This document outlines four major perspectives in the study of human development: 1) learning paradigm, 2) socio-cultural theories, 3) ethology, and 4) systems approach. Each perspective is described, with examples and theorists provided. The learning paradigm focuses on interaction with the environment through observation, conditioning, rewards and punishment. Socio-cultural theories emphasize culture, language and social norms. Ethology accounts for genetics and adaptation. Finally, the systems approach aims to integrate all factors through a contextual lens.
The document is a song that summarizes the human reproductive system. It describes the female reproductive cycle including ovulation, fertilization in the Fallopian tubes, and embryo development. It then describes the male reproductive system including sperm production in the testes, maturation in the epididymis, and ejaculation through the penis during intercourse. The goal is for sperm to swim through the cervix and uterus to reach the egg in the Fallopian tubes for fertilization.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Ayon sa paliwanag ni Albert Bandura, maaaring makuha sa pagmamasid sa ibang tao ang mga pagkatuto tulad ng pagkakaroon ng mabuting ugali at bagong impormasyon.
Ayon pa rin sa teoryang ito, mahalaga ang mga iniisip ng tao sa kanyang pagkatuto ngunit hindi nangangahulugang magbubunga ito ng pagbabago sa kilos.
People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors[1]. “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.” (Bandura). Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.
NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVE MODELING
1. Attention Various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid. Includes distinctiveness, affective valence, prevalence, complexity, functional value. One’s characteristics (e.g. sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual set, past reinforcement) affect attention.
2. Retention Remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic coding, mental images, cognitive organization, symbolic rehearsal, motor rehearsal.
3. Reproduction Reproducing the image. Including physical capabilities, and self-observation of reproduction.
4. Motivation Having a good reason to imitate. Includes motives such as past (i.e. traditional behaviorism), promised (imagined incentives) and vicarious (seeing and recalling the reinforced model)
Ayon sa paliwanag ni Albert Bandura, maaaring makuha sa pagmamasid sa ibang tao ang mga pagkatuto tulad ng pagkakaroon ng mabuting ugali at bagong impormasyon.
Ayon pa rin sa teoryang ito, mahalaga ang mga iniisip ng tao sa kanyang pagkatuto ngunit hindi nangangahulugang magbubunga ito ng pagbabago sa kilos.
People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors[1]. “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.” (Bandura). Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.
NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVE MODELING
1. Attention Various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid. Includes distinctiveness, affective valence, prevalence, complexity, functional value. One’s characteristics (e.g. sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual set, past reinforcement) affect attention.
2. Retention Remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic coding, mental images, cognitive organization, symbolic rehearsal, motor rehearsal.
3. Reproduction Reproducing the image. Including physical capabilities, and self-observation of reproduction.
4. Motivation
Here are the key steps to creating a successful terrarium:
1. Choose an appropriate container. Glass jars or tanks work well. The container should have a cover or lid.
2. Add a drainage layer. Use small gravel or aquarium rocks to allow excess water to drain.
3. Add the soil layer. Potting soil or a soil-less potting mix works best. Pack it down firmly.
4. Add plants suitable for low-light conditions. Moss, ferns, and small flowering plants often thrive.
5. Create variation in height and fullness. Mix tall plants in back with short plants in front.
6. Maintain the proper environment. Keep the soil
The document summarizes the history and development of biotechnology in the Philippines from 1979 to 2012. It discusses key events like the establishment of regulatory bodies and guidelines, approval of crops like Bt corn and cotton, and increasing adoption of biotech crops. The Philippines was one of the early adopters of agricultural biotechnology in Southeast Asia and has served as a model for regulatory systems. Area planted to biotech crops like Bt corn has grown significantly in recent years.
This document provides descriptions and instructions for various Philippine folk dances steps, including the Bacui Step, Bleking Step, Close Step, Cross Step, Cut Step, Engaño, Espunti Step, Galop Step, Glide Step, Hop-Step, Kuradang Step, Mazurka Step, Mincing Step, Papuri Step, Paso Español, Polka Step Series, Schottische, Slide Step, Skip Step, Spanish Draw, Step-Brush-Swing-Hop, and Step-Hop. Each dance step is explained through written instructions and specific musical counts to help a dancer properly execute the movements.
The Learning Environment and Academic Performance of the students in Universi...chandlerey
This study aimed to examine the relationship between the learning environment and academic performance of students at the University of Mindanao. Specifically, it analyzed the learning resources, learning support, and students' academic performance levels. The document reviewed literature suggesting effective classroom management and a supportive learning environment can positively impact students' socialization, learning, and performance. It also discussed theories about how interactions with teachers and classmates, classroom attributes, and learning support influence students' academic development and success. The review indicated adequate facilities, arrangement of classroom items, and the physical school environment can affect learning and performance.
The document is a song that summarizes the human reproductive system. It describes the female reproductive cycle including ovulation, fertilization in the Fallopian tubes, and embryo development. It then describes the male reproductive system including sperm production in the testes, maturation in the epididymis, and ejaculation through the penis during intercourse. The goal is for sperm to swim through the cervix and uterus to reach the egg in the Fallopian tubes for fertilization.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Ayon sa paliwanag ni Albert Bandura, maaaring makuha sa pagmamasid sa ibang tao ang mga pagkatuto tulad ng pagkakaroon ng mabuting ugali at bagong impormasyon.
Ayon pa rin sa teoryang ito, mahalaga ang mga iniisip ng tao sa kanyang pagkatuto ngunit hindi nangangahulugang magbubunga ito ng pagbabago sa kilos.
People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors[1]. “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.” (Bandura). Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.
NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVE MODELING
1. Attention Various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid. Includes distinctiveness, affective valence, prevalence, complexity, functional value. One’s characteristics (e.g. sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual set, past reinforcement) affect attention.
2. Retention Remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic coding, mental images, cognitive organization, symbolic rehearsal, motor rehearsal.
3. Reproduction Reproducing the image. Including physical capabilities, and self-observation of reproduction.
4. Motivation Having a good reason to imitate. Includes motives such as past (i.e. traditional behaviorism), promised (imagined incentives) and vicarious (seeing and recalling the reinforced model)
Ayon sa paliwanag ni Albert Bandura, maaaring makuha sa pagmamasid sa ibang tao ang mga pagkatuto tulad ng pagkakaroon ng mabuting ugali at bagong impormasyon.
Ayon pa rin sa teoryang ito, mahalaga ang mga iniisip ng tao sa kanyang pagkatuto ngunit hindi nangangahulugang magbubunga ito ng pagbabago sa kilos.
People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors[1]. “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.” (Bandura). Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.
NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVE MODELING
1. Attention Various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid. Includes distinctiveness, affective valence, prevalence, complexity, functional value. One’s characteristics (e.g. sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual set, past reinforcement) affect attention.
2. Retention Remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic coding, mental images, cognitive organization, symbolic rehearsal, motor rehearsal.
3. Reproduction Reproducing the image. Including physical capabilities, and self-observation of reproduction.
4. Motivation
Here are the key steps to creating a successful terrarium:
1. Choose an appropriate container. Glass jars or tanks work well. The container should have a cover or lid.
2. Add a drainage layer. Use small gravel or aquarium rocks to allow excess water to drain.
3. Add the soil layer. Potting soil or a soil-less potting mix works best. Pack it down firmly.
4. Add plants suitable for low-light conditions. Moss, ferns, and small flowering plants often thrive.
5. Create variation in height and fullness. Mix tall plants in back with short plants in front.
6. Maintain the proper environment. Keep the soil
The document summarizes the history and development of biotechnology in the Philippines from 1979 to 2012. It discusses key events like the establishment of regulatory bodies and guidelines, approval of crops like Bt corn and cotton, and increasing adoption of biotech crops. The Philippines was one of the early adopters of agricultural biotechnology in Southeast Asia and has served as a model for regulatory systems. Area planted to biotech crops like Bt corn has grown significantly in recent years.
This document provides descriptions and instructions for various Philippine folk dances steps, including the Bacui Step, Bleking Step, Close Step, Cross Step, Cut Step, Engaño, Espunti Step, Galop Step, Glide Step, Hop-Step, Kuradang Step, Mazurka Step, Mincing Step, Papuri Step, Paso Español, Polka Step Series, Schottische, Slide Step, Skip Step, Spanish Draw, Step-Brush-Swing-Hop, and Step-Hop. Each dance step is explained through written instructions and specific musical counts to help a dancer properly execute the movements.
The Learning Environment and Academic Performance of the students in Universi...chandlerey
This study aimed to examine the relationship between the learning environment and academic performance of students at the University of Mindanao. Specifically, it analyzed the learning resources, learning support, and students' academic performance levels. The document reviewed literature suggesting effective classroom management and a supportive learning environment can positively impact students' socialization, learning, and performance. It also discussed theories about how interactions with teachers and classmates, classroom attributes, and learning support influence students' academic development and success. The review indicated adequate facilities, arrangement of classroom items, and the physical school environment can affect learning and performance.
Energy and Molecular Order Changes: Phase ChangesJm Lucena
This document discusses phase changes of matter. It defines key phase changes - melting, freezing, vaporization, boiling, condensation, sublimation, and deposition - and explains the energy changes that occur during these processes. A diagram shows the phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas phases, and how heat absorption or release causes kinetic energy to increase or decrease during these transitions. Reverse phase changes occur at the same temperature, and when they occur at the same rate the phases are said to coexist in dynamic equilibrium at the triple point.
This document discusses research and the qualities of a good researcher. It defines research as the scientific investigation of phenomena through collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. Research is valuable as it improves quality of life, reduces burdens, and satisfies needs. A good researcher is research-oriented, efficient, scientific, effective, active, resourceful, creative, honest, and economical. Key characteristics of research include being empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, methodical, critical, and replicable. The document provides advice for students to become good researchers.
The document discusses the history of education in America during the colonial period from 1642-1776. It explains that the earliest schools in Massachusetts colonies were started by Puritan settlers and focused on religious education, with the main goal being to teach children to read passages from the Bible. The schools emphasized Puritan church doctrines and religious discipline. This established the foundation for the early history of education in America during the colonial period.
This document outlines the key aspects of historical research. It defines historical research as the systematic collection of data to describe, explain and understand past events without manipulation of variables. The purposes of historical research include learning from past successes and failures, seeing if past approaches could apply to current problems, assisting in prediction, and testing hypotheses. The steps involve defining the problem, locating relevant historical sources like documents and oral statements, summarizing and evaluating these sources, and presenting interpretations of the information. Primary sources are created by direct witnesses, while secondary sources describe events through others. Historical research allows investigating unique topics but comes with difficulties controlling for threats to validity.
Research is defined as a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypotheses about relationships involving natural phenomena. It involves identifying a problem, formulating a hypothesis, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and generalizing conclusions. The goal is to increase understanding through discovery, interpretation of facts, or practical application of new or revised theories. Key characteristics of research include being empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicable. Researchers should exhibit intellectual curiosity, prudence, honesty, truthfulness, courtesy, and respect for human rights.
The document discusses performance-based assessment, including defining it, describing its characteristics and types, how to develop and score it, and differentiating tasks for diverse learners. Performance-based assessment evaluates student skills through authentic tasks and products/presentations. It aims to simulate real-world application of skills and provide feedback. Scoring rubrics are used to evaluate student performance on set criteria. Developing high-quality performance tasks and differentiating instructions can help address diverse student needs.
Philippine history lecture_Glenn Rivera (LET EXAM Reviewer)Glenn Rivera
This document provides an overview of key concepts and periods in Philippine history for exam preparation. It recommends focusing on textbooks rather than dates, being familiar with basic geographic concepts, Philippine presidents through the mnemonic AQLORQMGMMAREAA, and current events. Key historical periods discussed include the pre-Hispanic, Spanish, American, Japanese occupation, independence, Marcos/Martial Law, EDSA Revolution eras. Specific events, figures, and legal terms within these periods are also outlined.
The Bakunawa is a folk creature here in the Phillipines. The paper contains description and a little history about the Bakunawa and what is its role on Filipino culture.
This was a partial requirement in one of my classes in college. I hope this could help those who are researching about the Bakunawa.
The document discusses issues with Pakistan's education system. It argues that neither schools nor madrassas properly educate students about knowing Allah, and instead schools focus only on preparing students for money. It also says madrassa students have difficulty adjusting to modern society. The system needs reform to bridge the gap between schools and madrassas and give students space to develop their talents. However, spending on education needs to increase as literacy rates are rising despite policies that only benefit political aims rather than educating Pakistan.
The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. It describes an activity where students reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea by fitting together continent landmass cutouts. The activity aims to showcase two key evidence: 1) the apparent fit of continents and 2) fossil correlations found across different continents. It also discusses two additional evidence put forth by Wegener: 3) past climate data like glacial striations found in present-day equatorial regions, and 4) correlations between mountain ranges and rock formations between separated continents.
During the early 15th century in the Philippines, education was informal and focused on observation, imitation, and hands-on practice to develop skills and behaviors. Communication was through traditional oral traditions and the Baybayin writing system using letters made from wood, stone, or leaves.
Under Spanish rule from the 16th-19th centuries, education was religion-oriented and controlled by the Catholic Church. Friars established schools and universities to teach the Spanish language and Catholic doctrine. They also taught practical skills. However, education was largely reserved for Spanish students, and the Filipino population remained under colonial rule.
Research Design and Methodology, Dr. W.A. Kritsonisguestcc1ebaf
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis produce heavier elements through nuclear fusion reactions. During the main sequence, hydrogen fuses in the proton-proton chain reaction or CNO cycle in stars. In red giant and supergiant stars, helium fuses through the triple-alpha process and alpha ladder. Supernova explosions produce very heavy elements through the rapid r-process. The slower s-process in massive stars also produces heavier elements than iron.
Table of Specification, Test questions and item.pptxJesterPescadero1
This document contains an item analysis for a science teacher assessing different levels of learning. It includes 5 questions testing remembering, comprehending, applying, analyzing, and evaluating skills. The questions cover topics like the definition of polarization, stages of the creative process, memory systems, pragmatism as a philosophy, and properties of electric fields.
- Normal child development progresses in orderly step-by-step sequences, with all areas of development interrelated and relying on earlier skills.
- The document outlines typical ages that children reach milestones in gross motor skills, receptive and expressive language, eating, dressing, toileting, and personal hygiene.
- Milestones are broken into activities and the approximate age range children typically achieve each activity.
This chapter discusses various perspectives on human development including learning paradigms, socio-cultural theories, ethology-evolutionary and socio-biological approaches, and systems approaches. Learning paradigms focus on interaction with the environment through conditioning, reward/punishment, and observation. Socio-cultural theories emphasize the influence of culture and social interaction. Ethology-evolutionary perspectives account for genetics and adaptation. Systems approaches view human development as resulting from the interaction of nature, nurture, and environmental contexts.
Chapter 1 OutlineI. Thinking About DevelopmentA. What Is HumMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Outline
I. Thinking About Development
A. What Is Human Development?
1. Human development is the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time.
2. The science of human development (1) reflects the complexity and uniqueness of each person and their experiences, (2) seeks to understand commonalities and patterns across people, (3) is firmly grounded in theory, and (4) seeks to understand human behavior.
B. Recurring Issues in Human Development: Three fundamental issues dominate the study of human development.
1. Nature Versus Nurture is the degree to which genetic influences (nature) or experiential/environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are. Despite the ongoing debate as to which influence is greater, theorists and researchers recognize that development is always shaped by both—nature and nurture are mutually interactive influences.
2. Continuity Versus Discontinuity focuses on whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity).
3. Universal Versus Context-Specific Development focuses on whether there is just one path of development or several. In other words, does development follow the same general path in all people, or is it fundamentally different, depending on the sociocultural context?
C. Basic Forces in Human Development: The Biopsychosocial Framework. This framework emphasizes that these four forces are mutually interactive and that development cannot be understood by examining them in isolation. By combining the four developmental forces, we have a view of human development that encompasses the life span, yet appreciates the unique aspects of each phase of life.
1. Biological forces include genetic and health-related factors that affect development. Some biological forces, such as puberty and menopause, are universal and affect people across generations, whereas others, such as diet or disease, affect people in specific generations or occur in a small number of people.
2. Psychological forces include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development. Psychological forces are the ones used most often to describe the characteristics of a person and have received the most attention.
3. Sociocultural forces include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development. Culture refers to the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors associated with a group of people. Overall, sociocultural forces provide the context or backdrop for development. Consequently, there is a need for research on different cultural groups. Another practical problem is how to describe racial and ethnic groups.
4. Life-cycle forces reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages. The influence of life-cycle forces reflects the influences of biological, psychological, and sociocultural force ...
Energy and Molecular Order Changes: Phase ChangesJm Lucena
This document discusses phase changes of matter. It defines key phase changes - melting, freezing, vaporization, boiling, condensation, sublimation, and deposition - and explains the energy changes that occur during these processes. A diagram shows the phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas phases, and how heat absorption or release causes kinetic energy to increase or decrease during these transitions. Reverse phase changes occur at the same temperature, and when they occur at the same rate the phases are said to coexist in dynamic equilibrium at the triple point.
This document discusses research and the qualities of a good researcher. It defines research as the scientific investigation of phenomena through collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. Research is valuable as it improves quality of life, reduces burdens, and satisfies needs. A good researcher is research-oriented, efficient, scientific, effective, active, resourceful, creative, honest, and economical. Key characteristics of research include being empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, methodical, critical, and replicable. The document provides advice for students to become good researchers.
The document discusses the history of education in America during the colonial period from 1642-1776. It explains that the earliest schools in Massachusetts colonies were started by Puritan settlers and focused on religious education, with the main goal being to teach children to read passages from the Bible. The schools emphasized Puritan church doctrines and religious discipline. This established the foundation for the early history of education in America during the colonial period.
This document outlines the key aspects of historical research. It defines historical research as the systematic collection of data to describe, explain and understand past events without manipulation of variables. The purposes of historical research include learning from past successes and failures, seeing if past approaches could apply to current problems, assisting in prediction, and testing hypotheses. The steps involve defining the problem, locating relevant historical sources like documents and oral statements, summarizing and evaluating these sources, and presenting interpretations of the information. Primary sources are created by direct witnesses, while secondary sources describe events through others. Historical research allows investigating unique topics but comes with difficulties controlling for threats to validity.
Research is defined as a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypotheses about relationships involving natural phenomena. It involves identifying a problem, formulating a hypothesis, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and generalizing conclusions. The goal is to increase understanding through discovery, interpretation of facts, or practical application of new or revised theories. Key characteristics of research include being empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicable. Researchers should exhibit intellectual curiosity, prudence, honesty, truthfulness, courtesy, and respect for human rights.
The document discusses performance-based assessment, including defining it, describing its characteristics and types, how to develop and score it, and differentiating tasks for diverse learners. Performance-based assessment evaluates student skills through authentic tasks and products/presentations. It aims to simulate real-world application of skills and provide feedback. Scoring rubrics are used to evaluate student performance on set criteria. Developing high-quality performance tasks and differentiating instructions can help address diverse student needs.
Philippine history lecture_Glenn Rivera (LET EXAM Reviewer)Glenn Rivera
This document provides an overview of key concepts and periods in Philippine history for exam preparation. It recommends focusing on textbooks rather than dates, being familiar with basic geographic concepts, Philippine presidents through the mnemonic AQLORQMGMMAREAA, and current events. Key historical periods discussed include the pre-Hispanic, Spanish, American, Japanese occupation, independence, Marcos/Martial Law, EDSA Revolution eras. Specific events, figures, and legal terms within these periods are also outlined.
The Bakunawa is a folk creature here in the Phillipines. The paper contains description and a little history about the Bakunawa and what is its role on Filipino culture.
This was a partial requirement in one of my classes in college. I hope this could help those who are researching about the Bakunawa.
The document discusses issues with Pakistan's education system. It argues that neither schools nor madrassas properly educate students about knowing Allah, and instead schools focus only on preparing students for money. It also says madrassa students have difficulty adjusting to modern society. The system needs reform to bridge the gap between schools and madrassas and give students space to develop their talents. However, spending on education needs to increase as literacy rates are rising despite policies that only benefit political aims rather than educating Pakistan.
The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. It describes an activity where students reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea by fitting together continent landmass cutouts. The activity aims to showcase two key evidence: 1) the apparent fit of continents and 2) fossil correlations found across different continents. It also discusses two additional evidence put forth by Wegener: 3) past climate data like glacial striations found in present-day equatorial regions, and 4) correlations between mountain ranges and rock formations between separated continents.
During the early 15th century in the Philippines, education was informal and focused on observation, imitation, and hands-on practice to develop skills and behaviors. Communication was through traditional oral traditions and the Baybayin writing system using letters made from wood, stone, or leaves.
Under Spanish rule from the 16th-19th centuries, education was religion-oriented and controlled by the Catholic Church. Friars established schools and universities to teach the Spanish language and Catholic doctrine. They also taught practical skills. However, education was largely reserved for Spanish students, and the Filipino population remained under colonial rule.
Research Design and Methodology, Dr. W.A. Kritsonisguestcc1ebaf
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis produce heavier elements through nuclear fusion reactions. During the main sequence, hydrogen fuses in the proton-proton chain reaction or CNO cycle in stars. In red giant and supergiant stars, helium fuses through the triple-alpha process and alpha ladder. Supernova explosions produce very heavy elements through the rapid r-process. The slower s-process in massive stars also produces heavier elements than iron.
Table of Specification, Test questions and item.pptxJesterPescadero1
This document contains an item analysis for a science teacher assessing different levels of learning. It includes 5 questions testing remembering, comprehending, applying, analyzing, and evaluating skills. The questions cover topics like the definition of polarization, stages of the creative process, memory systems, pragmatism as a philosophy, and properties of electric fields.
- Normal child development progresses in orderly step-by-step sequences, with all areas of development interrelated and relying on earlier skills.
- The document outlines typical ages that children reach milestones in gross motor skills, receptive and expressive language, eating, dressing, toileting, and personal hygiene.
- Milestones are broken into activities and the approximate age range children typically achieve each activity.
This chapter discusses various perspectives on human development including learning paradigms, socio-cultural theories, ethology-evolutionary and socio-biological approaches, and systems approaches. Learning paradigms focus on interaction with the environment through conditioning, reward/punishment, and observation. Socio-cultural theories emphasize the influence of culture and social interaction. Ethology-evolutionary perspectives account for genetics and adaptation. Systems approaches view human development as resulting from the interaction of nature, nurture, and environmental contexts.
Chapter 1 OutlineI. Thinking About DevelopmentA. What Is HumMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Outline
I. Thinking About Development
A. What Is Human Development?
1. Human development is the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time.
2. The science of human development (1) reflects the complexity and uniqueness of each person and their experiences, (2) seeks to understand commonalities and patterns across people, (3) is firmly grounded in theory, and (4) seeks to understand human behavior.
B. Recurring Issues in Human Development: Three fundamental issues dominate the study of human development.
1. Nature Versus Nurture is the degree to which genetic influences (nature) or experiential/environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are. Despite the ongoing debate as to which influence is greater, theorists and researchers recognize that development is always shaped by both—nature and nurture are mutually interactive influences.
2. Continuity Versus Discontinuity focuses on whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity).
3. Universal Versus Context-Specific Development focuses on whether there is just one path of development or several. In other words, does development follow the same general path in all people, or is it fundamentally different, depending on the sociocultural context?
C. Basic Forces in Human Development: The Biopsychosocial Framework. This framework emphasizes that these four forces are mutually interactive and that development cannot be understood by examining them in isolation. By combining the four developmental forces, we have a view of human development that encompasses the life span, yet appreciates the unique aspects of each phase of life.
1. Biological forces include genetic and health-related factors that affect development. Some biological forces, such as puberty and menopause, are universal and affect people across generations, whereas others, such as diet or disease, affect people in specific generations or occur in a small number of people.
2. Psychological forces include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development. Psychological forces are the ones used most often to describe the characteristics of a person and have received the most attention.
3. Sociocultural forces include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development. Culture refers to the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors associated with a group of people. Overall, sociocultural forces provide the context or backdrop for development. Consequently, there is a need for research on different cultural groups. Another practical problem is how to describe racial and ethnic groups.
4. Life-cycle forces reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages. The influence of life-cycle forces reflects the influences of biological, psychological, and sociocultural force ...
The document discusses major perspectives on child development and research methods used to study development. It covers five perspectives - psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary. For research methods, it describes the scientific method, various research strategies like experiments and correlation studies, challenges in measurement, and ethics.
Une 2 psy250 session 2 intro to lifespan fa 2013Susan Hansen
This document provides an introduction to lifespan development and key theories of human development. It discusses:
1. The lifespan perspective, which studies development across all phases of life.
2. Key influences on development like nature (genetics) and nurture (environment). The nature vs nurture debate is more about how much each factor influences development rather than which is more important.
3. Major theories of development including behavioral/learning theories, cognitive theories, psychoanalytic theories, and sociocultural theories which provide frameworks for understanding patterns of development.
The document discusses several theories of human development:
1) Psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud focuses on unconscious drives and stages of psychosexual development. Erikson expanded on this with his eight stages of psychosocial development.
2) Behaviorism theory proposed by Watson emphasizes that all behavior is learned through conditioning principles like classical and operant conditioning. Bandura's social learning theory also notes the role of modeling and observing others.
3) Cognitive theory proposed by Piaget describes four stages of cognitive development and the processes of assimilation and accommodation to maintain cognitive equilibrium.
4) Sociocultural theory proposed by Vygotsky highlights the role of culture and social interaction in learning, including the zone of proximal development.
5
The document discusses several major theories of human development including psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, cognitive theory, sociocultural theory, and epigenetic theory. It provides an overview of the key people and ideas associated with each theory. For example, it describes Freud's ideas about stages of psychosexual development in psychoanalytic theory and Watson's views on learned behavior in behaviorism. The document also notes how each theory has contributed to understanding development and advocates an eclectic approach using different aspects of the various theories.
The document provides an introduction to a developmental psychology course, covering key concepts and approaches. It discusses the field of lifespan development, major theories including psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and sociocultural perspectives. Research methods like experiments, correlations, and longitudinal/cross-sectional designs are introduced. Challenges in developmental research like sampling issues and ethical concerns are also addressed.
The document discusses several theories of human development:
- Grand theories like psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, and cognitive theory that aim to describe universal processes of development across the lifespan.
- Emergent theories like sociocultural theory and epigenetic theory that consider cultural and environmental influences in addition to genetic factors.
- These theories contribute to understanding how nature and nurture interact in development and influence traits like hyperactivity and homosexuality. Debate continues around how much heredity versus environment shapes human characteristics.
1) Developmental theories provide frameworks for understanding human growth and change over time by generating hypotheses and guiding research. Grand theories describe universal processes across the entire lifespan while emergent theories reflect new perspectives.
2) Major grand theories include psychoanalytic, behaviorism, and cognitive approaches. Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious drives and childhood experiences. Behaviorism focuses on learned responses to stimuli. Cognitive theory examines thought processes and mental development.
3) Emergent theories incorporate more diverse cultural and social influences. Sociocultural theory underscores environmental impacts like culture and social interaction. Epigenetic theory considers gene-environment interplay over the lifespan.
Philosophical and Sociological foundations of education.pptxVamPagauraAlvarado
This document discusses the relationship between education and philosophy. It defines the key concepts and compares Indian and Western philosophies. Some main points made are:
1) Philosophy provides logical analysis of the ultimate truth and nature of the universe, while education aims to help humans achieve the objectives of life as defined by their philosophical system.
2) Indian philosophy focuses on relieving human suffering and is based on experience, while Western philosophy seeks to understand scientific knowledge and depends more on logic.
3) A society's philosophy influences the goals, curriculum, methods, discipline standards, and roles of teachers and students in its education system. The document examines these effects.
Universal vs conntext.specific develpmentEngr Hassan
The document discusses three key issues in developmental psychology: nature vs nurture, continuity vs discontinuity, and universal vs context-specific development. It then summarizes three major theories: Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory which emphasizes innate stages of cognitive development influenced little by environment; Erikson's psychosocial theory which views development as proceeding through innate psychosocial stages with strong environmental influences; and social cognitive learning theory which sees development as the gradual accumulation of learned behaviors through modeling and reinforcement from the environment.
Formal education is based on directing and facilitating the learning process. For teachers to be effective, they must understand how learning occurs. There are several theories that describe learning, including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism views learning as changes in observable behavior due to environmental conditioning. Cognitivism looks at how memory, knowledge, and thinking impact learning. Constructivism sees learning as an active process where learners construct new understandings based on interactions and experiences. Effective teachers should understand the different perspectives on the learning process.
This document provides an overview of behavioral science, psychology, sociology, and anthropology. It defines key concepts in each field, outlines some major theories, and discusses common research methods. In psychology, it describes definitions of psychology, key concepts like behavior and intelligence, and theories including behavioral, cognitive, developmental, and learning theories. It also summarizes research methods in psychology such as correlational research and experimental research. For sociology, it defines sociology and outlines concepts, theories like functionalism and conflict theory, and research methods including surveys and experiments. Anthropology concepts discussed include culture, adaptation, integration, and human universalism.
This document provides an overview of the study of human development from several perspectives. It discusses recurring issues like nature vs nurture and continuity vs discontinuity. It also outlines major developmental theories including psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and sociocultural approaches. Key theorists discussed include Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson, and Bronfenbrenner. The document emphasizes that development results from interacting biological, psychological, and social processes and is influenced by environmental and cultural contexts over the lifespan.
This document provides an overview of theories of human development, including psychoanalytic theory, cognitive theories, behavioral and social cognitive theories, ethology, and ecological theory. It also discusses types of research in life-span development, including descriptive research, correlational research, experimental research, and the time span of research. Finally, it covers ethics guidelines and ways to minimize bias in research.
The document discusses two influential learning theories - behaviorism and cognitivism. Behaviorism, proposed by theorists like Skinner and Pavlov, believes that learning is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement and conditioning. Cognitivism, developed by Piaget, focuses on how individuals mentally process information rather than just responding to external stimuli. The theories illustrate differences in how learning occurs but also share some similarities.
Edward Thorndike developed theories of learning through his experiments using puzzle boxes on cats. He found that cats learned to escape the boxes through trial and error, improving their escape times with each successive trial. This led Thorndike to propose the law of effect - that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become stronger, and behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences become weaker. His work laid the foundation for behaviorism and operant conditioning theories of learning through consequences.
Approaches & Methods of Life Span DevelopmentDr. Neeta Gupta
The document discusses various approaches and methods used in life-span development psychology. It describes 7 perspectives: psychodynamic, behavioral, social-cognitive, cognitive, information processing, humanistic, and sociocultural. For each perspective, influential theorists are mentioned like Freud, Erikson, Bandura, Piaget, and Vygotsky. It also outlines common methods used like naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, and experiments.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. In the study of human development and the complex changes
that occur in each of the stages, it is necessary to have set of
explanations that will guide one's understanding and the
interest to particular phenomenon. Theories about human
development depending on its intention can offer description,
prediction, rationalization, and justification on those that are
happening within the individual brought about by factors that
have identified.
Perspectives and Approaches in the Study of Human Development
4. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
1) Learning Paradigm
a. Classical Conditioning
b. Operant Conditioning
c. Social Cognitive Learning Theory
5. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
1) Learning Paradigm
learning theories work on the assumption that
people undergo the stages of development through
the process of interaction with one's environment
via observation, conditioning reward, and
punishment system.
6. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
1) Learning Paradigm
learning theories work on the assumption that people undergo the stages of development through the process of
interaction with one's environment via observation, conditioning reward, and punishment system. Ex.
children eventually develop high level of
appreciation in reading books (early literacy)
due to the deliberate reward system by parents.
7. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
1) Learning Paradigm
a. Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning explains human development
based on the pairing of two stimuli which lead to a
learned behavior (response). With the association of
classical conditioning with behavioral orientation, it
largely denies the influence of cognitive and affective
processes in development of behavior. Observable
responses are the one’s given much attention.
8. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
1) Learning Paradigm
a. Classical Conditioning
A.Classical conditioning explains human development based on the pairing of two stimuli which lead to a learned behavior (response). With the
association of classical conditioning with behavioral orientation, it largely denies the influence of cognitive and affective processes in development
of behavior. Observable responses are the one’s given much attention.
Since children's initial responses are reflexive or
automatic they are considered as unconditional response
(UR). this response is expected to be aroused when a
specific stimulus is presented which Pavlov called the
unconditional stimulus (US). it is called unconditional
(stimulus and response) since it has not been paired with
other stimuli or response
9. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
1) Learning Paradigm
b. Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning explains development
based on the association of responses. The
response that follows another response is an
important predictor of this association.
10. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
1) Learning Paradigm
c. Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Social cognitive learning theory assumes that
development is centered with one's interaction
with other people. Imitation and modeling are
central in the premise of bandura as to the
learning new behavior.
11. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
2) Socio Cultural Theories
a. Social Cultural Theory of Lev Vgotsky
b. The Cognitive Theory of Development of Jean Piaget
12. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
2) Socio Cultural Theories
This perspective highlights the influence of the
collective experiences of people found in the
same cultural orientation. It assumes the
centrality of culture such as language and
communication as well as social norms in the
developmental process.
13. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
2) Socio Cultural Theories
a. Social Cultural Theory of Lev Vygotsky
Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky
An iconic concept that he introduced
was the zone of proximal development
which identifies the gap between assist
and non assist development of
children's cognition.
14. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
2) Socio Cultural Theories
b. The Cognitive Theory of Development of
Jean Piaget
highlights the cognitive stimulation
that adults provide in the movement
through stage of cognitive
development-sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete operational,
and formal operational
15. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
3) Ethology
a. Konrad Lorenz
b. Attachment Theories
16. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
3) Ethology
Ethology- evolutionary and social-biological -
This perspective accounts for two interacting
factors that explains human development.
These are genetics and adaptation to one's
changing environment. due to the process of
maturation inherited characteristics and fold
according to one's readiness.
17. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
3) Ethology
a. Konrad Lorenz
he was able to discover how animals
are able to develop behavioral
patterns which have adaptive values
for one's survival. he believes that
species are genetically constructed
in order to specifically process
certain information.
18. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
3) Ethology
b. Attachment Theories
Attachment theories such as John Bowlby, Mary
Ainsworth, and Melanie Klein we're also inspired by
the ethology perspective. the basic tenant of attachment
theory is that children develop a sense of emotional
bond with the immediate care given most especially two
mothers which becomes a prototype in developing social
connection in the future. the ability to initiate sustained
and social relationship are based on quality of initial
relationship the mother has established.
19. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
4) System Approach
a. The Contextualism Theory of Richard Lerner
b. The Ecological System Theory of Urie Bronfenbrenner
20. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
4) System Approach
This perspective aims to put an integrated view
about human development. integrated two
looks at into all the possible factors genes
cultures and learning as fused in explaining the
changes across lifespan.
21. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
4) System Approach
a. The Contextualism Theory of Richard Lerner
A. the contextualism theory of Richard
Lerner can be considered as one of the
most influential personality most
especially during the establishment of
this school of thought. Lerner highlights
the embeddedness off the organism or
the individual within the contex.
22. PERSPECTIVE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
4) System Approach
b. The Ecological System Theory of Urie Bronfenbrenner
In the field of human developmental
science in his proposition there are four
system that work in the development of
an individual. These are the
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem,
macrosystem, and the latest additional
was the chronosystem.
Editor's Notes
Jamila Hakima B. Umpa, LPT
Development - kaunlaran
phenomenon(Kababalaghan/hindi pangkaraniwang bagay).
…these are essentials in identifying appropriate actions most especially in developing instructional materials and conducting learning assessment.although theories have different premises(lugar) and assumptions(palagay) they are having similarities as well as allowing them to form a school of thought with regards to the experience and process of development. for instance, a set of theories explain how people develop cognitive(nagbibigay malay) abilities, the changes that have in between these stages, and the elements found to contribute in this development.
cross-culturally validate(patunayan) existing knowledge and identify the context by which these knowledge can be appreciated have become essentially the focus of human development scientist. Also it is becoming more prominent that interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach have been taking place in recent researches.
Interdisciplinary- relating to more than one branch of knowledge.
Multidisciplinary- combining or involving several academic disciplines or professional specializations.
Crossing section
peridaym
1 learning paradigmlearning theories work on the assumption that people undergo the stages of development through the process of interaction with one's environment via observation, conditioning reward, and punishment system. The extent by which stimuli are associated with one another leading to thebacquisition and modification of behaviour is the primary cause of development. this process may be conceived in either intentional or unintentional experience. for instance children eventually develop high level of appreciation in reading books (early literacy) due to the deliberate reward system by parents. the favorable consequences of such behavior lead to constantly engaging and such activity. on the other hand stimulus response relationship may be established without conscious and tension to do so. Teachers without noticing it may frequently say how mathematics can be difficult. Consequently children develop negative perception and eventually attitude towards that subject.the major premise of learning theories generally revolves around the understanding of the relationship of stimulus and response. the relationship of the two affecting the development of the learner may be complicated rather than simple linear. there could be numerous stimuli present in one's environment where one's change in behavior leading to development may be associated with. Classrooms for instance that has many cognitively stimulatingdecorations may facilitate learning aside from the instructional strategies and effort of the teachers and once interaction with classmates. hence learned behavior (response) as a result of presentation of stimuli can be associated with those that present in the specific environment. using learning paradigma therefore requires a systematic identification of a stimulus or stimuli that can influence directly or indirectly in the development of an individual. in order for teachers to be effective in influencing the development of learners whichever domain mistake conscious actions in doing so.
assumption(palagay)
…The extent by which stimuli are associated with one another leading to the acquisition(pagkuha) and modification(pagbabago) of behaviour is the primary cause of development. this process may be conceived(maglihi/mag-isip) in either intentional or unintentional experience. for instance children eventually develop high level of appreciation in reading books (early literacy) due to the deliberate reward system by parents. the favorable consequences of such behavior lead to constantly engaging and such activity. on the other hand stimulus response relationship may be established without conscious and tension to do so. Teachers without noticing it may frequently say how mathematics can be difficult. Consequently children develop negative perception and eventually attitude towards that subject.the major premise of learning theories generally revolves around the understanding of the relationship of stimulus and response. the relationship of the two affecting the development of the learner may be complicated rather than simple linear. there could be numerous stimuli present in one's environment where one's change in behavior leading to development may be associated with. Classrooms for instance that has many cognitively stimulatingdecorations may facilitate learning aside from the instructional strategies and effort of the teachers and once interaction with classmates. hence learned behavior (response) as a result of presentation of stimuli can be associated with those that present in the specific environment. using learning paradigma therefore requires a systematic identification of a stimulus or stimuli that can influence directly or indirectly in the development of an individual. in order for teachers to be effective in influencing the development of learners whichever domain mistake conscious actions in doing so.
….the favorable consequences of such behavior lead to constantly engaging in such activity. on the other hand stimulus(pampasigla) response relationship may be established without conscious and tension to do so. Teachers without noticing it may frequently(madalas) say how mathematics can be difficult. Consequently children develop negative perception and eventually attitude towards that subject.the major premise(lugar) of learning theories generally revolves(umikot) around the understanding of the relationship of stimulus and response.
Cognitive- pagbibigay malaySince children's initial responses are reflexive(pasarili) or automatic they are considered as unconditional response (UR). this response is expected to be aroused(napukaw) when a specific stimulus is presented which pavlov called the unconditional stimulus (us). it is called unconditional (stimulus and response) since it has not been paired with other stimuli or response. An example of reflexive response is the sucking behavior of infant. This response is automatic innocence that when an infants mouth or lips are touch once automatic response is to suck (UR). WHEN THE US IS PAIRED repeatedlywith another original neutral stimulus conditioning takes place. The cyclical presentation of these stimuli creates an association between them which lead to the same response. However the response this time is no longer unconditionedinstead it is already a product of conditioning therefore conditioned response. The neutral stimulus paired with the us is no longer neutral but conditioned already. Is touching the mouth or lips is subsequently followed by an act of feeding nipple as the cs, repetition of search sequence will conditioned the infant that whenever the mouth is being touch it is followed by another stimulus such as the nipple eventually these conditioning process can happen in other stimuli.
Cognitive- pagbibigay malayreflexive(pasarili)
aroused(napukaw)
…An example of reflexive response is the sucking behavior of infant. This response is automatic innocence that when an infants mouth or lips are touch once automatic response is to suck (UR). When the us is paired repeatedly with another original neutral stimulus conditioning takes place. The cyclical presentation of these stimuli creates an association between them which lead to the same response. However the response this time is no longer unconditioned instead it is already a product of conditioning therefore conditioned response. The neutral stimulus paired with the US is no longer neutral but conditioned already. Is touching the mouth or lips is subsequently followed by an act of feeding nipple as the CS, repetition of search sequence will conditioned the infant that whenever the mouth is being touch it is followed by another stimulus such as the nipple eventually these conditioning process can happen in other stimuli.
…Like the classical conditioning responses are conditioned when repeatedly followed one another. more importantly BF skinner give much attention on the functions of reinforcement in the process of conditioning. Reinforcement is a consequence of behavior that increase the probability of its repetition. Therefore the intentions of giving reinforcement is for the person to repeat the behavior. Reinforcement however should not necessarily be presented in a positive manner. Tantrums among children are mostly reinforced in contrast to being punished. Since parents have the tendency to give what children wants in return to behaving well. when there is a cycle of experience between crying and getting what a child once it will establish and eventually strengthen the connection between them.Children's interest toward attending school depend on the quality of experience they have. When attending school or learning becomes rewarding to students they develop stronger desire to learn further. attendance in the school is child's response and the experience that followed it determines whether one will have interest to continue. when school or learning experience has become challenging or difficult to the learners it becomes detrimental(nakakasama) to further encourage them to become engaged.
Premise- saligan
Albert Bandura Theory- people learn through observing, imitating, and modeling others’ behavior.
…equally important is the role of modals who becomes the reference of children on what behavior they will imitate. social cognitive learning theory involves four processes attention, retention(pagpapanatili/memory), motor reproduction, and motivation. attention pertains(nauukol) to the extent(lawak) of one's exposure to others behavior in order for one to notice it. since people are exposed to many behaviors everyday it is not possible that people pay attention to all of them. Instead those behaviors that are of significance have more impact to one's behavior. Retention is the process of storing to and recalling from memory appropriate available circumstances. this is crucial since memory can be prone to for getting as it can only keep it in the working memory for a specific period of time. it is possible that stored behavior in the memory will be forgotten and imitation become impossible already. When it is still available in the working memory reproduction may follow. This pertains to the opportunity to exhibit the behavior. Aside from possible environmental limitation physical and personal capabilities of the person may intervene or contribute into actualizing the behavior. lastly the consequence of the production behavior may determine whether such behavior will be repeated. a favorable consequence will lead to a validation of repeated behavior while unfavorable or undesirable consequences will lead to avoidance behavior.Parents siblings classmates teachers among others can serve as models of behavior. children's behaviour can be a reflection of the kind of behaviors this people are showing. The judgment children's have about moral issues could be an extension of adults modal judgment. Aggressive behavior as well as prosocial behaviors can be strengthened by showing appropriate behaviors that are consistent with the desired outcome. if the intention is to teach children to become socially responsive by offering help to those who are in need this can be encouraged by showing wide range and kinds of helping behaviors. In doing so children can have range of repertoire of behavior that can cause once attention and eventually become conditioned to do such constantly.
2. sociocultural theoriesThis perspective highlightsthe influence of the collective experiences of people found in the same cultural orientation. It assumes the centrality of culture such as language and communication as well as social norms in the developmental process. They become the lenses that shadow the affective cognitive and behavioral experiences and changes within the individual. this is highly evident in the type of values one learns through interacting with other culture bearers such as family members most especially the elders school personnel community members and even classmates. the process of allowing children to internalise cultural belief and practices is through words symbols and representation via social interaction. developmentally culture reflects the parental practices interpersonal relationship processes like friendship formationand expression of adhesion towards others political and social preferences and among others.
…They become the lenses that shadow the affective cognitive and behavioral experiences and changes within the individual. this is highly evident in the type of values one learns through interacting with other culture bearers such as family members most especially the elders school personnel community members and even classmates. the process of allowing children to internalise cultural belief and practices is through words symbols and representation via social interaction. developmentally culture reflects the parental practices interpersonal relationship processes like friendship formationand expression of adhesion towards others political and social preferences and among others.
A. Sociocultural theory of lev vygotsky is one of the prominent(kilalang tao) developmental theory under this perspective. He is known as the father of socio-cultural perspective. he emphasize the important rule of social interaction particularly and facilitating cognitive development of children. An …cognition.
B. The cognitive theory of development of jean piagee also provides a support in freezer explaining the premise(saligan) of this perspective. Piagee highlights … operational. in providing cognitive stimulation content materials and activities reflect the culture and their corresponding artifacts. for instance language plays a significant role in achieving cognitive developmental milestones from preoperational to concrete operational stage. Considering the spurt on the language development on the parallel each of these stages itcan accelerate the processing of information as well as in making meaning with one's environment. language facilitate the manipulation of ideas in the mind such as capability to create connections between and among them. More importantly it is through language that new information is acquired.Vygotsky- sphycological development in children
Piagets- child development
3. Ethology evolutionary and social biologicalThis perspective accounts for two interacting factors that explains human development. These are genetics and adaptation to one's changing environment. due to the process of maturation inherited characteristics and fold according to one's readiness. it therefore emphasized the nature of an individual. although there could be some observed exceptional developments it explains the normative development of people. normative development pertains to the observance of developmental behaviors according to a certain age. Reason this pertains to cognitive social moral motor or physical changes. the other factor of adaptation changes brought about by development is a result of one's need to adapt therefore they serve survival function. consequently development becomes a pattern of behaviour that are responsive to better engage with the demands of once developmental stage. This is regardless of one's cultural preference and influence. In most cases children learn to walk at about 18 months and begins to talk at 2 years. despite possible variations humans go through the same milestones all throughout life and almost in the same phase. this is because these behavioral changes is essential to better cope in the demands of the developmental stage. this prospective has progressed to a field called evolutionary developmental psychology that converge the views on human adaptation and survival the darwinian perspective with the changes that take place across the lifespan.
Ethology- the study of human behaviour and social organization from a biological perspective.
Readiness- kahalagaan
…it therefore emphasized the nature of an individual. although there could be some observed exceptional developments it explains the normative development of people. normative development pertains to the observance of developmental behaviors according to a certain age. Reason this pertains to cognitive social moral motor or physical changes. the other factor of adaptation changes brought about by development is a result of one's need to adapt therefore they serve survival function. consequently development becomes a pattern of behaviour that are responsive to better engage with the demands of once developmental stage. This is regardless of one's cultural preference and influence. In most cases children learn to walk at about 18 months and begins to talk at 2 years. despite possible variations humans go through the same milestones all throughout life and almost in the same phase. this is because these behavioral changes is essential to better cope in the demands of the developmental stage. this prospective has progressed to a field called evolutionary developmental psychology that converge the views on human adaptation and survival the darwinian perspective with the changes that take place across the lifespan.
A. one of the most influential scientist who have initially advance the ecological perspective was Konrad Lorenz who is nobel prize on 1973 winner for physiology. he …information. this gives the readiness of almost all species to respond to their needs most especially this that are physiologically in nature. Animals develop reflexive reactions that are endogenous in their system. he later on extended his work in making inference about human behavioral patterns assisting similarities with those that he found with other animals species. similar to the animal behavior patterns are the reflexive reactions of infants which is essential to communicate their needs. he also observed great similarities on the proportion of head with the body of animals and human infants together with other features that makes them look cute. He called it babyishness. This explains the favorable attentions if not affection to newborn infants.
…this can be traced back and their relationship open birth particularly in the infant nipple relationship. Using the strange situation technique ainsworth observed three kinds of attachment styles namely secured insecure avoidant and insecure ambivalent. They generally described the degree of anxiety and stress an infant experience when separated and reunited with one's mother. Klein, on the other hand focused on the building of prototypical relationships through the nipple experience. This is whether the nipple is generous or otherwise. teachers in school may understand that students may find it challenging to establish relationship with their classmates or other school personnel due to the mental representation they have about social relationship. in same manner children may experience separation anxiety during the first few days of schooling due to the stress and anxiety they have about new environment. children may experience a challenge in adapting to new environment while others may appear to easy adjust with this new environment.
4. System approachThis perspective aims to put an integrated view about human development. integrated two looks at into all the possible factors genes cultures and learning as fused in explaining the changes across lifespan. hence it takes the views that the human person is a product of an interaction of nature and nurture. the person is not exclusively taken as a biological individual but also taken into consideration the context by which the individuals is situated. while certain developments may be normative to most people it is expected that changes may be influenced by for instance the nourishment one is exposed to. because of the context it is supposed to provide a holistic view about the individual and not having a limited view using a single perspective. The context of developmental mayinclude but not limited to socio political events history religion educational system parental involvement and among others that may have direct or indirect impact on the individual. The different subsystems organismic psychological and environmental provide the complexity of those changes can elucidate about the individual rather than seeing them from a linear or simplistic view.
…Hence, it takes the views that the human person is a product of an interaction of nature and nurture. the person is not exclusively taken as a biological individual but also taken into consideration the context by which the individuals is situated. while certain developments may be normative to most people it is expected that changes may be influenced by for instance the nourishment one is exposed to. because of the context it is supposed to provide a holistic view about the individual and not having a limited view using a single perspective. The context of developmental mayinclude but not limited to socio political events history religion educational system parental involvement and among others that may have direct or indirect impact on the individual. The different subsystems organismic psychological and environmental provide the complexity of those changes can elucidate about the individual rather than seeing them from a linear or simplistic view.
…for him it is not possible to understand the individual with having knowledge into the situations by which the individual is in. since the context may not necessarily to be the same from time to time and person-to-person, it can be expected that development strongly have variations among individuals. in fact he believes that development has larger room of being malleable that highly be deterministic pattern of changes. Adapting the principle of probabilistic epigenesis he strongly
Argued that the sequence and outcome of development is rather probable than certain. Putting this in the context of education, the theory provides implication with regards to seeing learners as having unlimited possible capabilities when given the opportunity to learn and acquire sufficient and appropriate knowledge. because of the concept of plasticity in development it is possible that a specific talent can be further honed if some degree of environmental support are actually felt.
B. The ecological system theory of Urie Bronfenbrenner, in the contemporary time is one of the most influential theories in this school of thought if not. in …chronosystem. the microsystem is composed of the changes that take place within the individual; the mesosystem constitutes the immediate environment of a developing child who has a direct influence to child suggest the parents neighbor friends and school personnel;the exosystem is composed of social institution that may have indirect impact on to the child like the school policies employment setup mass media and other similar agencies; the macrosystem is sociological political cultural and economic in nature that when modified may have impact on the development of the child. all these are encompassing in the chronological system which pertains to the time component. For instance when a law macrosystem is past modifying the number of working days of employees it will have impact in the policies of labor organization exosystem to which one's parents maybe employed. If this happens parents mesosystem will be able to spend more or less time with the child. Possibly the child's basic needs micro system will be attend appropriately. Discharge is bond only in a given period of time chronosystem. after some time it is possible that this kind of employment setup will change according to the need of time.the prospective discuss are considerably improving and involving throughout time they are continuously tested empirically to various kinds of situation and cultural orientation in order to propose for a grand theory of human development this is essential in order to have consensus consensus. if not universal understanding about the changes people go through in the lifespan further empirical testing are needed in order to validate the extent by which these theories can improve id explanation to wide range of situation.