This document provides information about different types of mushrooms. It begins by defining mushrooms as fleshy, spore-bearing structures produced by fungi in the division Basidiomycota. It then describes several edible mushroom varieties like button mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, hen-of-the-woods, chicken of the woods, wood hedgehogs, giant puffballs, and paddy straw mushrooms. It also discusses several poisonous mushroom varieties like death caps, deadly dapperlings, autumn skullcaps, and deadly webcaps. It notes the toxic effects of compounds produced by poisonous mushrooms like alpha-amanitin, phallotoxin, and orellanine. It concludes with tips for distinguishing between edible and poison

2. Submitted by
SHIVASHINI. R
ID No.: 2017021065
COUSE TEACHER
Mr. M. ARULSAMY
Assistant Professor
Plant Pathology
College of Agricultural Technology , Kullapuram, Via Vaigai Dam, Theni
Pin. 625 562 Tamil Nadu, INDIA

3. It is a fleshy, spore bearing fruiting body
(reproductive structure) produced by some fungi that
belong to Basidiomycota.

4. GILLS
PORES
TEETHS
PARTS UNDER CAP MAY BE…..

5. They produce millions of microscopic
spores that are formed in the gills or
pores underneath the mushroom cap.
These spores blown away into the wind
or spread by animal feeding.
If they land on a suitable substrate
(such as wood or soil), spores will
germinate to form a network of
microscopic rooting threads (mycelium)
which penetrate into their new food source.
These mycelia aggregates and form the
fruiting body called Mushroom.

6. In shortly,

7. Most widely cultivated mushrooms
in the world.
It has two colour states- White and
Brown.
When immature and white- White
mushroom / Table mushroom.
When immature and brown- Swiss
brown mushroom.
When mature- Portabella
mushroom.
Button mushroom: Agaricus bisporus

8. The Genus name Pleurotus
(Latin word) means “sideways”
(i.e.,) the sideways growth of the
stem with respect to the cap.
The specific epithet ostreatus
(Latin word) means “like the
shell of an oyster”
It has the bittersweet aroma of
benzaldehyde.
Tree oyster mushroom/ Pearl oyster
mushroom: Pleurotus ostreatus

9. The specific epithet
pulmonarius means “lungs”.
This is much paler than the
P. ostreatus and develops
more of a stem.
This prefers warmer weather
than P. ostreatus and will
appear later in the summer.
Its extract have anti-
inflammation, anti-diabetes,
anti-hypertension and anti-
oxidant properties.
Lung oyster mushroom: Pleurotus
pulmonarius

10. They are native to India.
Milky odour is there in the
gills of these mushrooms.
The stipe is hard and tough.
Milky white mushroom: Calocybe indica
Paddy straw mushroom: Volvariella volvacea
These are harvested at button
stage because it becomes
more fibrous when matures.
Here volva is also an edible
part.

11. This is a polypore mushroom
(lack gills) that grows in
clusters at the base of the oak
trees.
Called “maitake” in Japan
which means “Dancing
Mushroom” – because people
dance for joy when they find
it.
It has many medicinal
values.(i.e.,) it improves BP,
blood sugar and cholesterol
levels.
Hen-of-the-wood: Grifola frondosa

12. It is also called sulphur polypore
or sulphur shelf because it grows
as striking golden-yellow shelf-
like structures on the tree trunks.
Laetiporus means “with bright
pores” and sulphureus means
“colour of sulphur”.
They produce lectins (LSL) which
are involved in angiogenesis
(Development of new blood
vessels).
They grow in overlapping tiers.
Chicken of the woods: Laetiporus
sulphureus

13. Hydnum (Greek word) means
“truffle” and the specific epithet
repandum (Latin word) means
“turned up”.
Often the edge of this
mushroom cap is indeed turned
up.
They have sweet taste.
They have bigger and broader
cap.
Wood hedgehog: Hydnum repandum

14. It is called depressed hedgehog
because it is smaller than the
true hedgehog and are sparsely
distributed.
They have sweet taste.
The specific epithet
umbilicatum means a little
“innie” belly button in the centre
of the cap.
Depressed hedgehog: Hydnum
umbilicatum

15. The inside of a mature
puffball is greenish
brown whereas the inside
of a immature puffball is
white.
These are edible only
when they are young.
Giant puffball: Calvatia gigantea
NOTE: Mushrooms with gills may
look round while they’re immature,
but their gills will still be developing
inside.
If a mushroom is a pure
white on the inside, with no sign of
gills at all, then it is a PUFFBALL.

16. This contains α-amanitin
and phallotoxin.
Potentially fatal if eaten.
Initial misdiagnosis of
food poisoning.
Gastrointestinal distress
coupled with liver and
kidney failure.
Lawn mushroom-Pholiotina
rugosa (Conocybe filaris)

17. This contains both α-amanitin and
phallotoxins.
Because of the heat-stable
amatoxins, they withstand cooking
temperatures and quickly damages
body cells.
Abdominal pain and lowers blood
sugar.
Severe conditions results in coma
and death in more than 50% cases.
Notable deaths-Pope Clement VII
and Roman Emperor Claudius.
Death cap-Amanita phalloides

18. This contains amatoxin
and phallotoxin.
Causes Liver toxicity if
immediate treatment is
not taken properly.
Mistaken as edible
mushrooms.
Deadly Dapperling –
Lepiota brunneoincarnata

19. These are wood rotting
mushrooms containing
amatoxins and phallotoxins.
Mistaken as hallucinogenic
Psilocybe mushrooms.
Hypothermia, liver damage
and results in death if
untreated.
Autumn skullcap (Funeral bell) –
Galerina marginata

20. Viscid violet cort:
Cortinarius iodes
Marsh webcap:
Cortinarius uliginosus

21. These Cortinarius spp.
contains Orellanine.
This toxin causes
kidney failure and death
if untreated.
Deadly webcap -
Cortinarius rubellus

22. TOXINS PRODUCED BY POISONOUS
MUSHROOMS
TOXIN LEVEL OF
TOXICITY
EFFECT WHEN
CONSUMED
Alpha-
amanitin
Deadly
Liver damage 1-3 days after
ingestion. Principle toxin in
the Genus Amanita
Phallotoxin
(Phalloidin)
Non-lethal
Interfere in Bile secretion
Gastrointestinal upset

23. Orellanine Deathly
Kidney failure within 3 weeks
after ingestion. Principal toxin
in the Genus Cortinarius

24. Muscardine Potentially Deadly
Respiratory failure. Found
in the Genus Omphalotus
Coprine Non-lethal
Illness when consumed
with alcohol

25. Ibotenic acid Potentially
deadly
Neurotoxicity. Principal
toxin in Amanita muscaria,
A. gemmata and
A. pantherina
Musinol Non-lethal CNS depression and
hallucinations.

26. Psilocybin and
psilocin
Non-poisonous
CNS arousal and
hallucination.
Principal effects in
psilocybin
mushrooms, many
belonging to the
Genus Psilocybe
Psilocybe cubensis

27. POISONOUS
MUSHROOMS
EDIBLE
MUSHROOMS
 When you cut the mushroom, it
turns either green or purple.
 When you cut the mushroom,
it doesn’t stain green or
purple.
 When you taste a piece of the
mushroom, it burns or stings the
tongue.
 When you taste a piece of the
mushroom, it doesn’t burn or
sting the tongue.
 Poisonous mushrooms have bad
odour.
 Edible mushrooms have
pleasant odour.
 It tastes bitter.  It has sweet taste.
 Absence of worms.  Presence of worms.
 Presence of scales in the cap.  Mostly absent.

28. REFERENCES
 Barbato, M. P. 1993. Poisoning from accidental ingestion of mushrooms. Med J Aust. 158:
842-847
 Hawksworth, D.L. 2001. Mushrooms: the extent of the unexplored potential. Int J Med
Mushrooms. 3: 333-337
 https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/edible-and-nonedible-wild-mushrooms-nutrition-
toxicity-and-strategies-for-recognition-dY0s.php?article_id=7395
 https://www.wildfooduk.com/articles/how-to-tell-the-differemce-between-poisonous-and-
edible-mushrooms/
 https://rethinksurvival.com/edible-vs-poisonous-mushrooms-what-is-the-difference/
 https://www.britannica.com/science/mushroom
 https://tableagent.com/article/an-introduction-to-mushrooms