The document discusses various topics related to natural resources and sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It discusses the need to consider future resource availability and environmental impacts when using resources. It also covers urbanization issues related to energy use, the importance of water conservation, and methods like rainwater harvesting. Climate change causes and effects are addressed as well as the greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion.

1. UNIT-III
NATURAL
RESOURCES

2. FROM UNSUSTAINABLE TO
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable development has been defined as
“Development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs” (The World
Commission on Environment and Development,
Brundtland Commission 1987).

3.  In other words, when people make decisions about
how to use the Earth’s resources such as forests,
water, minerals, wildlife, etc. they must take into
account not only how much of these resources they
are using, what processes they used to get these
resources, and who has access to these resources.
Are enough resources going to be left for our
future generations to use and will the environment
be left as we know it today?

4. Is it true sustainable
development
 .

5. Sustainable Development
 The sustainable development is a process of
betterment of life, in all sectors of society
i.e. social, economic, educational, health,
national security, food and education”

6. Need for Sustainable Development
 Almost all environmental problems are the results of
unsustainable development
 Overuse of natural resources leads to pollution, cutting of
trees has created global warming
 Laws for Air, Water, Land, Wild Life, Forest have failed to
control environmental losses
 Only way is to accept the concept of sustainable
development by making people aware about the needs and
methods to control their demands and control over the
overuse of resources

7. World summit on sustainable
development

9. Aspects (or) aim of sustainable
development
a) inter- generational equity: it states that we should
hand over a safe, healthy, and resourceful
environment to our future generations.
b) intra – generational equity: it states that the
technological development of rich countries should
support the economic growth of the poor countries
and help in narrowing the wealth gap lead to
sustainability.

10. Concept or Approaches or significance for
sustainable development
 Developing appropriate technology
 Reduce , Reuse, Recycle approach
 Providing environmental education and awareness
 Consumption of renewable resources
 Conservation of non renewable resources
 Population control

11. Urban problems related to
energy
 Urbanization is the movement of human
population from rural areas to urban areas
for the want of better education,
communication, health, employment.

12. Causes of urbanization
 Cities are main centers of economic growth, trade,
transportation, education, medical facilities and
employment
 Urban sprawl: Urban growth is fast , so difficult to
accommodate with their limited area .So cities
spread into rural areas
 Urban energy requirement:
 Residential and commercial lighting
 Public and private transportation
 Electrical and electronic appliances


13. Energy demanding activities
 In developing countries, urban growth is
very fast and pollution is uncontrollable and
unplanned growth. When compared to rural
people, urban people consumes a lot of
energy and materials and generates a lot of
waste. This is because urban people have a
higher standard of life and their life style
demands more energy inputs.

14. Example for energy demanding activities
 Residential and commercial lightings
 Transportation means including, motor cycle, car
and public transport for moving from residence to
work place.
 Industries using a large proportion of energy
 Modern life style using a large number of electrical
gadgets( fan, fridge, washing machine, A/C, water
heater,etc) in everyday life.
 Control and prevention of pollution, need more
energy dependent technologies.

15. Solution:
 Use public transport instead of motor cycles
Energy consumption must be minimized
Use solar and wind energy Impose strict
laws, penalty, and energy audit

16. Water conservation:
 Process of saving water for future utilization
 Water source:
 Fresh water
 River
 Stream
 Pond
 Ocean
 Lakes

17. Need for water conservation:
 Population increases water requirement also
increases
 Due to deforestation annual rainfall decreases
 Over exploitation of ground water

18. Ways of water conservation
 Reducing evaporation loss
 Reducing irrigation loss
 Reuse of water
 Preventing wastage of water
 Decreasing run-off losses
 Avoid sewage discharge
Water conservation method
Rain water harvesting
Watershed management

19. Rain water harvesting
 Objective: To meet increasing demands of water
Raise water table by recharging ground water
Reduce ground water contamination from salt
water intrusion.
 Roof top rainwater harvesting
 Involves collecting water that falls on roof of
house
 Rainwater from roof top, road surface, play
ground diverted to surface tank

20. Advantages of rainwater harvesting
 Increases the well water availability
Raise ground water level
Minimizes soil erosion
Watershed management:
 It is defined as land area bounded by divide line
from which water drains under influence of
gravity in to stream, lakes, reservoir. Eg. Pits,
dams, Farm, ponds, Himalaya

21.  Types
 1. Micro
 2. Mini
 3. Macro
 Watershed Management; The management of
rainfall & resultant runoff.
 Forestry
Halt deforestation, provide vegetative cover,
degraded land and supplement folder and fuel
wood resources available to rural communities

22. Agriculture
 Aims to increase agricultural productivity in
sustained manner and to diversify crop production
 - Major objective shall be achieved through
organizing farmers, training camps and exposure
visits.
 - Construct check dams, water harvesting tanks,
storage tanks and channels , repair of old channels ,
implementing measures to check soil erosion

23. Horticulture
 establishment of private orchard
 Rejuvenation of existing orchards
 Distribution of horticulture plant for home
garden planting.
 Animal husbandry
 Energy conservation
 Community participation
 Training and awareness programme.

24. Advantages of Watershed projects
 Improved access to drinking water in project areas during
drought
 - Increase in cultivation area leading to increase in
employment
 - Increase in crop yield, resulting better income to rural
population
 - Improved availability of fodder for animals and increase
in milk yield
 - Increase in employment & involvement of women
 - Increase in net returns from all crops.
 Decrease in soil erosion.
 - Restoration of ecological balance.

25. Resettlement and Rehabilitation of people:
 Resettlement – simple relocation or displacement
of human population.
 Rehabilitation – making, system to work again by
allowing, system to function naturally. Includes
replacing the lost economic assets, Safeguard
Employment, Provide safe land for building

26. Causes of displacement of people
 Due to developmental activities- hirakund dam,
tehri dam.
 Due to disaster- natural disaster, manmade
disaster
 Due to conservation initiatives- park, sanctuary,
forest reserve, biosphere reserve,

27. Effects:
 Loss of land
 Loss of recourse
 Unsatisfactory comp[enasation
 Social and cultura problems
 Changes in tradition of indigenous people
 Spread of disease
 Submergence of valuable forest
 Waterlogging
 Extinction of wild life

28. Rehabilitation issues
 Tribal's are usually the most affected among the
displaced , who are already very poor,
displacement further increases their poverty due
to loss of home, land, jobs, food, security and
social isolation.
 The land acquisition laws ignore the communal
ownership of property, which is an built system
among the tribal's.
 Marriages, social and cultural functions, their folk
songs, dances and activities vanish with their
displacement.

29. Environmental ethics:-
 Environmental ethics refers to the issues,
principles, and guidelines relating to human
interactions with their environment.
 Functions of environment:
 It is the life supporting medium for all organisms
 It provides food, air, water, and other important
natural resources to the human beings.
 It disintegrates all the waste materials discharged
by the modern society
 It moderates the climatic conditions of the soil

30. Environmental problems
 Deforestation activities
 Population growth and urbanization
 Pollution due to discharge of effluent and smoke
discharge from the industries.
 Water scarcity
 Land degradation and degradation of soil fertility

31. Solutions to environmental problems
 Reduce the waste of matter and energy resources.
 Recycle and reuse as many of our waste products
and resources as possible.
 Over exploitation of natural resources must be
reduced
 Soil degradation must be minimized
 Biodiversity of the earth must be protected
 Reduce population and increase the economic
growth of our country.

32. climate
 Climate is the average weather of an area. It
is the general weather conditions, seasonal
variations of a region. The average of such
conditions over a long period is called
climate.

33. Causes of climate change
 Presence of green house gases in the
atmosphere increases the global
temperature.
 Depletion of ozone layer also increases the
global temperature.
 Un even distribution of rainfall
 Rotation of earth on its axis
 Seasonal changes

34. Effect of climate change
 Even small changes in climate conditions
may disturb agriculture that would lead to
migration of animals including humans.
 Climate change may upset the hydrological
cycle, results in floods and droughts in
different regions of the world
 Global pattern of winds and ocean currents
also gets disturbed by climate.

35. Green House Effect and Global Warming:
 The raise of earth‟s surface temperature due to
intense green house effect is called global
warming.
 Causes:
 Over the last century, the level of carbon dioxide in the
atm. Has increase by 25%, the level of nitrous oxide by
19% and the level of methane by 100%. These 3 major
global warming gases are released into the atm. by
burning of fossil fuels, industrialization, mining,
deforestation, exhaust from increasing automobiles and
other anthropogenic activities.

36. Effects:
 1. Increase evaporation of surface water – influence climate
change
 2. Leads to declining biodiversity
 3. Melting of mountain glaciers and polar ice, which cause rise
in sea level
 4. Change the climate and rainfall – reduction in food production
 5. The biological productivity of ocean also decreased due to
warming of earth‟s surface
 6. With more carbon dioxide in the air, the plants will grow
bigger with increase in yield and resulting in the soils getting
poor quality
 7. If proper precautions are not taken, the conc. Of green house
gases may double in the atom. with in next 50 years, and will
makes the average global temp. to 450 C.

37. Ozone layer depletion
 Ozone is an important chemical species present in
the stratosphere. Its conc. is about 10 ppm. It acts
as a protective shield for the life on the earth.
Ozone is produced and also broken down by
photochemical reactions, thus maintaining
equilibrium.

38. Causes for ozone layer depletion:
 1Chlorine released from CFC and Bromine released from
halogens are the most important chemicals associated with
ozone layer depletion
 2. The halogens are used in fore extinguishers and CFC are
extensively used in air conditioners and refrigerators.
 3. Methyl bromide used during packaging of fruits to prevent
bacterial action flows out into the atmosphere as soon as the
packing is opened. This cause heavy damage to ozone.
 4. High altitude aircrafts and chemicals emitted by industrial
plants and automobiles.

39. Effects:
 Marked rise in cause skin cancer
 Damage immune system
 Eye ailment such as cataract
 Shorter life of paints and plastics
 Restricted growth and crop damage
 Destruction of aquatic life