This document provides an overview and summary of the key issues regarding research and development in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines spends a very small percentage of its GDP on R&D compared to other countries. While private sector spending on R&D has increased and now outpaces public sector spending, there remains a lack of adequate and qualified research personnel. Additionally, research projects tend to be short-term and disjointed rather than long-term programs, and there is a lack of collaboration between industry and universities when it comes to applying research findings. Strengthening the link between private sector needs and academic research is seen as important for improving the impact and usefulness of R&D in the Philippines.

1. JMJ MARIST BROTHERS
Notre Dame of Marbel University
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato
Course Number : EDUC. 210
Course Title : Methods of Research
Faculty : Leonora F. Gio, EdD
: Email : leonoragio@yahoo.com
Consultation Hours: MWF : 4:30-5:30pm
Course Description:
This course deals with the science of research – its concepts, typologies, methods,
and applications in the field of education. It provides the students learning experience
that will enhance their knowledge and skills in conceptualizing and conducting research
through: formulating research problem/s, conceptualizing research design/s,
constructing instrument/s, selecting sample, writing research proposal, collecting data,
processing data, and writing research report.
A participatory/experiential teaching approach through workshops will be used for
application of concepts. Thus, students are expected to actively participate in class
discussion and perform the essential activities/workshops in each session. At the end of
the term, the students should submit a quality research proposal.
Objectives:
At the end of the course, the students are expected to:
1. Familiarize the concepts, components, and process of research;
2. Perform the research process: problem conceptualization, data gathering,
processing of data, analysis and interpretation of data, report writing, and
research output presentation; and
3. Develop an education research proposal.
Course Outline:
Below are the topics and corresponding activities/strategies/requirements in each
session:
Session Topic Activity / Strategy / Requirement
Day 1 Orientation / Overview Brainstorming
Lecture-Discussion
Sharing of insights
Research Standing of the Phils.
Concept of Research/Educational Research

2. Importance of Educational Research Seatwork
Qualitiesof a good research
Types of Research
Different parts of a research paper
Ethics in Research
Pre-Test
Assignment # 1:
 Select a research output that captures your line of interest
 Critique the work in terms of: coherence (title, statement of the problem,
findings, conclusion, and recommendations); methodology; and usefulness.
Day 2 Presentation of the critique paper (random)
Research Problem and Objectives
A.M. - Lecture-Discussion
Hypothesis/ses
Review of Related Literature
In-Text Citation /Referencing (APA Format)
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
PROQUEST P.M. - Proquest Orientation (Library)
- Workshop - 1 (Formulation of
Title, SOP, Significance,Scope and
Limitation – Chapter 1)
- To be presented on Day 3
Assignment # 2:
 Gather readings for Review of Related Literature;
 Seek for theory/ies (for theoretical framework/considerations);
 Formulate Conceptual Framework; and
 Construct Reference list
Day 3 Presentation of Workshop-1 (Research Title
and Statement of the Problem only)
Presentation and critiquing of Title and
SOP
Submission of Workshop-1(Chapter-1)
Methodology:
 Research Designs
 Respondents/Sampling Size and
Techniques
 Instrumentation (Kinds and
Techniques in constructing research
instrument)
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Statistical Tools
Lecture-Discussion

3. Assignment # 3:
 Formulate the Methodology of your proposed study (Research Design, Locale,
Respondents, Sampling Technique, Instrumentation, Data Gathering
Procedure, and Statistical Tools/Treatment
 Construct the Research Instrument/s appropriate to your study (i,e. Survey
Instrument/ FGD Guide Questions/ KII Guide Questions, etc.) – May consult
the concept-teacher when there’s a need.
Day 4 MIDTERM EXAM WrittenExamination
Presentation of Research Proposal Presentation/critiquing and submission
of the Research Proposal (draft)
Day 5
Construction of Dummy Table / Tabular
presentation of data
A.M. - Lecture-Discussion
P.M. - Workshop – 2 (Simulation
Activity:
>Administration of 10 survey
instruments
> Tabulation of data
>Tabular presentation of data;
analysisand interpretation of data
> Formulation of Major Findings,
Conclusion, and Recommendations
Analysis and interpretation of Data
Integration of RRL to the discussion of
results(findings)
Construction of Major Findings,
Conclusion, and Recommendations
Day 6 Submission of Research Proposal Submission of the Final Copy of the
Research Proposal
FINAL EXAM WrittenExamination
Learning Methodologies:
 Lecture-Discussion
 Workshop
 Assignment
 Simulation
 Consultation with the instructor
Requirements:
 Class attendance, participation, and classwork
(assignments and workshops) 30%
 Written Midterm and Final Examination 40%
 Research Proposal 30%
TOTAL 100%

4. REFERENCES
Books
Adanza, E., Bermudo, P. & Rasonabe, M. (2011). Methods of research: a primer. Rex Book Store
Bauyot, M. (2008). Preparing theses and dissertations: basic guidelines on using APA format.
SPC.
Calderon, J. & Gonzales,E. (2008). Methods of research and thesis writing. National Book
Store.
Calmorin, L. & Calmorin, M. (2007). Methods of research and thesis writing (2nd ed.). Rex Book
Store
Jha, A. (2011). Research methodology. New Delhi: APH Publishing Corp.
Johnson, B. & Christensen, L. (2012). Educational research: quantitative, qualitative, and
mixed approaches (4th ed.). Los Angeles. Sage Publications, Inc.
Kumar, R. (1996). Research methodology. Busy Book Distributors
McMillan, J. (2012). Educational research: fundamentals for the consumer (6th ed.). Boston.
Pearson Education, Inc.
Mertler,C. & Charles, C. (2005). Introduction to educational research. Boston. Pearson AB.
Venzon, L. (2004). Introduction to research. C&E Publishing, Inc.
Electronic Sources
Educational Research. http://www.ed.mtu.edu/research/what.html
Ethics in Research. http://explorable.com/ethics-in-research
How does Philippines fair with other countries in terms of science and research?
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090713033704AAoVxa3

5. Status of Research and Development in the Philippines
(Cary D. Cacdac - June 27, 2014)
There are a number of articles and papers presenting the condition of research and development (R&D) in
the Philippines. But the works have, more or less, common findings.
One is lack of budget being given or the underinvestment of resources to R&D. This is particularly true for
government-funded R&D. In a paper entitled Improving the Philippine Research and Development Statistical
System by Bernie S. Justimbaste, the Philippines used up a total of P 4.5 billion on R&D in 2002, and this
figure represents a measly 0.11 % of the country’s 2002 gross domestic product (GDP), a decrease from 0.19
% in 1996 and 0.22 % in 1992. (Justimbaste, Improving the Philippine Research and Development Satistical
System, 2004)
Although Prof. Flor Lacanilao, retired professor of marine science, University of the Philippines Diliman
posited in her keynote address at the 27th Meeting of the Association of Systematic Biologists of the
Philippines at the National Museum in Manila, that funds are not the reasons for what she says the wrong
practice of research in the country (Lacanilao, 2009).
The public sector (government and higher education institutions) had been the predominant R&D spender
since then but in 2002, the private sector (private business enterprises, private non-profit institutions) has
now become the biggest R&D spender replacing the public sector amounting to 64 % of the national R&D
expenditures (Justimbaste, Improving the Philippine Research and Development Satistical System, 2004).
Moreover, there is the issue of the lack of adequate and technically capable R&D manpower where majority
of R&D personnel are with the public sector while the private sector (business firms) has been spending
more (Justimbaste, 2004).
The lack of funds impinges upon the quantity and the quality of R&D. It is common notion that the number
of R&D outputs has a correlation with a country’s economic standing.
There is also the issue of unfocused projects of R&D where an examination of the work and financial plans
and projects accomplished indicate that research projects are highly disjointed and short-term in nature and
that research findings and outputs are neither carried over to prospective researches nor used additionally to
benefit the clientele. (Cororotan, 2003)
Manpower gaps had also been cited as a dilemma for the state of research and development in the country.
The very low ratios of technical manpower resources for any government agency including higher education
institutions are evident. This may be attributed to the educational system where manpower for R&D is
largely sourced.

6. Moreover, there is also the concern of a lack of clear link with the private sector where most private research
centers exist principally to meet the needs of the companies that established them. And as such, they do not
interact with the rest of the research community dominated essentially by the government sector, except for a
few privately operated research centers that perform public services (Cororotan, 2003).
This is echoed in an article by Max V. de Leon of the Business Mirror, entitled the “Philippine Education
Ranked 'Poor' (Leon, 2011), where Guillermo M. Luz, co-chairman of the National Competitiveness Council
(NCC), had been quoted as saying that in the area of research and development, there is a noticeable low
collaboration between the industries and the universities. He said schools are not too open in giving their
research to the private sector. The industries, on the other hand, are not putting enough money for academic
research, he opined.
“Right now, the research being done in schools is merely for thesis purposes. The output of the research
should be given to the industries so they can be converted into something that is useful. The private sector
will then give royalties to the school. We have to create business value for the research,” he said. (Leon,
2011)
Going back to the subject of her so-called wrong research practices in the “Doing Research for
Development” material by professor Lacanilao, she put forth the observation that many studies end as a
project report or graduate thesis and that in the Philippines, this is often the accepted completion of research
or graduate training. If published, in most cases it appears as gray literature and devoid of the practice of
leaving to scientists the job of performance evaluation. (Lacanilao, 2009)
Arguably, she said that most of Philippine research publications are clear indications of wrong research
practice, and they do not count in international rating of research performance when ranking nations,
universities, or individuals; nor do they help in national progress for they have not appeared in reputable
listings such as Thomson ISI’s major indexes (e.g., Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation
Index), which are used in ranking nations and universities. (Lacanilao, 2009)
She opined in conclusion that Development depends on the quality of the research output, which in turn
relies on correct research practice. Two ways to improve research she said: (a) by leaving to scientists the job
of performance evaluation or (b) by using the established and objective indicators (e.g., journals and
publication citations in Science Citation Index or Social Sciences Citation Index). (Lacanilao, 2009)
Yet, the problem persists in the tertiary education despite large numbers of graduates, the technically capable
people are in short supply despite an ever-growing demand for them in the job-market creating an
educational mismatch (Cororotan, 2003). The inference from this is, with inadequate technological
capability, the Philippine may find it difficult to catch up in terms of access to and mastery of the key

7. emerging or leading edge technologies. (Cororotan, 2003) This, in turn, negatively affects future growth and
international competitiveness.
Interestingly, and quite a poignant observation, Cororoton articulated that the problem in education is traced
back to the problem in basic education where, he has quoted (Magpanatay 1995), that:
” To be able to teach in high schools, teachers must have BSE with a major and minor field. This degree
program is short on content and heavy on methodology of teaching. In the end, teachers are knowledgeable
in the standard way of teaching but do not know how to teach. Worse, students who enter . . . college are
generally not very creative and imaginative due to the low status afforded the profession. In any family, the
intelligent among the children are encouraged to take up medicine, law, and, if mathematically inclined,
engineering while the least academically capable are asked to take up BSE or BSEE programs. It is no
wonder then that science and math educations in the primary and secondary levels are in bad shape. Students
are taught by the least academically inclined people who went through a program that emphasizes more on
the form than on the content.
The poor S&T educational system results in low supply of skilled manpower (Sachs 1998). Says Sachs:
In particular, there is a severe shortage of science teachers at the school level. The quality of science
education at the college level is also poor. A substantial fraction of high school science teachers have no
training in science and mathematics (but rather have degrees in education). High school math and physics
curricula are badly in need of reform. In general, there is a lack of capacity to do research, which will
become particularly problematic in the future when forms will have greater demand for adopting and
innovating existing technologies. Increasing the supply of science and technology education is probably the
most crucial investment in science and technology that needs to be made now.
I could not agree more with the above-mentioned observations. The culture of research and the quality of
educators in research should be had at early stages in the curricula of Philippine education so as to ensure
sound R&D outputs in the tertiary education.
The common pitfall where both researcher and faculty do not have enough technical background, much less,
the acumen in comprehending the study specially the quantitative tools employed specially in the graduate
and the postgraduate degree undertakings would have been avoided if the foundation had been excellent in
the first place.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140627120747-144158634-status-of-research-and-
development-in-the-philippines