This document provides information about eczema, including:
- It lists 10 group members who researched eczema.
- It describes the pathophysiology and clinical features of eczema.
- It discusses the different types of eczema such as atopic eczema, contact dermatitis, seborrheic eczema, and others.
- It outlines various treatment approaches for eczema including emollients, topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, antihistamines, and others.
Eczema, also known as dermatitis, is a common skin condition affecting 20% of patients referred to clinics. It is characterized by redness, swelling, blistering, crusting, and flaking in areas with poorly defined borders. Histologically, eczema shows inflammation of the epidermis and dermis. The causes include allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Treatment depends on the severity and includes emollients, topical corticosteroids, wet wrap dressings, systemic antibiotics, and avoidance of exacerbating factors. Atopic eczema, the most common form, has a genetic component and usually starts in childhood.
Eczema is a non-contagious skin condition that causes itching, inflammation, and sometimes pain. It has no cure but can be effectively treated. The main types of eczema are contact dermatitis, atopic eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and napkin dermatitis. Treatment depends on the type and severity of eczema, and involves moisturizers, topical corticosteroids or immunomodulators, oral medications in severe cases, and managing triggers. The goal is to relieve symptoms and prevent complications like infection.
Eczema herpeticum is a skin infection caused by the herpes simplex virus that commonly causes cold sores. It occurs in people with inflammatory skin conditions like atopic dermatitis. The herpes virus infects large areas of compromised skin. Symptoms include clusters of small, painful blisters that ooze pus and can cause fever. Prompt diagnosis is important as eczema herpeticum can spread widely and become serious without treatment.
This presentation contains the Definition of Eczema, Histology ,Classification ,Clinical manifestation, Differential Diagnosis, Complication, Investigation ,Treatment. it covers briefly the topic related with eczema so the reader will be able to study all aspects related with eczema
This document provides information on several common pediatric skin disorders:
- Atopic eczema is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by an itchy red rash that favors skin creases. Its cause involves genetic and environmental factors.
- Seborrheic dermatitis causes flaky, greasy, red rashes in areas with many oil glands. Its cause may involve skin yeasts but it is not contagious.
- Psoriasis causes raised red patches and silvery scales, and has genetic and environmental triggers. It has several clinical forms that vary in appearance and location on the body.
Eczema, also known as dermatitis, is a common skin condition affecting 20% of patients referred to clinics. It is characterized by redness, swelling, blistering, crusting, and flaking in areas with poorly defined borders. Histologically, eczema shows inflammation of the epidermis and dermis. The causes include allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Treatment depends on the severity and includes emollients, topical corticosteroids, wet wrap dressings, systemic antibiotics, and avoidance of exacerbating factors. Atopic eczema, the most common form, has a genetic component and usually starts in childhood.
Eczema is a non-contagious skin condition that causes itching, inflammation, and sometimes pain. It has no cure but can be effectively treated. The main types of eczema are contact dermatitis, atopic eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and napkin dermatitis. Treatment depends on the type and severity of eczema, and involves moisturizers, topical corticosteroids or immunomodulators, oral medications in severe cases, and managing triggers. The goal is to relieve symptoms and prevent complications like infection.
Eczema herpeticum is a skin infection caused by the herpes simplex virus that commonly causes cold sores. It occurs in people with inflammatory skin conditions like atopic dermatitis. The herpes virus infects large areas of compromised skin. Symptoms include clusters of small, painful blisters that ooze pus and can cause fever. Prompt diagnosis is important as eczema herpeticum can spread widely and become serious without treatment.
This presentation contains the Definition of Eczema, Histology ,Classification ,Clinical manifestation, Differential Diagnosis, Complication, Investigation ,Treatment. it covers briefly the topic related with eczema so the reader will be able to study all aspects related with eczema
This document provides information on several common pediatric skin disorders:
- Atopic eczema is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by an itchy red rash that favors skin creases. Its cause involves genetic and environmental factors.
- Seborrheic dermatitis causes flaky, greasy, red rashes in areas with many oil glands. Its cause may involve skin yeasts but it is not contagious.
- Psoriasis causes raised red patches and silvery scales, and has genetic and environmental triggers. It has several clinical forms that vary in appearance and location on the body.
Acne vulgaris and allergic contact dermatitis are two common skin diseases.
Acne vulgaris is caused by blockages in hair follicles and inflammation. It is characterized by blackheads, whiteheads, pimples and cysts, mainly on the face. Treatments include topical retinoids, antibiotics, and oral isotretinoin for severe cases.
Allergic contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes into contact with an allergen, causing a red, itchy rash. Common allergens include fragrances, preservatives and metals. Treatment involves identifying the allergen and avoiding exposure, along with topical corticosteroids and tacrolimus to reduce inflammation
What is eczema?
Eczema (Dermatitis)-
A particular type of inflammatory reaction of the skin in which there is erythema (reddening), edema (swelling), papules (bumps), and crusting of the skin followed, finally, by lichenification (thickening) and scaling of the skin.
Eczema characteristically causes itching and burning of the skin.
What Causes eczema?
Allergy- One of the commonest cause of Eczema. Triggers include Dust, detergents, rubber, nickel plated jewelry etc.
Environment- More likely in urban areas due to high pollution levels. Extremely dry or cold weather tends to make skin scratchy, resulting in eczema.
Obesity- Obese children are 3 times more likely to get eczema. Obesity results in inflammation of fat tissues that spills into other parts of the body. Excess fat also results in poor circulation and skin ailments.
Smoking- One of the leading causes, especially on the fingers that hold the cigarettes, as well as lips.
Stress- Physical or emotional stress has been known to cause enhanced sensitivity and inflammatory skin changes.
Diaper rash- In babies eczema occurs because of chemical effect of urine/faeces on sensitive skin.
Genetic influence- More likely in individuals with a family history of Eczema or other allergic conditions like Asthma, Hay fever, etc.
This slide is made for educational and academic purpose for Pharmacy, Medical and paramedical students. This slide is concerned with a dermatological disease namley Eczema.
This slide contains full pathophysiology of Eczema. This slide is prepared in accordance with D.pharm 2nd year syllabus in the subject named Pharmacotherapeutics. Topics included are Definition, etilogy, pathophysiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, non pharmacological and pharmacological treatment of eczema
Skin is the largest organ and protects the body from infection. Skin infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites and symptoms range from mild to serious. Common bacterial infections include impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles which present with pustules, blisters or crusts and are treated with antibiotics, antiseptics or drainage. Viral infections like warts and herpes simplex cause growths or blisters and can be treated with cryotherapy, creams or antivirals. Fungal infections also occur on the skin. Proper diagnosis and treatment is needed for skin infections.
This document discusses different types of eczema/dermatitis, including contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and napkin dermatitis. Contact dermatitis makes up 80% of dermatitis cases and is caused by irritants or allergens. Atopic dermatitis is characterized by itching and a genetic predisposition to allergies. Seborrheic dermatitis commonly affects oily areas of the skin. Napkin dermatitis results from irritation in diaper areas and can be aggravated by moisture. Treatment focuses on identifying and removing irritants, keeping skin moisturized, and using topical corticosteroids or
This document discusses different types of eczema/dermatitis, including contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and napkin dermatitis. Contact dermatitis makes up 80% of dermatitis cases and is caused by irritants or allergens. Atopic dermatitis is characterized by itching and a genetic predisposition to allergies. Seborrheic dermatitis commonly affects oily areas of the skin. Napkin dermatitis results from irritation in diaper areas and can be aggravated by moisture. Treatment focuses on identifying and removing irritants, keeping skin moisturized, and using topical corticosteroids or
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that causes thick, red patches covered with silvery scales, most often occurring on the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that lead to hyperactive T-cells and abnormal skin cell production. Treatments include topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, coal tar, phototherapy with ultraviolet light, and systemic medications for more severe cases.
Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dryness, itchiness, redness, and sometimes oozing. It is one of the most common skin disorders in children, affecting up to 30% of preschoolers. The exact causes are unknown but include genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers weakening the skin barrier. Treatment focuses on moisturizing to repair the barrier, identifying and avoiding triggers, and controlling flares with topical corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants. While there is no cure, many children outgrow eczema by adolescence.
The document discusses various types of skin infections including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. It provides details on common bacterial infections like impetigo, folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncles and cellulitis. The symptoms, causes and treatment options for each of these infections are summarized. Viral infections like warts caused by HPV virus are also discussed along with their different types. Skin infections can range from mild to serious and their diagnosis involves identifying the causative organism through testing of lesion drainage or blood samples.
This document discusses two common skin conditions in children - atopic dermatitis (eczema) and scabies. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and step-wise treatment approach for atopic dermatitis. For scabies, it describes the causative mite, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options including permethrin and ivermectin, and prevention measures. It also briefly covers Stevens Johnson Syndrome, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and their management.
This document discusses two common skin conditions in children - atopic dermatitis (eczema) and scabies. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and step-wise treatment approach for atopic dermatitis. For scabies, it describes the causative mite, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options including permethrin and ivermectin, and prevention measures. It also briefly covers staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, two potentially severe conditions.
Impetigo is a common bacterial skin infection in children that causes red sores that can break open and ooze fluid. It is often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria entering through broken skin. Symptoms include itchy red sores that form crusty yellow patches. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics. Folliculitis is another bacterial skin infection affecting hair follicles, typically caused by Staph. aureus, that causes inflamed pus-filled lesions. Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles are deep skin abscesses linked to Staph. aureus infection of hair follicles that require antibiotics. Burns are classified by depth of skin damage from superficial to full
Dermatologic condition NB from NKP hospitalqjmdfswthk
This document discusses several common dermatological conditions seen in newborns. It describes the key features of erythema toxicum neonatorum, transient neonatal pustular melanosis, eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, acropustulosis of infancy, miliaria, Epstein pearls and Bohn nodules, sebaceous hyperplasia, and neonatal cephalic pustulosis. For each condition, it provides details on timing of onset, appearance of rash or lesions, location on the body, potential causes, expected course, and recommended treatment if needed.
Eczema is a group of skin condition that causes inflammation and irritation to the skin and is otherwise called as dermatitis,
Scabies is also a itchy skin condition caused by mite called Sarcoptes scabiei.
This document provides information on the presentation, diagnosis, and management of various dermatological conditions. It discusses atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, varicose dermatitis, and other conditions. For each, it describes key characteristics, assessments to perform, treatment options including emollients, topical steroids, and oral medications. It also covers bacterial, fungal, and viral skin infections, infestations like scabies and lice, vascular and autoimmune conditions, precancers and skin cancers. Management involves identifying causative agents, using topical or oral antimicrobials, and considering referral for complex cases.
This document provides information on atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as eczema. It discusses the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease, including that it is a chronic inflammatory skin condition caused by skin barrier dysfunction and immune system abnormalities. Common symptoms include dry, itchy skin that often occurs in flexural areas. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, daily moisturizing, and topical anti-inflammatory medications like corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors to control flares. Education is also an important part of long-term management.
Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that causes patches of thick, red skin and silvery scales, most commonly occurring on the elbows, knees, scalp, lower back, face and nails. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that lead to an overactive immune response and rapid skin cell growth. Treatment involves topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, coal tar, retinoids and phototherapy with ultraviolet light to help control skin cell growth and reduce inflammation and scaling.
Dr Muhammad Raza's presentation provides information about atopic dermatitis (eczema), including its signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management. The key points are that it is a chronic skin condition causing red, itchy, cracked skin that is common in children; has genetic and immunological factors; and is typically diagnosed clinically and managed through moisturizers, topical steroids, and other topical or systemic treatments depending on severity. The goal is for participants to understand the basic concepts, diagnosis, management, and appropriate referrals for atopic dermatitis.
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, and impaired social functioning. The exact causes are unknown but likely involve genetic, brain chemical, environmental, and family history factors. Brain imaging shows enlarged ventricles and decreased cortical size, particularly in the left temporal lobe. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms like loss of interest, and mood symptoms. Treatment involves pharmacological therapy with antipsychotics and non-pharmacological approaches like therapy, social skills training, and vocational rehabilitation.
Here is my advice for JB based on the case study:
I would advise JB against stopping her medication. While she has been seizure-free for 2 years, epilepsy is a lifelong condition and discontinuing treatment could put her at high risk for seizures to return. Abrupt withdrawal from anti-epileptic drugs can also cause dangerous rebound seizures.
Instead, I would recommend continuing her current successful treatment regimen of sodium valproate and lamotrigine. If she desires to reduce medication in the future, it should be done gradually under medical supervision to minimize risks. Ongoing monitoring would also be important given her history of increased seizures with pregnancy. Overall, maintaining seizure control should be the priority given safety concerns
Acne vulgaris and allergic contact dermatitis are two common skin diseases.
Acne vulgaris is caused by blockages in hair follicles and inflammation. It is characterized by blackheads, whiteheads, pimples and cysts, mainly on the face. Treatments include topical retinoids, antibiotics, and oral isotretinoin for severe cases.
Allergic contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes into contact with an allergen, causing a red, itchy rash. Common allergens include fragrances, preservatives and metals. Treatment involves identifying the allergen and avoiding exposure, along with topical corticosteroids and tacrolimus to reduce inflammation
What is eczema?
Eczema (Dermatitis)-
A particular type of inflammatory reaction of the skin in which there is erythema (reddening), edema (swelling), papules (bumps), and crusting of the skin followed, finally, by lichenification (thickening) and scaling of the skin.
Eczema characteristically causes itching and burning of the skin.
What Causes eczema?
Allergy- One of the commonest cause of Eczema. Triggers include Dust, detergents, rubber, nickel plated jewelry etc.
Environment- More likely in urban areas due to high pollution levels. Extremely dry or cold weather tends to make skin scratchy, resulting in eczema.
Obesity- Obese children are 3 times more likely to get eczema. Obesity results in inflammation of fat tissues that spills into other parts of the body. Excess fat also results in poor circulation and skin ailments.
Smoking- One of the leading causes, especially on the fingers that hold the cigarettes, as well as lips.
Stress- Physical or emotional stress has been known to cause enhanced sensitivity and inflammatory skin changes.
Diaper rash- In babies eczema occurs because of chemical effect of urine/faeces on sensitive skin.
Genetic influence- More likely in individuals with a family history of Eczema or other allergic conditions like Asthma, Hay fever, etc.
This slide is made for educational and academic purpose for Pharmacy, Medical and paramedical students. This slide is concerned with a dermatological disease namley Eczema.
This slide contains full pathophysiology of Eczema. This slide is prepared in accordance with D.pharm 2nd year syllabus in the subject named Pharmacotherapeutics. Topics included are Definition, etilogy, pathophysiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, non pharmacological and pharmacological treatment of eczema
Skin is the largest organ and protects the body from infection. Skin infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites and symptoms range from mild to serious. Common bacterial infections include impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles which present with pustules, blisters or crusts and are treated with antibiotics, antiseptics or drainage. Viral infections like warts and herpes simplex cause growths or blisters and can be treated with cryotherapy, creams or antivirals. Fungal infections also occur on the skin. Proper diagnosis and treatment is needed for skin infections.
This document discusses different types of eczema/dermatitis, including contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and napkin dermatitis. Contact dermatitis makes up 80% of dermatitis cases and is caused by irritants or allergens. Atopic dermatitis is characterized by itching and a genetic predisposition to allergies. Seborrheic dermatitis commonly affects oily areas of the skin. Napkin dermatitis results from irritation in diaper areas and can be aggravated by moisture. Treatment focuses on identifying and removing irritants, keeping skin moisturized, and using topical corticosteroids or
This document discusses different types of eczema/dermatitis, including contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and napkin dermatitis. Contact dermatitis makes up 80% of dermatitis cases and is caused by irritants or allergens. Atopic dermatitis is characterized by itching and a genetic predisposition to allergies. Seborrheic dermatitis commonly affects oily areas of the skin. Napkin dermatitis results from irritation in diaper areas and can be aggravated by moisture. Treatment focuses on identifying and removing irritants, keeping skin moisturized, and using topical corticosteroids or
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that causes thick, red patches covered with silvery scales, most often occurring on the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that lead to hyperactive T-cells and abnormal skin cell production. Treatments include topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, coal tar, phototherapy with ultraviolet light, and systemic medications for more severe cases.
Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dryness, itchiness, redness, and sometimes oozing. It is one of the most common skin disorders in children, affecting up to 30% of preschoolers. The exact causes are unknown but include genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers weakening the skin barrier. Treatment focuses on moisturizing to repair the barrier, identifying and avoiding triggers, and controlling flares with topical corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants. While there is no cure, many children outgrow eczema by adolescence.
The document discusses various types of skin infections including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. It provides details on common bacterial infections like impetigo, folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncles and cellulitis. The symptoms, causes and treatment options for each of these infections are summarized. Viral infections like warts caused by HPV virus are also discussed along with their different types. Skin infections can range from mild to serious and their diagnosis involves identifying the causative organism through testing of lesion drainage or blood samples.
This document discusses two common skin conditions in children - atopic dermatitis (eczema) and scabies. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and step-wise treatment approach for atopic dermatitis. For scabies, it describes the causative mite, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options including permethrin and ivermectin, and prevention measures. It also briefly covers Stevens Johnson Syndrome, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and their management.
This document discusses two common skin conditions in children - atopic dermatitis (eczema) and scabies. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and step-wise treatment approach for atopic dermatitis. For scabies, it describes the causative mite, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options including permethrin and ivermectin, and prevention measures. It also briefly covers staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, two potentially severe conditions.
Impetigo is a common bacterial skin infection in children that causes red sores that can break open and ooze fluid. It is often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria entering through broken skin. Symptoms include itchy red sores that form crusty yellow patches. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics. Folliculitis is another bacterial skin infection affecting hair follicles, typically caused by Staph. aureus, that causes inflamed pus-filled lesions. Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles are deep skin abscesses linked to Staph. aureus infection of hair follicles that require antibiotics. Burns are classified by depth of skin damage from superficial to full
Dermatologic condition NB from NKP hospitalqjmdfswthk
This document discusses several common dermatological conditions seen in newborns. It describes the key features of erythema toxicum neonatorum, transient neonatal pustular melanosis, eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, acropustulosis of infancy, miliaria, Epstein pearls and Bohn nodules, sebaceous hyperplasia, and neonatal cephalic pustulosis. For each condition, it provides details on timing of onset, appearance of rash or lesions, location on the body, potential causes, expected course, and recommended treatment if needed.
Eczema is a group of skin condition that causes inflammation and irritation to the skin and is otherwise called as dermatitis,
Scabies is also a itchy skin condition caused by mite called Sarcoptes scabiei.
This document provides information on the presentation, diagnosis, and management of various dermatological conditions. It discusses atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, varicose dermatitis, and other conditions. For each, it describes key characteristics, assessments to perform, treatment options including emollients, topical steroids, and oral medications. It also covers bacterial, fungal, and viral skin infections, infestations like scabies and lice, vascular and autoimmune conditions, precancers and skin cancers. Management involves identifying causative agents, using topical or oral antimicrobials, and considering referral for complex cases.
This document provides information on atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as eczema. It discusses the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease, including that it is a chronic inflammatory skin condition caused by skin barrier dysfunction and immune system abnormalities. Common symptoms include dry, itchy skin that often occurs in flexural areas. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, daily moisturizing, and topical anti-inflammatory medications like corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors to control flares. Education is also an important part of long-term management.
Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that causes patches of thick, red skin and silvery scales, most commonly occurring on the elbows, knees, scalp, lower back, face and nails. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that lead to an overactive immune response and rapid skin cell growth. Treatment involves topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, coal tar, retinoids and phototherapy with ultraviolet light to help control skin cell growth and reduce inflammation and scaling.
Dr Muhammad Raza's presentation provides information about atopic dermatitis (eczema), including its signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management. The key points are that it is a chronic skin condition causing red, itchy, cracked skin that is common in children; has genetic and immunological factors; and is typically diagnosed clinically and managed through moisturizers, topical steroids, and other topical or systemic treatments depending on severity. The goal is for participants to understand the basic concepts, diagnosis, management, and appropriate referrals for atopic dermatitis.
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, and impaired social functioning. The exact causes are unknown but likely involve genetic, brain chemical, environmental, and family history factors. Brain imaging shows enlarged ventricles and decreased cortical size, particularly in the left temporal lobe. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms like loss of interest, and mood symptoms. Treatment involves pharmacological therapy with antipsychotics and non-pharmacological approaches like therapy, social skills training, and vocational rehabilitation.
Here is my advice for JB based on the case study:
I would advise JB against stopping her medication. While she has been seizure-free for 2 years, epilepsy is a lifelong condition and discontinuing treatment could put her at high risk for seizures to return. Abrupt withdrawal from anti-epileptic drugs can also cause dangerous rebound seizures.
Instead, I would recommend continuing her current successful treatment regimen of sodium valproate and lamotrigine. If she desires to reduce medication in the future, it should be done gradually under medical supervision to minimize risks. Ongoing monitoring would also be important given her history of increased seizures with pregnancy. Overall, maintaining seizure control should be the priority given safety concerns
Based on the information provided:
1. The likely diagnosis is community-acquired pneumonia.
2. Possible infecting organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae.
3. Empirical antibiotics that would be appropriate include amoxicillin or doxycycline to cover typical and atypical organisms. Adding a macrolide such as clarithromycin or azithromycin would broaden coverage.
This document provides information about group members studying psoriasis and summarizes key points about the disease. It discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, types, diagnosis and first-line and second-line treatment options for psoriasis. Psoriasis is characterized by thickened, scaly skin plaques and is caused by an immune system problem involving T cells. Common types include plaque, guttate and pustular psoriasis. Treatment involves topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs and systemic drugs like methotrexate, cyclosporine and biologics that target T cells and inflammation.
This document discusses group members and then provides information on meningitis. It defines cerebrospinal fluid and discusses the epidemiology and pathophysiology of meningitis. It outlines the clinical features of meningitis in neonates, infants, and children. It discusses the etiology of bacterial, viral, fungal and other types of meningitis. It describes the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and management of meningitis.
This document discusses various types of medical errors including communication problems between doctors and patients, illegible handwriting causing dispensing errors, medication administration mistakes, misdiagnosis, patient non-compliance, and procedural complications. Case studies are presented for each type. Preventative measures include computerizing prescriptions, ensuring correct prescriptions, improving workplace organization and patient counseling, and having pharmacists review medications. The conclusion emphasizes reducing medical errors and their outcomes to improve patient health and safety.
ANTI EPILEPTIC DRUGS (WITHOUT VOICE OVER).pptxShumailaQadir2
This document provides information about the clinical pharmacy course on antiepileptic drugs. It discusses the learning objectives, classification, mode of action, choice of drugs for different seizure types, and drug profiles of common antiepileptic drugs including carbamazepine, phenytoin, ethosuximide, benzodiazepines, and phenobarbitals. Key details covered include their therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and dosing.
This document discusses technologies for reusing prescribed medicines through improvements in pharmaceutical packaging. It proposes a novel "ReMINDS" ecosystem where intelligent packaging connected through networks and sensors could enable the safe reuse of returned medicines. Key points discussed include using sensors and cloud computing to monitor medicine storage conditions in real-time and share this information. Challenges also addressed include encouraging patients to return unused medicines and establishing legal frameworks and policies to support medicine reuse. Further research is still needed on applying technologies to pharmaceutical packaging to realize the proposed ReMINDS system.
The document discusses extemporaneous compounding by pharmacists. It defines extemporaneous compounding as the modification of manufactured products to supply customized dosage forms. Dermatological products are most commonly compounded. Reasons for compounding include unavailable commercial products and customized strengths/dosages. Risks include lack of stability data and standardized protocols. The document also discusses compounding environments, equipment, and the need for more pharmacists and pharmacy services in Pakistan's hospitals.
The document discusses antibiotic dispensing practices by community pharmacies. It begins by defining antibiotics and their mechanisms and uses. It then discusses the problem of antibiotic resistance developing from overuse and misuse. The document evaluates practices in Pakistan, where antibiotics are often dispensed without prescriptions from pharmacies, contributing to resistance. It also assesses practices in Nepal, where community pharmacies are a primary source of healthcare but are often run by non-pharmacists. Proper diagnosis and limiting unnecessary antibiotic use is important to reduce growing resistance.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
2. Group Members
• HUMAIRA MUSHTAQ
• ROOFIA MUJTABA KHAN
• SABAAMANULLAH
• SAMEERAAHMED
• SARA SHAH
• SANIA SOHAIL
• SYEDA RAMEESHA RIZVI
• WAJIHA DILSHAD
• YUSRA SHUJA
• ZOHA HABIB
• ZOHA KHALID
3. INTRODUCTION
■ A condition where patches of skin become inflamed,
itchy, red, cracked and rough.
■ Interchangeable terms ‘eczema’ and ‘dermatitis’.
■ “Eczema” meaning ‘to boil’ describes the characteristic
tiny bubble like blisters of the condition.
‘Dermatitis’ means ‘inflammation of the skin’.
■ A common convention is to describe as:
‘eczema’ those that are endogenous or
constitutional.
‘dermatitis’ those that are exogenous or due to
contact.
4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGYAND CLINICAL
FEATURES
■ The histological features of eczema/dermatitis are similar, regardless of cause and
differ in the acute and chronic phases.
■ In acute stage, fluid escapes from dilated dermal blood vessels to produce edema, or
swelling in the epidermis.
■ This collects into vesicles or tiny blisters, particularly where the skin is thick, as on the
palms and soles causing exudation and crusting.
■ The chronic stage shows less edema and vesiculation and more thickening of the
epidermis and horny layers.
■ These layers produced by prolonged rubbing and scratching by the sufferer.
5. TYPES OF ECZEMA
1. ACUTE ECZEMA/DERMATITIS:
– Red, hot, swollen and itchy skin.
– Papules and tiny blisters, sometimes coalesce
to form large ones.
– Exudation and crusting.
– Scaling.
6. TYPES OF ECZEMA
2. CHRONIC ECZEMA/DERMATITIS:
– Drier skin, becoming more scaly.
– Lichenification ( dry, thickened, leathery skin
with exaggerated skin markings, due to
rubbing and scratching).
– Painful fissures.
7. CLINICALTYPES
1. ATOPIC ECZEMA:
– Common skin disorder of childhood.
– Term ‘atopy’ describes an exaggerated susceptibility to form
IgE to allergen.
– Etiology genetic, environmental and immunological
factors.
– Epidermal Langerhans cell have high-affinity IgE receptors
through which theT-helper cells release cytokinin and
produce skin inflammation.
– Mostly affects the face and flexures like front of elbows and
wrist.Also affects the back of knees.
– Detected by radio-allergosorbent test.
8. CLINICALTYPES
– Epidermal Langerhans cell have high-affinity IgE
receptors through which theT-helper cells release
cytokinin and produce skin inflammation.
– Mostly affects the face and flexures like front of
elbows and wrist. Also affects the back of knees.
– Detected by radio-allergosorbent test.
10. CLINICALTYPES
2. CONTACT DERMATITIS
There are 2 types of contact dermatitis:
Contact Dermatitis
Allergic (cell mediated
immune or type IV
reaction
Primary irritant (wear and
tear or irritation)
11. CLINICALTYPES
Allergic contact dermatitis
■ Usually hands.
■ Burning, pruritus, pain.
■ Dry and fissured skin.
Irritant contact dermatitis
■ Usually exposed areas of skin.
■ Pruritus is dominant symptom.
■ Vesicles and bullae.
12. CLINICALTYPES
a) ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS:
CAUSES:
Metal e.g. nickel
Topical medicaments (antibiotics, antihistamines and local
anesthetics); creams, ointment bases and preservatives
Dyes
Plants
Rubber compounds
In industry: resins, plastics and cement frequently cause
problems.
13. CLINICALTYPES
DIAGNOSIS:
First and most important step is:
• Detailed history
• Note the pattern and distribution of rash
Common patterns include:
• Metal fastenings in clothes such as zips and jeans studs (nickel allergy)
• Gloves
• Rash around eyes indicate airborne allergens from plants, nail varnish or strike
anywhere matches (which release phosphorous sesquisulfide vapor)
• Allergens in local application of medicaments
14. CLINICALTYPES
If confirmation or further investigation is required, patch testing is useful.
• The skin is examined for an eczematous reaction under the test patches at 48 hours
and 96 hours, which indicates delayed hypersensitivity.
• Once the allergy is confirmed,
– Must avoid the allergen
– Since this type of allergy is lifelong
– And dermatitis persists as long as contact continues.
15. CLINICALTYPES
b) PRIMARY IRRITANT DERMATITIS
CAUSES:
Common cause of hand eczema,
particularly seen in housewives,
nurses, hairdressers, caterers and
those who work with oils and greases
in industry.
It occurs due to contact with anything
that dehydrates the skin and removes
the natural protective oils from the
skin, allowing evaporation of water
and penetration of irritants.
16. CLINICALTYPES
DIAGNOSIS:
No allergy is involved in this type and therefore patch testing is not usually indicated
unless a co-existing allergy is suspected.
17. OTHER ECZEMAS
1. SEBORRHOEIC ECZEMA:
• This involves areas of the body with a high density
of sebaceous glands.
• Areas it involves are face, scalp and upper trunk.
• It occurs after puberty when these glands become
active.
• It is due to an overgrowth pityrosporum , a yeast
that is normal commensal on the skin.
• The skin is red with greasy yellow scales and the
scalp shows severe dandruff.
18. OTHER ECZEMAS
2. DISCOID ECZEMA:
• As the name suggests, this occurs in
circular patches.
• These characteristically occur on the
forearms and lower legs and are intensely
itchy.
• They are frequently excoriated and
become secondarily infected.
19. OTHER ECZEMAS
3. STASIS ECZEMA:
• This is usually the result of varicose veins, venous
stasis and edema in the lower leg.
• It is particularly around the ankle and may
progress to varicose ulceration.
• The patient with varicose eczema is particularly
at risk of developing allergic contact dermatitis to
topical medicaments such as antibiotics and
vehicles.
20. OTHER ECZEMAS
4. ASTEATOSIS ECZEMA:
• This means “lacking in oil”.
• It is typically found in elderly in whom the skin becomes over dry, perhaps
aggravated by the use of soap.
21. TREATMENT
The same basic principles of treatment apply regardless of
the type of eczema.
1. EMOLLIENTS:
• The mainstay of eczema treatment is the use of
liberal quantities of moisturizers as, in all types.
• Adequate use of emollients will reduce the
requirement of typical steroid, both in quantity
and potency.
• A soap substitute such as emollient cream should
be applied before, during and after bathing.
22. TREATMENT
2. TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROIDS:
• Eczema is an inflammatory and
immunological condition. So treatmemts
must be anti inflammatory and directed at
modifying the immune response, which in
many case means corticosteroids mostly
topical
• Topical steroids developed over the past 50
years have revolutionised the treatment of
inflammatory dermatitis but, it is apparent
that with great potency greater will be the
chances of adverse effects.
23. TREATMENT
• For e.g.: Epidermal Atrophy ( thinning), telangiectasia ( prominent surface blood
vessels ), striae ( stretch marks), and premature aging due to collagen loss.
Reduce growth rates in children after prolonged use have been reported.
• As a result primary care doctors and their patients are now only too well aware of
the potential hazards of steroid usage.
• The aim of topical steroid therapy is to control the eczema using a potent
application if necessary, under close supervision, and then to maintain control
using a drug of lowest effective potency.
24. TREATMENT
3. OTHERTOPICAL IMMUNOMODULATORS:
• Two calcineurin inhibitors have been introduced
for the treatment of atopic eczema.
• Calcineurin is a cytotoxic enzyme involved in
activation ofT-lymphocytes.
• Macrolide antibiotics, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus
are of low molecular weight to penetrate the
stratum corneum of the skin, particularly when its
barrier function is impaired in eczema.
25. TREATMENT
a)TACROLIMUS:
It is comparable in efficacy to potent topical steroids.
It is available only as an ointment.
It may produce a burning sensation in the skin at the beginning of the treatment.
Systemic absorption is negligible.
26. TREATMENT
b) PIMECROLIMUS:
It is less potent then tacrolimus but penetrate stratum corneum more efficiently.
It is available as a cream.
It appears to inhibit flares of atopic eczema.
27. TREATMENT
4. ANTIBIOTICS:
• Swabs should be taken from infected patient before starting oral antibiotics.
• Choice of antibiotics to cover Staphylococcus aureus is erythromycin or
flucloxacillin, should be given for 10 days.
• Chronic infection require long term treatment.
• Herpes simplex virus should be treated with acyclovir.
28. TREATMENT
5. DRYINGAGENTS:
• In vesicular or weeping eczema the blister and oozing
areas are dried using potassium permanganate baths,
soaks or wet compresses.
• Crystals or tablets are added to warm water to produce
purplish-pink color.
• Skin soaked for at least 15 minutes.
• This appears to have astringent and antiseptic defect.
29. TREATMENT
6. ANTI HISTAMINES:
• Pruritus is one of the distressing feature of
eczema which can be treated from the
short term use of sedative anti-histamine
at night.
30. TREATMENT
7. COAL FOR PREPARATIONS:
• Tar is an effective antipruritic.
• Tar creams and ointments are useful in treatment of discoid eczema.
31. TREATMENT
8. BANDAGING:
• In atopic eczema, bandages can be used to
prevent scratching and to keep ointments and
creams in contact with the skin.
• A wet wrapping bandage is also a technique
made up of emollient and steroids and used to
keep inner layer of skin moist and gives
soothing effect.
• To control varicose eczema, compression
bandaging or graduated support stockings are
probably used.
32. TREATMENT
9. TOPICAL IMIDAZOLES:
• Many imidazole drugs are used to treat eczema.
• Ketoconazole is most widely used to reduce the population of pityrosporum
ovale and controls seborrhoeic eczema and dandruff. It is available in shampoo or
creams.
33. TREATMENT
10. SYSTEMICTHERAPIES:
a) Systemic steroids:
Oral corticosteroids are used as a short term treatment in acute eczema which is now
very rare.
This type of management is required in conditions like acute exacerbation eczema, acute
allergic contact dermatitis and erythrodermic eczema. of atopic
34. TREATMENT
b) Cyclosporine:
It is an immunosuppressant drug extremely effective in the
treatment of chronic eczema mainly used in adult patients and also
in children.
ItsTherapeutic range is 2.5-5mg/kg.
When the drug is stopped, eczema may tends to relapse and to
avoid such cases intermittent courses can be very useful.
Its adverse reactions include hypertension and renal impairment.
There are number of drugs that interact with cyclosporine and must
be used with caution.
Topical preparation of cyclosporine cannot be used to treat eczema
due to poor skin penetration.
35. TREATMENT
c) Azathioprine:
It is an antimitotic drug used as steroid sparing agent to
treat severe resistant eczema at a dose of 50-150mg per
day.
It acts more slowly than cyclosporine but widely used for
long term treatment.
It suppresses bone marrow and proper monitoring
should be done with regular blood tests.
36. TREATMENT
d) Other immune modulators:
Interferon-gamma has been used in cases of severe refractory eczema and includes
unpleasant flu like side effects.
Methotrexate has also been used in unresponsive adult atopic eczema but has never
been evaluated in clinical trials.
37. TREATMENT
e) Evening primrose oil:
It is used to treat resistant eczema
especially where extreme dryness is
the major problem.
38. TREATMENT
11. PHOTOTHERAPY:-
• PUVA - for atopic patients.
• UVB - in dry stage.
• Narrow band UVB therapy is effective ans safer
than PUVA.
• Side effects:- burning, premature ageing and
increase risk of cancer.
39. TREATMENT
12. OTHERTHERAPIES:-
• DIET: under supervision of a dietitian.
• CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE:
According to patients conditions.
• ALTERNATIVETHERAPIES:
hypnotherapy, yoga, psychotherapy.
40. PATIENT CARE
■ Effect on life of patients - appearance, loss of
sleep.
■ Advice.
■ Cool cotton clothing - suitable for eczema.
■ House dust mite precautions.
■ Emollient application.
■ Exposure to water, detergents, oils, greases,
degreaser may result in recurrence.