Energy and Molecular Order Changes: Phase Changes
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This document discusses phase changes of matter. It defines key phase changes - melting, freezing, vaporization, boiling, condensation, sublimation, and deposition - and explains the energy changes that occur during these processes. A diagram shows the phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas phases, and how heat absorption or release causes kinetic energy to increase or decrease during these transitions. Reverse phase changes occur at the same temperature, and when they occur at the same rate the phases are said to coexist in dynamic equilibrium at the triple point.
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This document provides an overview of the key topics in the chapter on matter from a 9th grade science textbook. It defines matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. It describes the three common states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and their characteristic properties. It also discusses less common states like plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The document outlines various processes by which matter can change states, like melting, boiling, sublimation, and evaporation. It explains how temperature and pressure can affect a substance's state and cause changes between solid, liquid, and gas. In closing, it reviews the factors that influence the rate of evaporation.
2-10 Phase Changes
The document discusses phase changes in matter. It defines phase changes as changes of state that occur when energy is added to or removed from a substance, causing its temperature to remain constant. There are six main types of phase changes: melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition. Phase changes can be visualized through temperature versus time graphs, where the temperature remains constant during the phase change despite energy being added or removed. Phase changes can also be classified as endothermic or exothermic depending on whether energy is absorbed or released by the substance during the change.
Physical Science 2.3 : Changes of State
This document describes the different changes of state that can occur when a substance gains or loses energy. It defines melting as a solid changing to a liquid, freezing as a liquid changing to a solid, evaporation as a liquid changing to a gas, boiling as a liquid changing to a gas throughout, condensation as a gas changing to a liquid, and sublimation as a solid changing directly to a gas. For each change of state, it explains what must happen energetically for the change to occur, such as particles overcoming attractions or slowing down particle movement.
Investigations 7 5
The document discusses phase changes of matter when heat is added or removed. It describes how water can change between liquid, solid, and gas phases through melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation. The key particle-level process is that added heat provides kinetic energy to break or form the bonds between particles during phase transitions.
2-8 Phase Changes
The document discusses phase changes in matter. It defines phase changes as changes of state that occur when energy is added to or removed from a substance, causing its temperature to remain constant. There are six types of phase changes: melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition. Phase changes can be visualized through temperature vs. time graphs where the temperature plateaus during a change of state. Phase changes can also be classified as endothermic or exothermic depending on whether energy is absorbed or released during the change.
Question 2
Forced convection boiling occurs when a fluid undergoing a phase change from liquid to vapor is forced to move over or inside a heated surface by an external force like a pump. It exhibits characteristics of both convection and pool boiling. Internal forced convection boiling, also called two-phase flow, is more complex as both the liquid and vapor phases flow together inside the heated surface with no free space for the vapor to escape. The flow patterns within can range from a total liquid flow to different vapor-liquid mixtures to a total vapor flow, depending on the relative amounts of each phase present.
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 4
The document discusses the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and the changes between them due to heat. It explains phase changes like melting, freezing, evaporation, boiling, and condensation. Melting and freezing occur at specific temperatures called melting and freezing points. Evaporation turns liquid to gas, while condensation turns gas back to liquid. Boiling is evaporation from within the liquid. Pressure affects boiling point by controlling evaporation. Refrigeration uses evaporation and condensation of gases to transfer heat.
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Types of Solid
Crystalline Solid and its 4 types:
(1) Ionic Solid (2) Molecular Solid (3) Atomic Solid (4) Metallic Solid
Amorphous Solid
Lattice
Intermolecular Forces
This document discusses intermolecular forces, including what they are and different types. The main types discussed are ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole forces, and Van der Waals forces. Ion-dipole forces occur between an ion and a molecule with a dipole. Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules that have partial charges, like water molecules. Van der Waals forces are weak electrostatic attractions between all molecules, even non-polar ones, due to temporary charge distributions. These intermolecular forces are important for determining the properties of liquids and solids.
Factors that affect Reaction Rates
Chemical changes occur when substances combine to form new substances and are not reversible without further chemical reactions. The rate of a chemical reaction depends on factors like the nature of reactants, temperature, concentration, surface area, and presence of catalysts. A catalyst lowers the activation energy needed for molecules to collide and react, accelerating the reaction rate without being consumed in the process.
Factors Affecting Solubility
The document discusses several experiments investigating how different factors affect the solubility of substances. It finds that:
1) The solubility of solids like sugar increases as the temperature of the solvent (water) increases, allowing more solute to dissolve.
2) The solubility of gases decreases as the temperature of the solvent (water) increases, causing more bubbles and less gas to remain dissolved.
3) The solubility of carbon dioxide gas in soda is highest when the bottles are pressurized according to Henry's law, preventing the gas from escaping from the solution.
Types of Solution
A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture with a uniform composition where the substances cannot be easily distinguished from one another. It is composed of a solvent, the substance doing the dissolving, and a solute, the substance being dissolved. Solutions can be concentrated, containing a relatively large amount of solute, or dilute, containing a relatively small amount of solute. Common examples include salt water, where water is the solvent and salt is the solute, and carbonated drinks, where gas is the solute dissolved in a liquid solvent.
HEATING AND COOLING CURVES, PHASE DIAGRAM
The document discusses key concepts related to phase changes of matter including heat of fusion which is the energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid, heat of vaporization which is the energy required to change a liquid to a gas, cooling curves which show phase changes from gas to solid or liquid to solid, and phase diagrams which illustrate phase boundaries including the triple point where solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist and the critical point which is the highest temperature and pressure point of a substance in its gas phase.
The Properties of Water
Water has several unique physical properties. It has a high boiling point of 100°C and reaches maximum density at 4°C, becoming less dense as it freezes to ice. Water also has a high specific heat, meaning it takes a lot of energy to change its temperature. This moderates climate. As the universal solvent, water readily dissolves many substances and transports nutrients and wastes. It is also a powerful agent for weathering earth's surface through erosion. Water's surface tension is caused by molecular cohesion, allowing insects to float on its surface.
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The document discusses the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system plus the work done on the system. It defines various forms of energy including potential, kinetic, thermal, and electrical energy. It also defines concepts such as heat, internal energy, and system work. The first law of thermodynamics is expressed as a mathematical equation, and examples are given to show how it can be used to calculate changes in internal energy. Finally, some common thermodynamic processes like isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic are defined.
Interparticle Forces
Solids have particles that are closely packed and held together by strong interparticle forces, giving solids their rigid structure with limited mobility. This makes solids incompressible with high melting points and heat of fusion. Metals conduct electricity and heat well due to movable electrons between atoms. Non-metals like graphite can also conduct due to unique bonding structures. Solids can be molded when malleable and drawn into wires when ductile. Solubility depends on bond strength, with molecular solids dissolving through weak intermolecular forces. Density relates to mass within a volume and is higher when particles are packed closely together.
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Effective communication is important in many aspects of life. It plays a key role in relationships, families, careers, businesses, societies, governments and education. Communication helps strengthen bonds, resolve conflicts, boost productivity and engagement, and build understanding. It is the foundation of human interaction and fosters cooperation and unity between individuals and groups.
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Recently uploaded
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsImmersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Recently uploaded (20)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Energy and Molecular Order Changes: Phase Changes
- 1. ENERGY AND MOLECULAR ORDER CHANGES PHASE CHANGES
- 2. S O L I D G A S L I Q U I D Heat Energy Absorption / Kinetic Energy Increase Sublimati on Fusion Vaporizatio n (Melting) (Boiling) Solidification Condensation (Freezing) (Liquefyin g) Depositio n Heat Energy Release / Kinetic Energy Decrease DIAGRAM OF ENERGY CHANGES
- 3. MELTING POINT - the temperature at which the solid melts to form the liquid FREEZING POINT - the temperature at which the liquid freezes to form the solid
- 4. EVAPORATION / VAPORIZATION – liquid particles that overcome the attractive forces of the neighbouring particles and escape the process, hence, becoming a gas BOILING POINT – when a liquid is heated in an open container, its vapour pressure will rise until it equals the pressure of the atmosphere above the liquid causing
- 5. CONDENSATION – the reverse process, happens when particles in the vapour pressure are cooled and returns to liquid SUBLIMATION – the solid phase passes directly into the gas phase
- 6. DEPOSITION – the change from the gas to the solid phase without passing the liquid phase; the reverse of sublimation
- 7. Reverse phase changes occur at the same temperature and if they occur at same rate, the phases are said to coexist in dynamic equilibrium. Earning the title, “Triple Point”
- 8. SOLID LIQUID MELTING SOLID GAS SUBLIMATION LIQUID SOLID FREEZING LIQUID GAS VAPORIZATION GAS SOLID DEPOSITION GAS LIQUID CONDENSATION