1. DR MRS OLAYINKA A OLASODE
MBBCH, FWACP,FACP
CONSULTANT PHYSICIAN & DERMATOLOGIST
OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE IFE
ECZEMA/DERMATITIS
2. DEFINITION
Eczema is a group of skin diseases characterized
by irritation and inflammation of the skin.
Eczema is a Greek word meaning ‘to boil’
Therefore eczema skin is an angry disturbed skin.
Eczema means dermatitis
All eczema are dermatitis but not all dermatitis
are eczemas
Eczema in dermatology is not the same as
commonly used nomenclature for a skin disease
among people.
There are various types of eczema, with slightly
different causes and symptoms.
3. Three stages of eczema
1. Acute eczemas are weepy, wet, red and pruritic.
2. Sub acute eczema is crusted
3. Chronic eczema is characterized by lichenification.
Lichenified skin is hyperpigmented, thickened with
accentuation of skin markings like the bark of a tree.
Usually follows chronic scratching.
4. Clinical features of eczema
Red, inflamed skin
Dry, cracked skin
Itchy skin
Small water blisters on the skin,
Thickened areas of skin (lichenification) in places
that are scratched frequently
Scratch marks
Damaged bleeding skin
Infected skin
5. Histology Picture in Eczemas
• In the acute stage, intercellular epidermal oedema
(spongiosis) is most prominent.
• In the subacute stage, spongiosis
diminishes and hyperplasia and thickening
of the prickle-cell layer (acanthosis)
increases.
• In the chronic stage acanthosis is the
dominant feature.
6. TWO MAJOR CLASSIFICATION IN
ECZEMA
Eczema may be induced by a wide range of
external and internal factors acting singly or in
combination. Two main classification are:
Endogenous eczema: based on an inherent
potentiality to have eczema. No contact with a
stimulus needed. Recurrent, self abating
Exogenous Eczema : contact with outside
stimulant needed. Contact irritant and Contact
allergic types.
7. CLASSIFICATION OF ECZEMA
By age e.g Infantile eczema
By aetiology e.g Atopic eczema
By anatomical site e.g hand and feet eczema
By distribution in peculiar areas e.g Seborrhoeic
dermatitis
By shape e.g Discoid or coin shaped eczema,
Lichen striatus
By duration e.g Lichen Simplex Chronicus
9. Atopic eczema
History suggestive of atopy in patient or a family
member
Usually inherited
Usually in the young
May be seasonal
Recurrent excercebations
Flexural in distribution
10. Seborrhoeic eczema
Seborrhoeic eczema is associated with
Malassezia yeast, which normally lives on the
skin.
It affects sebaceous producing areas in adults
Ketoconazole compounds, 2% Selenium
sulphide shampoo are effective
Infantile Seborrhoeic eczema is common in
babies under one and involves the scalp, neck
and nappy area.
The greasy rash usually starts on the scalp as
mild dandruff (sometimes called cradle cap in
babies).
11. Varicose eczema
Varicose eczema is found in older people
Also called Venous / gravitational eczema
It occurs on the lower legs
Its associated with poor circulation
12. Discoid eczema
Discoid eczema can occur in adults at any age,
but is more common in later life.
Caused by dry skin becoming infected.
It appears as disc or coined-shaped lesions
14. Irritant contact eczema
Irritant contact eczema is caused by contact with
irritants like acid, sodium hydroxide, common
household detergents and cleaning products.
Reaction is almost immediate and there can be
burns.
15. Allergic contact eczema
Allergic contact eczema develops when
substances cause an allergic reaction. The rash
usually starts at the site of contact with the
substance, but can spread to other areas.
There is a delay between contact with the antigen
and the manifestation of eczema
Allergen can be identified using a Patch Test
16. Treatment of eczema
Emollients
Mild steroid creams
Stronger steroid creams, such as betamethasone
(Betnovate)
Immunosuppressant tablets, such as cyclosporine for
severe eczema with significant side-effects
Topical immunosuppressants creams or ointments to
reduce inflammation e.g tacrolimus (Protopic) and
pimecrolimus (Elidel). .
Antibiotics, such as flucloxacillin or erythromycin, will be
prescribed if your skin becomes infected.
Antihistamines to relieve itching