeback-to-the-
basicsmovementof the 1970s began,at leastpartially,asa backlashagainstopeneducation.
1969 (ARPANET)
ARPANET(AdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyNetwork),the first"packet-switching"networkand
precursorof the internet,iscreatedbythe U.S.Defense Department.Itsfirstmessage issentOctober
29, at about 10:30 P.M.This technologyeventuallygrowstochange not onlyeducation,butthe world.
Thank youAl Gore...
1970 (THE SCIENCEOF EDUCATION)
JeanPiaget'sbook,The Science of Education,waspublished.HisLearningCycle model helpedto
popularize discovery-basedteachingapproaches,particularlyinthe sciences.
1970 (THE SCIENCE OF EDUCATION)
JeanPiaget'sbook,The Science of Education,waspublished.HisLearningCycle model helpedto
popularize discovery-basedteachingapproaches,particularlyinthe sciences.

11. 1972 (APPLEII)
Apple Computer,nowApple Inc.,introducedthe AppleII,one of the firstsuccessful personal computers.
It and itsoffspring,the AppleIIe,became popularinschoolsasstudentsbegantolearnwithcomputer
gamessuch as OregonTrail and Odell Lake,some of the firstexamplesof the Gamificationof Education.
1972 (APPLEII)
Apple Computer,nowApple Inc.,introducedthe AppleII,one of the firstsuccessful personal computers.
It and itsoffspring,the AppleIIe,became popularinschoolsasstudentsbegantolearnwithcomputer
gamessuch as OregonTrail and Odell Lake,some of the firstexamplesof the Gamificationof Education.
1981 (APPLE II)
Apple Computer,nowApple Inc., introducedthe AppleII,one of the firstsuccessful personal computers.
It and itsoffspring,the AppleIIe,became popularinschoolsasstudentsbegantolearnwithcomputer
gamessuch as OregonTrail and Odell Lake,some of the firstexamplesof the Gamificationof Education.
1981 (THE PERSONAL COMPUTER)
IBM introduceditsversionof the personalcomputer(PC) withitsModel 5150. It's operatingsystemwas
MS-DOS.C:/DOS,C:/DOS/RUN,RUN/DOS/RUN...
1985 (THE PERSONAL COMPUTER)
IBM introduceditsversionof the personalcomputer(PC) withitsModel 5150. It's operatingsystemwas
MS-DOS.C:/DOS,C:/DOS/RUN,RUN/DOS/RUN...
1986 (THE PERSONAL COMPUTER)
IBM introduceditsversionof the personalcomputer(PC) withitsModel 5150. It's operatingsystemwas
MS-DOS.C:/DOS,C:/DOS/RUN,RUN/DOS/RUN...
1987 (THE PERSONAL COMPUTER)
IBM introduceditsversionof the personalcomputer(PC) withitsModel 5150. It's operatingsystemwas
MS-DOS.C:/DOS,C:/DOS/RUN,RUN/DOS/RUN...
1990 (MULTIMEDIAPC'S)
Multimediafeatureswere developedincomputersgiving those dedicatedgraphiccardsandsound
cards, allowingforsimulations,educationalvideos,gamesandvariouslearningprogramswithanimation
and sound.

12. 1990 (WHITEBOARDS)
WhiteboardsfoundtheirwayintoU.S.classroomsinincreasingnumbersandbegantoreplace the
blackboarddue to a fewreasons,primarilystudentallergieswiththe dustcreatedfromthe chalkand
the ease at whichtheycouldbe cleaned.
1991 (THE SMART BOARD)
The smart board (interactive white board) wasintroducedbySMARTTechnologies.
1994 (COMPUHIGH)
CompuHighwasfounded.Itclaimstobe the firstonline highschool.Isn'tthatjustcalled
homeschooling?
1998 (HIGHER EDUCATION ACT)
The HigherEducationAct was amended andreauthorized,requiringinstitutionsandstatestoproduce
"reportcards" about teachereducationperformance.Thiswasone more of manyattemptstocreate a
more unifiededucationexperience throughoutthe UnitedStates.
1998 (GOOGLEFOUNDED)
Google co-foundersLarryPage andSergeyBrinsetup a workplace fortheirnewlyincorporatedsearch
engine inaMenloPark, Californiagarage.Google laterbecame astrongforce inthe education
technologymovementasmostschoolsinthe 21st centuryuse Google software torun at leastsome part
of theirtechnologyinfrastructure.
2000 (FLIPPEDCLASSROOM)
A teachingmethodthatessentiallyinvolvesstudent'sinstructiontakingplace outside of the classroom
throughan interactive digitalexperience andthe homeworkbeingdone inclasswiththe helpof the
teacherand otherpeers.Thistrendisusuallycoupledwithothertrendssuchasprojectbasedlearning.
2001 (NOCHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT)
The controversial NoChildLeft behind Act(NCLB) wasapprovedbyCongressandsignedintolaw by
PresidentGeorge W.BushonJanuary 8, 2002. The law,whichreauthorizesthe ESEA of 1965 and
replacesthe BilingualEducationActof 1968, mandateshigh-stakesstudenttesting,holdsschools
accountable forstudentachievementlevels,andprovidespenaltiesforschoolsthatdonot make
adequate yearlyprogresstowardmeetingthe goalsof NCLB.
2004 (KHANACADEMY.COM)
SalmanKahnbeganto record videosatthe requestof a youngercousinwhofelt thatif the lessonswere
recorded,she couldskipthroughpartsshe had mastered,yetreplayotherpartsthatwere troublingher
to learn.Khan’smodel istoessentiallyprovide tutoringonaone-to-one basis.Recently,KhanAcademy

13. videoshave beenusedbysome educatorsaspartof theirflippedclassroomstrategy.Kahnhassince
beenfundedbyGoogle andotherlarge organizationsandhasplayedakeyrole inrevolutionizing
educationwithtechnology.
2005 (ICLICKER)
The iClickerwasone of the firsttoolsto allow teacherstobe able to quicklypoll studentsandgetresults
inreal time.Itseffectivenessasa teachingtool openedthe doorformanymore powerful classroom
technologiestobe follow,all aimedatmakingeducationamore interactive,involvedexperience.
2010 (APPLEIPAD)
The iPadis a slate computerwiththe abilitytobringtogethermanytechnologiesforlearninginanew,
verypowerful way.The iPad'sprice,powerandease of use pusheditsadoptioninmanyschoolswhere
each studentreceivesaniPadinsteadof atextbook.Learningonthisformatismuchmore interactive,
immersive andpersonalizedthanatraditional textbook.
2012 s(BRIAN CREATES EDHISTORY.COM)
Please clickon"findoutmore"or go to http://sn.im/edhistorybibforthe bibliography. Thanksfor
readingmybrief Historyof Educationand EduTechinthe U.S.! -BrianTate