This document discusses various ecosystems and factors responsible for their degradation, as well as strategies for restoration. It covers farmlands, forests, freshwater, grasslands/shrublands/savannahs, mountains, oceans/coasts, peatlands, and urban areas. For climate change, it recommends alternative energy and vegetarianism. Regarding the carbon footprint of the digital age, it suggests 5G networks can harm health while deleting emails can reduce emissions. For fast fashion and microplastic accumulation, it advocates sustainable fashion and recycling.

1. BY- SNEHA S. GHADIGAONKAR
M.Pharm Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION- Ecosystem restoration means
assisting in the recovery of ecosystems that have been degraded or
destroyed, as well as conserving the ecosystems that are still intact.
UN Environment programme has categorised different ecosystems
found around the globe.

2. CATEGORIES FACTORS RESPOSIBLE
FOR DEGRADATION
RESTORATION
STRATEGY
FARMLANDS Soil erosion, Soil quality,
Nitrogen pollution
Natural fertilizers, Crop
rotation, Growing diverse
crops, Lives stock
rearing
FOREST Firewood cutting,
clearance for
infrastructure and
agriculture, wildfires
Native tree species
plantation, conservation
of plants and animals
FRESH WATER Chemical pollution,
plastic accumulation,
sewage, over fishing,
over extraction of water,
canalisation, mining
Waste water treatment,
dam removal or
redesign, restoring water
flows to wetlands
GRASSLANDS
SHRUBLANDS AND
SAVANNAHS
Over exploitation, poor
management, conversion
to croplands, over grazing
Clearing woody vege
tation, reseeding nativ e
grasses and replant ing
shrubs and trees

3. CATEGORIES FACTORS
RESPOSIBLE FOR
DEGRADATION
RESTORATION
STRATEGY
MOUNTAINS Clearing forest for
farming, settlements,
infrastructure. Climate
change, fast rising
temperature
Increased forest cover,
control on infrastructure,
sustainable farming
techniques
OCEANS AND COAST Plastic waste, climate
change, clearing
mangrooves, over
fishing
Sustainable fishing,
treating pollutants,
separating solid waste
PEATLANDS Mining, oil & gas
exploration,overgrazing,
nitrogen pollution,
extraction of peat as
fuel
Controlled grazing,
reduce conversion for
agriculture and
infrastructure, re-wetting
URBAN AREAS
Poor planning, waste,
emission
Green spaces, civic
groups and municipal
authorities, solar power,
waste management

4. CLIMATE CHANGE:
STRATEGY-
A) ALTERNATIVE ENERGY- This includes Solar panels, wind turbines,
and electric cars as “green” technologies.
B) VEGETARIANISM- Eating a veggie diet means 2.5 x less carbon and
greenhouse gas emissions than a meat diet. Going veggie will help allow our
oceans to be restored to their natural balance by preventing overfishing.
CARBON FOOTPRINTS OF THE DIGITALAGE:
STRATEGY-
A) 5G NETWORK- The 5G network will cause a huge increase in energy
usage among consumers, which contributes to climate change. It has harmful
effects on birds, honey bees as well as human health which in turn has
cascading effects through entire ecosystems.
B) DELETING E-MAILS-There are about 2.3 billion email users in the
world. The average email size is about 75 kb. if everyone deletes around 10
unwanted emails, it could prevent 1,725,000 GB of data being stored in the
servers around the world that consumes huge amount of electricity per day.
And that’s cutting about 39,035 metric tonnes of CO2 emission.

5. FAST FASHION: According to the UN Environment programme, the fashion
industry is the second-biggest consumer of water and is responsible for 8-10%
of global carbon emissions – more than all international flights and maritime
shipping combined.
STRATEGY- SUSTAINABLE FASHION: Sustainable fashion refers to
clothing that is designed, manufactured, distributed, and used in ways that are
environment friendly.
MICROPLASTIC ACCUMULATION: Microplastics refer to fragments of
any grade of plastic that is less than 5 mm in length. The toxins released from
such accumulations often poison the organisms that ingest them and decrease
the viability of ecosystem cycles. Plastic fragments that enter the atmosphere
can stay airborne from approximately 1 hour to 6.5 days, allowing them
enough time to cross international borders.
STRATEGY- RECYCLING- recycling is an important component of
environmental conservation and pollution reduction. It will become possible
for consumers to repurpose items that they might have otherwise discarded in
previous eras.