EDUC305_PhilosophicalAndPsychologicalTheoriesin ScienceTeaching_MapaloMariza.pptx
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Erik Erikson developed the theory of psychosocial development which outlines eight stages of human development defined by crises or challenges. Each stage builds on the previous ones, so difficulties resolving crises in earlier stages can cause problems in later stages. Erikson expanded on Freud's psychosexual stages and emphasized the role of environment and relationships. His theory is widely used in education to structure curriculum and activities according to students' developmental needs.
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Kohlberg theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory involves how people think about and make judgments regarding moral issues. It proposes that morality develops through six stages grouped into three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At higher levels, moral reasoning is based more on personal ethical principles than on rules or consequences.
Kohlberg’s theory
Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning:
pre-conventional
Obedience and punishment
Individualism and Exchange
conventional
Interpersonal relationship
Maintaining Social order
post-conventional
Social contract and individual rights
Universal principle
Each level is associated with increasingly complex stages of moral development.
Adolescence
This document discusses adolescence, defining it as the transitional period between childhood and adulthood that involves significant physical, emotional, and social changes. It notes adolescence typically occurs between ages 11-19 and can be divided into early, middle, and late stages. Key characteristics of adolescence include physical and sexual development, a desire for independence, identity formation, and career preparation. The document also examines Erikson's stages of psychosocial development and Marcia's identity statuses, highlighting the importance of exploration and commitment during identity formation in adolescence. Finally, it discusses common stressors adolescents face and effective stress management techniques.
Jean piaget’s theory
Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that children progress through four discrete stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. At each stage, the child demonstrates new cognitive abilities. Kohlberg's theory of moral development also outlines six stages through which individuals progress: obedience and punishment, individualism and exchange, interpersonal relationships, maintaining social order, social contract and individual rights, and universal principles. Both theories posit that development occurs through progressive stages and is influenced by biological maturation and experience.
Theories of human development
The document summarizes Freud's psychosexual stages of development and other theories of human development. It discusses Freud's theory that personality develops through oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages, where the libido or pleasure principle is focused on different erogenous zones. It also briefly mentions Erikson's psychosocial theory, learning theories, Piaget's cognitive development theory, Jung, and Maslow among the major theories of human development.
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Developmetn
Erikson developed eight stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan: trust vs mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs shame and doubt (toddler), initiative vs guilt (preschool), industry vs inferiority (school age), identity vs role confusion (adolescence), intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood), generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood), and integrity vs despair (late adulthood). At each stage, individuals face a psychosocial crisis that can result in healthy or unhealthy outcomes depending on how they are able to resolve the crisis. Erikson's theory emphasizes how social and cultural experiences shape personality development throughout life.
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that personality develops through eight stages from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage is defined by a psychosocial crisis which can result in a healthy or unhealthy outcome. If resolved positively, a virtue is acquired which aids in resolving future crises. The document provides an overview of each stage, including trust vs. mistrust in infancy and autonomy vs. shame and doubt in toddlerhood. It also compares Erikson's theory to Freud's psychosexual stages and discusses research supporting Erikson's views on the importance of early attachment.
Sigmund freud theory.
`The psycho sexual theory is also called Sigmund Freud theory. its a theory to oriented the phases of development of child in various stage of age.
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Kohlberg theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory involves how people think about and make judgments regarding moral issues. It proposes that morality develops through six stages grouped into three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At higher levels, moral reasoning is based more on personal ethical principles than on rules or consequences.
Kohlberg’s theory
Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning:
pre-conventional
Obedience and punishment
Individualism and Exchange
conventional
Interpersonal relationship
Maintaining Social order
post-conventional
Social contract and individual rights
Universal principle
Each level is associated with increasingly complex stages of moral development.
Adolescence
This document discusses adolescence, defining it as the transitional period between childhood and adulthood that involves significant physical, emotional, and social changes. It notes adolescence typically occurs between ages 11-19 and can be divided into early, middle, and late stages. Key characteristics of adolescence include physical and sexual development, a desire for independence, identity formation, and career preparation. The document also examines Erikson's stages of psychosocial development and Marcia's identity statuses, highlighting the importance of exploration and commitment during identity formation in adolescence. Finally, it discusses common stressors adolescents face and effective stress management techniques.
Jean piaget’s theory
Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that children progress through four discrete stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. At each stage, the child demonstrates new cognitive abilities. Kohlberg's theory of moral development also outlines six stages through which individuals progress: obedience and punishment, individualism and exchange, interpersonal relationships, maintaining social order, social contract and individual rights, and universal principles. Both theories posit that development occurs through progressive stages and is influenced by biological maturation and experience.
Theories of human development
The document summarizes Freud's psychosexual stages of development and other theories of human development. It discusses Freud's theory that personality develops through oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages, where the libido or pleasure principle is focused on different erogenous zones. It also briefly mentions Erikson's psychosocial theory, learning theories, Piaget's cognitive development theory, Jung, and Maslow among the major theories of human development.
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Developmetn
Erikson developed eight stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan: trust vs mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs shame and doubt (toddler), initiative vs guilt (preschool), industry vs inferiority (school age), identity vs role confusion (adolescence), intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood), generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood), and integrity vs despair (late adulthood). At each stage, individuals face a psychosocial crisis that can result in healthy or unhealthy outcomes depending on how they are able to resolve the crisis. Erikson's theory emphasizes how social and cultural experiences shape personality development throughout life.
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that personality develops through eight stages from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage is defined by a psychosocial crisis which can result in a healthy or unhealthy outcome. If resolved positively, a virtue is acquired which aids in resolving future crises. The document provides an overview of each stage, including trust vs. mistrust in infancy and autonomy vs. shame and doubt in toddlerhood. It also compares Erikson's theory to Freud's psychosexual stages and discusses research supporting Erikson's views on the importance of early attachment.
Sigmund freud theory.
`The psycho sexual theory is also called Sigmund Freud theory. its a theory to oriented the phases of development of child in various stage of age.
Pschology identity status by james marcia ppt
James Marcia expanded on Erik Erikson's work and proposed four identity statuses that individuals progress through when developing their identity:
1) Identity diffusion - low commitment and exploration.
2) Identity foreclosure - commitment without exploration, accepting values of others.
3) Identity moratorium - active exploration with low commitment while in crisis.
4) Identity achievement - high commitment and exploration after resolving an identity crisis.
Individuals may cycle through moratorium and achievement stages multiple times over their lifespan as their identities evolve. Marcia's theory suggests identity develops through exploration and commitments in adolescence and early adulthood.
Erikson theory
Erik Erikson proposed an 8-stage theory of psychosocial development across the lifespan. Each stage is characterized by a developmental crisis between two opposing psychosocial attitudes. Successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. The stages include trust vs mistrust in infancy, autonomy vs shame and doubt in early childhood, initiative vs guilt in play age children, industry vs inferiority in school-aged children, identity vs role confusion in adolescence, intimacy vs isolation in young adults, generativity vs stagnation in adulthood, and ego integrity vs despair in late adulthood.
Erikson's theory of psychosocial
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that personality develops through eight stages from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis which can result in a healthy or unhealthy outcome. The stages involve developing trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity. Success at each stage leads to gaining certain virtues like hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, care and wisdom.
Counseling in special schools
Counseling plays an important role in special schools by helping students with special needs address social, emotional, and academic issues. Counselors provide guidance to students individually and in groups on topics like coping with challenges, developing problem-solving skills, and making informed career choices. The benefits of counseling in special schools include helping students improve behavior, strengthen relationships, and discuss issues they're uncomfortable bringing up elsewhere. Counselors work with students, parents, teachers and the community to address the diverse needs of children with disabilities.
Kolhberg
The document discusses Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development and stages. It presents two moral dilemmas involving trolley problems where lives must be sacrificed to save others. Kohlberg's theory proposes that moral reasoning develops through three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Each level contains two stages that involve reasoning based on obedience, self-interest, upholding social norms, laws, universal ethical principles. The document also discusses criticisms of Kohlberg's theory regarding methodology, cultural bias, and its focus on males' moral development.
Frued’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud's psychoanalytic theory views personality development through psychosexual stages from infancy to adolescence including oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. During the phallic stage, boys experience the Oedipus complex and girls the Electra complex. Erikson's theory emphasizes that development occurs within social contexts like family and school, and stresses the importance of satisfying needs, encouraging independence, acquiring skills, and coping with identity struggles during key stages.
Adolescence Characteristics
Provide honest information to their
questions, and listen without judgment. Help
them understand this as a normal developmental
process. Plan co-ed activities to allow socializing.
Sigmund freud’s psychoanalytic theory
this presentation contains information about sigmund freud's theories (psychosexual development, personality components, and the topographical model)
Adolescence and moral development
ADOLESCENCE AND THEIR UNHAPPINESS; MORAL DEVELOPMENT; SELF ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY; MORAL AND CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT; RECOMMENDATIONS; WHAT CAN WE REALLY DO? TEN TIPS FOR PARENTS.
Erick erickson theory of psyco social dev
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that social experience shapes personality in a series of eight stages throughout the lifespan. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis which can result in a healthy or unhealthy outcome. The stages involve developing trust versus mistrust in infancy, autonomy versus shame and doubt in toddlerhood, initiative versus guilt in preschool years, industry versus inferiority in school-age children, identity versus role confusion in adolescence, intimacy versus isolation in young adulthood, generativity versus stagnation in middle adulthood, and integrity versus despair in late adulthood. Erikson's theory emphasizes the importance of social interaction and cultural influences at each stage of development.
Carol gilligan’s theory of moral development
Gilligan proposed the Stages of the Ethics of Care theory, which addresses what makes actions 'right' or 'wrong'. Gilligan's theory focused on both care-based morality and justice-based morality.
Care-based morality is based on the following principles:
Emphasizes interconnectedness and universality.
Acting justly means avoiding violence and helping those in need.
Care-based morality is thought to be more common in girls because of their connections to their mothers.
Because girls remain connected to their mothers, they are less inclined to worry about issues of fairness.
Justice-based morality is based on the following principles:
Views the world as being composed of autonomous individuals who interact with another.
Acting justly means avoiding inequality.
Is thought to be more common in boys because of their need to differentiate between themselves and their mothers.
BecauGilligan proposed the Stages of the Ethics of Care theory, which addresses what makes actions 'right' or 'wrong'. Gilligan's theory focused on both care-based morality and justice-based morality.
Care-based morality is based on the following principles:
Emphasizes interconnectedness and universality.
Acting justly means avoiding violence and helping those in need.
Care-based morality is thought to be more common in girls because of their connections to their mothers.
Because girls remain connected to their mothers, they are less inclined to worry about issues of fairness.
Justice-based morality is based on the following principles:
Views the world as being composed of autonomous individuals who interact with another.
Acting justly means avoiding inequality.
Is thought to be more common in boys because of their need to differentiate between themselves and their mothers.
Because they are separated from their mothers, boys become more concerned with the concept of inequality. se they are separated from their mothers, boys become more concerned with the concept of inequality.
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (1)
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that personality develops through 8 stages from infancy to late adulthood, where individuals face new challenges and crises. Each stage focuses on becoming competent in an area of social functioning. If handled well, it results in healthy development and a sense of competence. If handled poorly, it leads to feelings of inadequacy. The 8 stages are: basic trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, and integrity vs despair.
Moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg was a psychologist who expanded on Jean Piaget's work to develop a theory of moral development. He proposed that moral reasoning progresses through six sequential stages from a focus on obedience and punishment to a focus on justice, individual rights, and principles. While influential, his stage theory has been criticized for overemphasizing justice and Western philosophy over other factors like compassion.
Kohlberg’s theory on moral development
Lawerence Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development with three levels and six stages. In the first preconventional level, morality is based on obedience and punishment (Stage 1) or individual needs (Stage 2). The conventional level focuses on interpersonal relationships (Stage 3) and maintaining social order (Stage 4). The post-conventional level considers social contracts and individual rights (Stage 5) and universal ethical principles (Stage 6). Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for not necessarily linking moral reasoning to behavior, overemphasizing justice, and having a Western cultural bias.
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
This document discusses Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. It outlines Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, including the pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels. A key aspect of Kohlberg's research was his use of moral dilemmas, such as the Heinz dilemma, to assess people's moral judgments and determine their stage of moral development. The document also notes some criticisms of Kohlberg's theory, such as the artificial nature of the dilemmas he used.
Social development
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Vygotsky vs piaget
This document compares the theories of Vygotsky and Piaget on child cognitive development. Vygotsky emphasized the social context of learning and believed that language acquisition shapes thought, while Piaget saw cognition as directing language development. Piaget outlined four stages of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood focused on adapting to the environment. In contrast, Vygotsky did not define strict stages and emphasized the zone of proximal development and language as a cultural tool. The theories have different implications for education, with Vygotsky seeing it as central to language learning and Piaget viewing it as refining an individual's language.
Late Childhood
The developmental tasks of a child from 6-12 years of age, and the hazardous experience if he/she cannot overcome it.
Conflict theory
Conflict theory states that society functions through conflict between individuals and groups competing over limited resources. It views society as consisting of groups in conflict over power and resources rather than cooperation. Key aspects include inequality built into social structures that benefit those in power, change occurring through conflict rather than adaptation, and groups forming in opposition to pursue their own interests rather than cooperate for social benefits. Major theorists who contributed to conflict theory include Marx, who saw class conflict between owners and workers, and Weber, who argued multiple conflicts exist in society beyond class. Feminist conflict theory explains the oppression of women as benefiting men's pursuit of power. Modern approaches view inequality as producing conflict that can only be overcome through fundamental social transformation.
Cognitivist Approach on Gender
It is a comprehensive work on Gender from cognitivist point of view. The paper paper describes the concept and meaning of gender, gender identity, gender role, cognitive approach, theories on gender-cognitive theory, Social cognitive theory, gender schema theory. Besides these, it also consists of educational implication. This is a collaborative work of G. Ghaus, J.Alam, A.Husain, B.Shameem and S.Alam. All are students of M.Ed. (2015-17) Department of Educational Studies, Jmaia MIllia Islamia, New Delhi. This paper will help students as well as teacher to understand the gender from the perspective of cognitive psychology.
Introduction to educational psychology (1)
This document provides an overview of educational psychology. It defines educational psychology as the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning. The study of learning processes from cognitive and behavioral perspectives allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation, self-regulation, and self-concept as they relate to learning. Educational psychology examines learner behavior in the classroom and provides teachers with principles and experiences to understand learning and increase their skills in helping students learn. Significant figures who contributed to the field include John Dewey, Jean Piaget, B.F. Skinner, and Edward Thorndike.
0- session 2 .pdf
Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior.
Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.As demonstrated in his classic "Bobo Doll" experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational
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Pschology identity status by james marcia ppt
James Marcia expanded on Erik Erikson's work and proposed four identity statuses that individuals progress through when developing their identity:
1) Identity diffusion - low commitment and exploration.
2) Identity foreclosure - commitment without exploration, accepting values of others.
3) Identity moratorium - active exploration with low commitment while in crisis.
4) Identity achievement - high commitment and exploration after resolving an identity crisis.
Individuals may cycle through moratorium and achievement stages multiple times over their lifespan as their identities evolve. Marcia's theory suggests identity develops through exploration and commitments in adolescence and early adulthood.
Erikson theory
Erik Erikson proposed an 8-stage theory of psychosocial development across the lifespan. Each stage is characterized by a developmental crisis between two opposing psychosocial attitudes. Successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. The stages include trust vs mistrust in infancy, autonomy vs shame and doubt in early childhood, initiative vs guilt in play age children, industry vs inferiority in school-aged children, identity vs role confusion in adolescence, intimacy vs isolation in young adults, generativity vs stagnation in adulthood, and ego integrity vs despair in late adulthood.
Erikson's theory of psychosocial
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that personality develops through eight stages from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis which can result in a healthy or unhealthy outcome. The stages involve developing trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity. Success at each stage leads to gaining certain virtues like hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, care and wisdom.
Counseling in special schools
Counseling plays an important role in special schools by helping students with special needs address social, emotional, and academic issues. Counselors provide guidance to students individually and in groups on topics like coping with challenges, developing problem-solving skills, and making informed career choices. The benefits of counseling in special schools include helping students improve behavior, strengthen relationships, and discuss issues they're uncomfortable bringing up elsewhere. Counselors work with students, parents, teachers and the community to address the diverse needs of children with disabilities.
Kolhberg
The document discusses Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development and stages. It presents two moral dilemmas involving trolley problems where lives must be sacrificed to save others. Kohlberg's theory proposes that moral reasoning develops through three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Each level contains two stages that involve reasoning based on obedience, self-interest, upholding social norms, laws, universal ethical principles. The document also discusses criticisms of Kohlberg's theory regarding methodology, cultural bias, and its focus on males' moral development.
Frued’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud's psychoanalytic theory views personality development through psychosexual stages from infancy to adolescence including oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. During the phallic stage, boys experience the Oedipus complex and girls the Electra complex. Erikson's theory emphasizes that development occurs within social contexts like family and school, and stresses the importance of satisfying needs, encouraging independence, acquiring skills, and coping with identity struggles during key stages.
Adolescence Characteristics
Provide honest information to their
questions, and listen without judgment. Help
them understand this as a normal developmental
process. Plan co-ed activities to allow socializing.
Sigmund freud’s psychoanalytic theory
this presentation contains information about sigmund freud's theories (psychosexual development, personality components, and the topographical model)
Adolescence and moral development
ADOLESCENCE AND THEIR UNHAPPINESS; MORAL DEVELOPMENT; SELF ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY; MORAL AND CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT; RECOMMENDATIONS; WHAT CAN WE REALLY DO? TEN TIPS FOR PARENTS.
Erick erickson theory of psyco social dev
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that social experience shapes personality in a series of eight stages throughout the lifespan. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis which can result in a healthy or unhealthy outcome. The stages involve developing trust versus mistrust in infancy, autonomy versus shame and doubt in toddlerhood, initiative versus guilt in preschool years, industry versus inferiority in school-age children, identity versus role confusion in adolescence, intimacy versus isolation in young adulthood, generativity versus stagnation in middle adulthood, and integrity versus despair in late adulthood. Erikson's theory emphasizes the importance of social interaction and cultural influences at each stage of development.
Carol gilligan’s theory of moral development
Gilligan proposed the Stages of the Ethics of Care theory, which addresses what makes actions 'right' or 'wrong'. Gilligan's theory focused on both care-based morality and justice-based morality.
Care-based morality is based on the following principles:
Emphasizes interconnectedness and universality.
Acting justly means avoiding violence and helping those in need.
Care-based morality is thought to be more common in girls because of their connections to their mothers.
Because girls remain connected to their mothers, they are less inclined to worry about issues of fairness.
Justice-based morality is based on the following principles:
Views the world as being composed of autonomous individuals who interact with another.
Acting justly means avoiding inequality.
Is thought to be more common in boys because of their need to differentiate between themselves and their mothers.
BecauGilligan proposed the Stages of the Ethics of Care theory, which addresses what makes actions 'right' or 'wrong'. Gilligan's theory focused on both care-based morality and justice-based morality.
Care-based morality is based on the following principles:
Emphasizes interconnectedness and universality.
Acting justly means avoiding violence and helping those in need.
Care-based morality is thought to be more common in girls because of their connections to their mothers.
Because girls remain connected to their mothers, they are less inclined to worry about issues of fairness.
Justice-based morality is based on the following principles:
Views the world as being composed of autonomous individuals who interact with another.
Acting justly means avoiding inequality.
Is thought to be more common in boys because of their need to differentiate between themselves and their mothers.
Because they are separated from their mothers, boys become more concerned with the concept of inequality. se they are separated from their mothers, boys become more concerned with the concept of inequality.
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (1)
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that personality develops through 8 stages from infancy to late adulthood, where individuals face new challenges and crises. Each stage focuses on becoming competent in an area of social functioning. If handled well, it results in healthy development and a sense of competence. If handled poorly, it leads to feelings of inadequacy. The 8 stages are: basic trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, and integrity vs despair.
Moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg was a psychologist who expanded on Jean Piaget's work to develop a theory of moral development. He proposed that moral reasoning progresses through six sequential stages from a focus on obedience and punishment to a focus on justice, individual rights, and principles. While influential, his stage theory has been criticized for overemphasizing justice and Western philosophy over other factors like compassion.
Kohlberg’s theory on moral development
Lawerence Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development with three levels and six stages. In the first preconventional level, morality is based on obedience and punishment (Stage 1) or individual needs (Stage 2). The conventional level focuses on interpersonal relationships (Stage 3) and maintaining social order (Stage 4). The post-conventional level considers social contracts and individual rights (Stage 5) and universal ethical principles (Stage 6). Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for not necessarily linking moral reasoning to behavior, overemphasizing justice, and having a Western cultural bias.
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
This document discusses Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. It outlines Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, including the pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels. A key aspect of Kohlberg's research was his use of moral dilemmas, such as the Heinz dilemma, to assess people's moral judgments and determine their stage of moral development. The document also notes some criticisms of Kohlberg's theory, such as the artificial nature of the dilemmas he used.
Social development
Social Development in children,influences on child social development,stages of child social development, & social development in child at pre-school level.
Social Development.Social Development from Infancy to Adolescence .
Erick Erickson theory of social development. Social Characteristics of Learners and provision of suitable . activities at the following level. . Preschool and Kindergarten . Elementary Level.
Vygotsky vs piaget
This document compares the theories of Vygotsky and Piaget on child cognitive development. Vygotsky emphasized the social context of learning and believed that language acquisition shapes thought, while Piaget saw cognition as directing language development. Piaget outlined four stages of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood focused on adapting to the environment. In contrast, Vygotsky did not define strict stages and emphasized the zone of proximal development and language as a cultural tool. The theories have different implications for education, with Vygotsky seeing it as central to language learning and Piaget viewing it as refining an individual's language.
Late Childhood
The developmental tasks of a child from 6-12 years of age, and the hazardous experience if he/she cannot overcome it.
Conflict theory
Conflict theory states that society functions through conflict between individuals and groups competing over limited resources. It views society as consisting of groups in conflict over power and resources rather than cooperation. Key aspects include inequality built into social structures that benefit those in power, change occurring through conflict rather than adaptation, and groups forming in opposition to pursue their own interests rather than cooperate for social benefits. Major theorists who contributed to conflict theory include Marx, who saw class conflict between owners and workers, and Weber, who argued multiple conflicts exist in society beyond class. Feminist conflict theory explains the oppression of women as benefiting men's pursuit of power. Modern approaches view inequality as producing conflict that can only be overcome through fundamental social transformation.
Cognitivist Approach on Gender
It is a comprehensive work on Gender from cognitivist point of view. The paper paper describes the concept and meaning of gender, gender identity, gender role, cognitive approach, theories on gender-cognitive theory, Social cognitive theory, gender schema theory. Besides these, it also consists of educational implication. This is a collaborative work of G. Ghaus, J.Alam, A.Husain, B.Shameem and S.Alam. All are students of M.Ed. (2015-17) Department of Educational Studies, Jmaia MIllia Islamia, New Delhi. This paper will help students as well as teacher to understand the gender from the perspective of cognitive psychology.
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Introduction to educational psychology (1)
This document provides an overview of educational psychology. It defines educational psychology as the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning. The study of learning processes from cognitive and behavioral perspectives allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation, self-regulation, and self-concept as they relate to learning. Educational psychology examines learner behavior in the classroom and provides teachers with principles and experiences to understand learning and increase their skills in helping students learn. Significant figures who contributed to the field include John Dewey, Jean Piaget, B.F. Skinner, and Edward Thorndike.
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Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior.
Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.As demonstrated in his classic "Bobo Doll" experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational
0- session 7 .pdf
Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior.
Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.As demonstrated in his classic "Bobo Doll" experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational
Educational psychology.pptx
Educational psychology is the study of how people learn, including teaching methods, instructional processes, and individual differences in learning. The goal is to understand how people learn and retain information. Psychologists working in the field of education study how people learn and retain knowledge. They apply psychological science to improve the learning .Educational psychology is that branch of psychology in which the findings of psychology are applied in the field of education. It is the scientific study of human behaviour in educational setting.
Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson was a German-American developmental psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development. He proposed that social development occurs through eight stages across the lifespan, where individuals must resolve crises of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity. His humanistic approach emphasized self-actualization and the importance of relationships. While influential, his theory focused more on childhood than adulthood and lacked empirical testing of how individuals progress between stages.
Philosophy of education
This document discusses different philosophies of education including essentialism, progressivism, perennialism, existentialism, and behaviorism. It provides descriptions of each philosophy's view on why we teach, what we teach, and how we teach. Key aspects include essentialism focusing on basic skills, progressivism emphasizing experiential learning, perennialism using the great books approach, existentialism allowing student choice, and behaviorism modifying behavior through environmental stimuli. The document then matches statements and educational practices to the philosophies they are associated with.
Educational psychology
1. Educational psychology aims to understand how students learn and apply psychological theories to improve learning outcomes.
2. It examines individual differences in learning, academic processes, and student outcomes to better assist teachers and learners.
3. Major theories in educational psychology include behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism, which look at how conditioning, cognitive processes, and prior experience influence learning respectively.
Psychological Bases of Education
This document discusses the relationship between psychology and education. It begins by defining psychology and tracing the historical development of psychology as a field. It then discusses several ways that psychology relates to different aspects of education, such as educational objectives, curriculum development, teaching methods, and student evaluation. Overall, the document argues that psychology and education are closely related fields, with psychology providing insights into human behavior and development that help improve educational practices.
Educational psychology
this document describes the brief history of educational psychology, nature, and aims of educational psychology
Educational psychology - introduction
Educational psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and learning processes in educational settings. It involves understanding how people learn and develop from childhood through adulthood, the learning process, learning environments, teaching methods, and how to evaluate learning outcomes. The main goals of educational psychology are to help learners acquire knowledge and skills, understand learners' characteristics and needs, create effective learning situations, and evaluate learning performance to improve teaching methods.
0- session 6 .pdf
Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior.
Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.As demonstrated in his classic "Bobo Doll" experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational
Atep prof195 mns_2012
Here are the key points of an informal chat:
- Set aside time to talk one-on-one with the student away from others.
- Remind them of the agreed upon expectations/rules.
- Discuss the specific misbehaviour and why it's an issue.
- Ask for their perspective to gain understanding.
- Come to an informal agreement together on improving the behaviour.
- Follow up to see if the agreement is being followed through.
- Praise and acknowledge positive changes as a result of the chat.
The goal is to problem solve respectfully and get the student invested in making better choices moving forward.
What is education psychology.pptx 2 (2)
Educational psychology is the study of how people learn in educational settings and how to optimize that learning. It is important for teachers to understand because it helps them study teaching and learning situations like individual differences, effective teaching methods, and classroom dynamics. It also helps teachers apply principles of teaching and learning, like setting objectives, using audiovisual aids, providing guidance and feedback, and running the classroom democratically. Understanding educational psychology ultimately helps improve the teaching and learning process.
7 Philosophies of education and Field of Philosophy
This document outlines various philosophies of education including essentialism, progressivism, perennialism, existentialism, behaviorism, linguistic philosophy, and constructivism. It discusses the key beliefs of each philosophy in terms of why we teach, what we teach, and how we teach. The document also introduces the four pillars of learning: learning to know, learning to do, learning to live together, and learning to be. Finally, it provides an overview of four branches of philosophy related to teaching: axiology, epistemology, logic, and metaphysics.
Concept & meaning of educational psychology
I prepared it for my M.A Education subject Foundation in Pakistan topic meaning and concept of educational psychology.
Hope who will check this presentation will like it insh ALLAH
Learner: Components of Effective Teaching
One of the component of Effective Teaching. The Learner.
ED107 - Principles & Methods of Teaching.
This only include three subtopics:
*Definition and theories of learning
*Student’s Learning Style
*Theory of Multiple Intelligences
the other subtopics about learner like The Laws of learning and pedagogical relevance of the Laws of leaning is not included here.
Psychological foundation
Before 1870 psychology was not a separate discipline rather it was studies under philosophy.
Psychology today covers enormous fields and can be broadly classified into two groups
Applied Psychology
Basic Psychology
Applied psychology was again divided into many branches and Educational psychology is its Sub-branch.
Philosophical foundations-of-education
This document discusses different educational philosophies:
1. Existentialism emphasizes individual subjectivity and freedom of choice. Teachers help students define their essence and make decisions.
2. Essentialism focuses on basic skills and traditional curriculum decided by teachers.
3. Later sections discuss Constructivism, Progressivism, Perennialism, Behaviorism, and Social Reconstructionism - explaining their views on why and how to teach.
4. The document provides examples and comparisons of how different philosophies are demonstrated in teaching objectives, curriculum, and methods. It aims to help teachers scrutinize foundations of education and form their own philosophical statements.
Educ 501 foundation of education
This document outlines the learning objectives, content, and activities for a unit on the philosophy of education. The unit objectives are to explain the importance of philosophy in education, define and explain the importance of education, and enumerate and define the philosophical perspectives of education. The learning content defines philosophy as a discipline, explains the importance of education, and describes the teacher-centered, student-centered, and society-centered philosophies of education. It also defines the essentialism, perennialism, progressivism, existentialism, and reconstructionism philosophical perspectives of education. The document concludes with evaluation questions.
adult teaching methods and Av techniques ch 1&2.ppt
Education
it is the process of imparting knowledge, values, skills and attitudes, which can be beneficial to an individual.
2. It is acquired by individuals.
3. It is something that one gets at some point in their life.
4. it is a formal process.
5. it is knowledge gained through teaching.
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7 Philosophies of education and Field of Philosophy
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- 3. Psychosocial p s y c h o l o g i c a l s o c i a l m i n d r e l a t i o n s h i p
- 4. Erick Erickson ERIK ERIKSON WAS A 20TH CENTURY PSYCHOLOGIST WHO DEVELOPED THE THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE CONCEPT OF AN IDENTITY CRISIS. CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOLOGY • Erikson impacted psychological theories by expanding upon Sigmund Freud’s original five stages of development. • Erikson believed that each person progressed through eight stages of development.
- 5. Erick Erickson ERIK ERIKSON WAS A 20TH CENTURY PSYCHOLOGIST WHO DEVELOPED THE THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE CONCEPT OF AN IDENTITY CRISIS. CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOLOGY • Erikson emphasized that the environment played a major role in self-awareness, adjustment, human development, and identity.
- 6. Psychosocial development theory is based on eight stages of development Erikson’s theory is based on the idea that development through life is a series of stages which are each defined by a crisis or challenge
- 7. “The early stages provide the foundations for later stages so Erikson says that if a child does not resolve a crisis in a particular stage, they will have problems in later stages” For example, if an adolescent does not establish their own identity, they will have difficulty in relationships as an adult
- 9. The stages are as follows: Stage 1 – Oral Sensory Stage 2 – Muscular-Anal Stage 3 – Locomotor Stage 4 – Latency Stage 5 – Adolescence Stage 6 – Young Adulthood Stage 7 – Middle Adulthood Stage 8 – Maturity
- 14. Complete the statement As a teacher I will gain the trust of my learner by …………………. As a head/administrator I will gain the trust of my subordinate by ………………….
- 17. Complete the statement As a teacher I will gain the trust of my learner by …………………. As a head/administrator I will gain the trust of my subordinate by ………………….
- 24. How to Apply Erikson's Theory in Instruction
- 25. 1.Treat all students equally. Do not show favoritism to a certain group of students based on gender, race, academic ability or socioeconomic status.
- 26. 2. Incorporate guest speakers and curriculum activities from as many areas as possible to expose students to many career choices.
- 27. 3. Encourage students to focus on their strengths and acknowledge them when they exhibit work that incorporates these strengths.
- 28. 4. Encourage students to develop confidence by trying different approaches to solving problems.
- 29. 5. Incorporate life skills into lesson planning to increase confidence and self-sufficiency.
- 30. 6. Utilize physical activity to help relieve stress, negative feelings and improve moods (Bianca, 2010).
- 31. Pre-School Classroom Activities that applies Psychosocial Development 1.Find out what students are interested in and create projects that incorporate their area of interest. 2.Let the children oversee the learning process when participating in a classroom project. Make sure to point out and praise students for good choices. 3.Offer continuous feedback on work that has been completed. 4.Do not ridicule or criticize students openly. Find a private place to talk with a child about a poor choice or behavior. 5.When children experiment, they should not be punished for trying something that may turn out differently than the teacher planned. 6.Utilize physical activity to teach fairness and sportsmanship
- 32. Elementary Teachers should focus on achievement and peer relationships at the Elementary Level 1.Create a list of classroom duties that needed to be completed on a scheduled basis. 2.Ask students for their input when creating the list as well as who will be in charge of what. 3.Discuss and post classroom rules. Make sure to include students in the decision-making process when discussing rules. 4.Encourage students to think outside of their day-to-day routine by role playing different situations. 5.Let students know that striving for perfection is not as important as learning from mistakes. Teach them to hold their head high and move forward.
- 33. High School During the middle and high school years, building identity and self-esteem should be part of a teacher's focus. 1. Treat all students equally. Do not show favoritism to a certain group of students based on gender, race, academic ability or socioeconomic status. 2. Incorporate guest speakers and curriculum activities from as many areas as possible so as to expose students to many career choices. 3. Encourage students to focus on their strengths and acknowledge them when they exhibit work that incorporates these strengths. 4. Encourage students to develop confidence by trying different approaches to solving problems. 5. Incorporate life skills into lesson planning to increase confidence and self- sufficiency. 6. Utilize physical activity to help relieve stress, negative feelings and improve moods (Bianca, 2010).
- 34. REFERENCES Allen, E., & Marotz, L. (2003). Developmental profiles pre-Birth through twelve (4th ed.). Albany, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Bee, H., & Boyd, D. (2009, March). The developing child (12th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Bianca, A. (2010, June 4). Psychosocial development in physical activity. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_6587070_psychosocial-development-physical-activity.htm Crain, W. (2011). Theories of development: Concepts and applications (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Erik Erikson’s stages of social-emotional development. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://childdevelopmentinfo.com/child-development/erickson/#ixzz3ZaBI7RQf Erik Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/ERIK/stageint.HTML Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.