The document discusses the Yamuna River, one of the major tributaries of the Ganges River in northern India. It notes the religious and socioeconomic significance of the Yamuna River while also highlighting the major sources of pollution degrading its waters, including domestic wastewater from cities, industrial contamination from nearby areas, and toxicity from idol immersions during religious festivals. The document also briefly mentions some projects aimed at cleaning up the Yamuna River to improve its water quality.

1. GROUP 6
RAJNISH
SAGAR
KISHORE
SANSKRATI
SAVAN
SHUBHAM

2. • The ‘average weather’, or…the mean and variability of [temperature,
precipitation, and wind] over a period of time ranging from months to
thousands or millions of years.
• Climate is the long-term weather pattern in an area, typically averaged
over 30 years.
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in
temperatures and weather patterns.
SANSKRATI

3.  Main Cause of Climate Change
 Deforestation.
 Increase in Vehicles.
 Emissionof CO2.
 Chemical Fertilizers.
 Industries.
 Forest Fire.
 Ocean Currents.
 Volcanic Eruptions.
 Methane Emissions from Animals.
 Meteorites.

4. o Deforestation
• Forests and trees store carbon. Due to deforestation, this stored
carbon has the potential to be released back into the
atmosphere as carbon dioxide and contribute to climate change.
o Increase in vehicle
• Vehicles introduce toxic materials into the
atmosphere that have several bad effects on human
health and the ecosystem. Examples of such
pollutants include Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen,
Nitrogen Oxide, particulate matter, Ammonia and
Sulphur Dioxide.

5. Emission of CO2
It effects the amount of greenhouse gases, which are linked to climate change
and global warming.
Chemical Fertiliser
Much of the applied fertilizer runs off into waterways, or gets broken down by
microbes in the soil, releasing the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide
into the atmosphere.
Industries
Manufacturing and industry produce emissions, mostly from burning fossil fuels
to produce energy for making things like cement, iron, steel, electronics,
plastics, clothes, and other goods. Mining and other industrial processes also
release gases, as does the construction industry.

6. Forest fire
Wildfires release carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere,
exacerbating global warming, and in severe cases, irreparably damaging forests
ecosystems.

8. •Intense Droughts
•Water Scarcity
•Severe Fires
•Rising Sea Levels
•Flooding
•Melting Polar Ice
•Catastrophic Storms
•Declining Biodiversity

10. o INTENSE DROUGHTS
Warmer temperatures enhance evaporation, which reduces surface water and
dries out soils and vegetation. This makes periods with low precipitation drier
than they would be in cooler conditions.
o RISING SEA LEVELS
Global warming is causing global mean sea level to rise in two ways. First,
glaciers and ice sheets worldwide are melting and adding water to the ocean.
Second, the volume of the ocean is expanding as the water warms.

11. o MeltingPermafrost:Permafrost is frozen
soil that has environmental gasestrapped in it
for severalyearsand is present below
Earth’s surface. As the permafrost melts, it
releasesthe gases backinto the atmosphere,
increasingEarth’s temperature.
o Forest Blazes:Forest blazesemit a large
amount of carbon-containingsmoke. These
gasesare releasedinto the atmosphere and
increasethe earth’s temperature.

12. o STORMS
As more water vapor is evaporated into the atmosphere it becomes fuel for more
powerful storms to develop. More heat in the atmosphere and warmer ocean surface
temperatures can lead to increased wind speeds in tropical storms.
o DECLINING BIODIVERSITY
Climate change is playing an increasingly important role in the decline of
biodiversity. Climate change has altered marine, terrestrial, and freshwater
ecosystems around the world. It has caused the loss of local species, increased
diseases, and driven mass mortality of plants and animals, resulting in the first
climate-driven extinctions.

13. The WHO has classified climate change as the greatest threat to global health in the 21st
century. Extreme weather leads to injury and loss of life, and crop failures to
undernutrition. Various infectious diseases are more easily transmitted in a warmer
climate, such as dengue fever and malaria. Young children are the most vulnerable to
food shortages. Both children and older people are vulnerable to extreme heat.
Climate change is affecting food security, It has caused reduction in global yields of maize,
wheat, and soybeans. Future warming could further reduce global yields of major crops
IMPACT ON HUMANS SAVAN

14. Global warming is a gradual increase in the earth’s temperature
generally due to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of
carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.

15. Green House Effect

16. • Volcanoes: Volcanoes are one of the largest natural contributors to
global warming. The ash and smoke emitted during volcanic eruptions
goes out into the atmosphere and affects the climate.
• Water Vapour: Water vapour is a kind of greenhouse gas. Due to the
increase in the earth’s temperature, more water gets evaporated from
the water bodies and stays in the atmosphere adding to global
warming.

17. Invest in renewableenergy:Changing our main energy sources to clean and renewable
energy is the best way to stop using fossil fuels. These include technologies like solar,
wind, wave, tidal and geothermalpower.
Switchto sustainable transport. Petrol and diesel vehicles, planes and ships use
fossil fuels. Reducingcar use, switching to electric vehicles and minimizing
plane travel will not only help stop climate change, it will reduce air pollution
too.
Restore nature to absorb more carbon.The natural world is very good at cleaning
up our emissions,but we need to look after it. Planting trees in the right
places or giving land back to nature through ‘rewilding’schemes is a good
place to start. This is because photosynthesizingplants draw down carbon
dioxide as they grow, locking it away in soils.
BY SAGA

18. Reduceplastic. Plastic is made from oil, and the process of extracting, refining and
turning oil into plastic is surprisinglycarbon-intense.It doesn’tbreak down quickly in
nature so a lot of plastic is burned, which contributes to emissions.
Reducehow much peopleconsume. Our transport, fashion, food and other lifestyle choices all
have different impacts on the climate. This is often by design – fashion and technology
companies,for example, will release far more products than are realistically needed.
Protect the oceans.Oceans also absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,
which helps to keep our climate stable. But many are overfished, used for oil and gas drilling or
threatened by deep sea mining. Protecting oceans and the life in them is ultimately a way to
protect ourselves from climate change.

21. • Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is a
comprehensive legislation that regulates agencies
responsible for checking on water pollution and ambit of
pollution control boards both at the Centre and states.
• The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
was adopted by the Indian parliament with the aim of
prevention and control of Water Pollution in India

22.  The government formulated this Act to
prevent the pollution of water by industrial,
agricultural and household wastewater.
 The main objective was to advise the State
Govt. on any matter concerning the
prevention, control of water pollution.
 To collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution and the
prevention and control there off.
 To encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to
problems of water pollution and prevention of water pollution.
FUNCTIONS

23. WILDLIFE
SANCTUAR
Y
S A M B H A N G I
K I S H O R E

24. A Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna,
or features of geological or other interest, which is reserved and
managed for conservation and to provide opportunities for study
or research. The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 provides for the
establishment of Protected Areas in India.

25. W I L D L I F E S A N C T U A R Y
• Human activities are allowed.
N A T I O N A L P A R K
• No human activities are allowed.

27. • Periyar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary (PNP) is a protected area located in
the districts of Idukki and Pathanamthitta in Kerala India. It is notable as
an elephant reserve and a tiger reserve. The protected area encompasses
925 km2 (357 sq mi), of which 305 km2 (118 sq mi) of the core zone was declared as
the Periyar National Park in 1982. The park is a repository of rare, endemic, and
endangered flora and fauna and forms the major watershed of two important rivers
of Kerala: the Periyar and the Pamba.
• The park is located high in the Cardamom Hills and Pandalam Hills of the
south Western Ghats along the border with Tamil Nadu. It is 4 km (2.5 mi)
from Kumily, approximately 100 km (62 mi) east of Kottayam, 110 km (68 mi) west
of Madurai and 120 km (75 mi) southeast of Kochi.

30. Narmada Bachao Andolan
Save The Narmada Movement
SHUBHAM SHEKHAWAT

31. Introduction
 Narmada Bachao Andolan –NBA is an Indian social movement led by native tribes,
farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against the construction of a
number of large dams under the Narmada Dam Project across river Narmada.
 The river Narmada flows through the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra.
 Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on the Narmada river and
was one of the first focal points of the Save the Narmada Movement. SSD is a part of
the Narmada Dam Project that aims to provide irrigation and electricity to people of
the above states.

32. About Narmada River
•TheriverNarmadaisthelargestwest-flowingriverintheIndianpeninsula,that
arisesontheplateauofAmarkantakintheShahdoldistrictofMadhyaPradesh.
•ItcoversthestatesofMadhyaPradesh,Maharashtra,Gujaratandpartsof
Rajasthan.Itscourseis1312kmtotheArabianSeathroughlushforests,hills,
agriculturalregionsandrockygorges.
•Ithasaround41tributaries,surroundedby3mountainrangesofSatpura,Vindhya
andMaikal,andonthefourthsidemergesintotheArabianSea.
•Onitsbasin,thevillagesconstitute81%andcomprisemainlytribalpopulations
consistingofBhils,Gonds,Baigasandotherswhoseprimaryoccupationis
agriculture.
•TheNarmadabasinisrichinitsnaturalresources.

33. Narmada Bachao Andolan – How did it start ?
 Narmada Bachao Andolan is the most powerful mass movement, started in
1985, against the construction of a huge dam on the Narmada river. As per
the Narmada Dam Project, the plan was to build over 3000 big and small
dams along the river.
 The proposed Sardar Sarovar Dam and Narmada Sagar were to displace
more than 250,000 people. The big fight of the Save the Narmada
Movement was over the resettlement or the rehabilitation of these people.

34. Narmada Bachao Andolan –Key Points
 After the independence, India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, called for the
construction of dams on Narmada river to arrest excess water flowing into Arabian sea
passing through Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat to aid local people and development of
the nation.
 Two of the largest proposed dams were Sardar Sarovar and Narmada Sagar.
 The Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal approved the Narmada Valley Development
Project, which included 30 large dams, 135 medium dams, and 3,000 small dams
including raising the height of Sardar Sarovar dam.
 In 1985, after hearing about the construction of Narmada Dam Project, Medha Patkar
and her colleagues visited the project site and noticed that project work was being
checked due to an order by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of
India.

35. Narmada Bachao Andolan –Key Points
 In 1987, construction began on the Sardar Sarovar Dam and the people who were going
to be affected by the construction of the dam were given no information but the offer
for rehabilitation.
 In May 1990, Narmada Bachao Andolan organized a 2,000-person, five-day sit-in at PM
V. P. Singh’s residence in New Delhi, which convinced the Prime Minister to ‘reconsider’
the project.
 In December 1990, approximately 6000 men and women began the Narmada Jan Vikas
Sangharsh Yatra (Narmada People’s Progress Struggle March), marching over 100
kilometres.
 In January 1991, Baba Amte and the seven-member team began an indefinite hunger
strike (continued for 22 days) and committed to a sit-in unto death.

36. Narmada Bachao Andolan –Key Points
 The Sardar Sarovar Dam’s construction began again in 1999 and was
declared finished in 2006. The height of the project was increased from
138 meters to 163 meters. It was inaugurated in 2017 by PM Narendra
Modi.

37. NBA - Formation
 The leading spokesperson of Narmada Bachao Andolan was Medha Patkar and Baba
Amte who received the Right Livelihood Award in 1991.
 The mode of the campaign under NBA includes court actions, hunger strikes, rallies,
and gathering support from notable film and art personalities.
 Narmada Bachao Andolan was also joined by several NGOs with local people,
professionals, and activists as the founders with a non-violent approach.
 There were many groups supporting NBA such as Gujarat-based Narmada
Asargrastha Samiti, Madhya Pradesh-based Narmada Ghati Nav Nirman Samiti
(Committee for a New Life in the Narmada Valley) and Maharashtra-Based Narmada
Dharangrastha Samiti (Committee for Narmada Dam-Affected People).

38. NBA - Formation
 NBA’s slogans include – Vikas Chahiye, Vinash Nahin! (Development
wanted, not destruction) and “koi nahi hatega, bandh nahi banega!”
(we won’t move, the dam won’t be constructed).

39. Success of Narmada Bachao Andolan
 For its consistent non-violent struggle, Narmada Bachao Andolan won
the ‘Right Livelihood Award’ that aimed at bringing justice to society at
large.
 The issues of land for the displaced, the rehabilitation policy at a national
level and development planning without displacement have become
national issues with NBA interventions, influencing policymaking and mass
movements.
 NBA has been effective in its multiple strategies at the executive, legislative
and judicial level, campaigning against the destruction and displacement
caused by large dams and for the rights of the affected people – farmers,
labourers, fishermen and others.

40. Success of Narmada Bachao Andolan
• The achievements of the movements include:
• The exit of the World Bank from Sardar Sarovar in 1993
• Halt of Sardar Sarovar construction 1994-99
• Withdrawal of foreign investors from Maheshwar dam, 1999-2001

41. CASE STUDY:
YAMUNA RIVER
RAJNISH GUPTA​

42. CONTENTS
Introduction​
Significance of YAMUNA
Source of pollution
​Projects and plans for YAMUNA

43. INTRODUCTION
• Yamuna is the second largest tributary of River Ganga
and the longest tributary of India
• It originates from Yamunotri glacier in Uttarakhand and
flows across seven states and merges with the river
Ganga at Sangam in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh.
Presentation title 43

44. SIGNIFICANCE
• Religious Significance: Yamuna is
worshipped in Hinduism as the ‘Goddess
Yamuna’
• Socioeconomic Significance: It helps create
the highly fertile alluvial Yamuna- in the Indo-
Gangetic plain. Nearly 57 million people
depend on the Yamuna’s waters.

45. POLLUTION AND ITS
MAIN SOURCES
o Domestic Sources
According to a report submitted by the Delhi Pollution Control
Committee and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to
the Yamuna Pollution Control Committee, at least 90% of
domestic wastewater in the city flows into the Yamuna.
o Industrial heavy metal contamination
The catchment area of River Yamuna in Delhi is highly urbanized
and is networked with several drains. Najafgarh and Shahdara
drains are the major drains that discharge a heavy load of
pollutants into the river.
o Idol Immersion leading to increased toxicity
Immersion of idols during festivals with cheap lead and
chrome paints and plaster of paris and puja articles such
as polythene bags, foam cut-outs, flowers, food offerings,
decorations, metal polish, plastic sheets, cosmetic items
all are a cause for concern for the river’s quality.
45

46. CONT’D
o Plastic Pollution
In Agra, the Yamuna has been choked by intense plastic pollution. After
the 2017 ban on single-use plastics there has still been rampant use of
plastics which is evident by the production of plastic.
According to records, Delhi produces 2,51,674 tonnes of plastic each
year — 50% of which is single-use. That’s roughly 63,000 elephants
worth of plastic.
o Untreated Sewage
More than 800 million litres of largely untreated sewage is pumped in
the Yamuna each day. Another 44 million litres of industrial effluents are
also discharged daily into the river.
46

47. YAMUNA ACTION PLAN
47
(1993-2003) (2004-2011) 2018 onwards
Yamuna Action Plan II (YAP II)
 YAP II was mostly to undertake
non-sewerage part of the
objectives.
 The total STP capacity
sanctioned under YAP II was
189 MLD. The total budget
sanctioned: INR. 6.24 billion
Yamuna Action Plan Phase III
 11 Projects under National
Mission for Clean Ganga
(NMCG) have been planned
to conserve River Yamuna in
Delhi including rehabilitation
of sewers, rehabilitation of
Rising mains, Tertiary
Treatment Plants and
Sewerage projects in four
packages of Kondli (K1, K2,
K3, K4), three packages of
Rithala (R1, R2, R3) and
Okhla Zone (O).
PROJECTS AND PLANS FOR YAMUNA
Yamuna Action Plan I (YAP I)
 The plans were carried out by the
National River Conservation
Directorate (NRCD)
 Sewerage: construction of 29
STPs 58 pumping stations and
179 km of sewers was proposed.
 Non-sewerage: 1282 public toilet
complexes, 96 crematoria,
Riverfront development, plantation
and public awareness and
participation were proposed
The project is divided into 3 parts.

48. THANK YOU
GROUP 6