The document summarizes an interactive session on e-content development in social sciences that took place on March 18, 2023. It addressed ethical and legal issues in e-content development, including plagiarism, copyright, and proper citation of sources. The session discussed what constitutes plagiarism, examples of plagiarism, how to avoid plagiarism by properly quoting and citing sources, and various citation styles like APA, Chicago, MLA, and Harvard styles. It also covered similarity checking software that can be used to prevent self-plagiarism and copyright infringement when developing e-content.

1. Interactive Resource Sessions at the
UGC-HRDC, University of Calicut, Kerala in the
Refresher Course in E-content Development in Social
Sciences (Session I)
E-content Development for Social Sciences:
Ethical and Legal Issues
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

2. 18th March, 2023 Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

3. Brief Outline
Social Sciences
Ethics and
Legalities
Style and
Standards
E-content
Development
Software and
Techniques
18th March, 2023 Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

4. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

5. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

6. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi
The Gazette of India, 31st July, 2018

7. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

8. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

9. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

10. DID YOU KNOW. . . ?
THAT IT IS UNETHICAL TO:
• COPY THE WORDS, IDEAS, GRAPHS, IMAGES,
ETC. OF OTHERS WITHOUT PROPER CREDIT
• CUT AND PASTE VARIOUS IDEAS TOGETHER
FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES WITHOUT PROPER
CREDIT
• USE THE SAME PAPER IN MORE THAN ONE
CLASS WITHOUT PERMISSION
• EDIT MATERIAL BETWEEN QUOTE MARKS
WITHOUT PROPER NOTICE
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

11. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi
WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
• Plagiarism is “the action or practice of taking someone else's
work, idea, etc., and passing it off as one's own; literary
theft.”
• Plagiarism is not merely copying of text; it also refers to
using another's ideas as one's own, regardless of the specific
words or constructs used to express that idea
• You will commit plagiarism if fail to include quotations or
acknowledge the sources in your paper
• Articles increasingly available as electronic text in Internet,
has made the physical act of copying the work of others much
easier, imply increasing risk of plagiarism

12. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi
EXAMPLE OF PLAGIARISM
Word-to-word Copy
• Original
• Your Text:
The concept of identity construction is crucial in second
language learning. English learning at the tertiary level is
both a process of acquiring language skills, and a process
of understanding who the learners are and how they are
related to the learning community, the national
sociocultural context and the imagined global community.
Plagiarized!

13. Using other’s words and ideas without acknowledgment
• Original
• Your Text:
The concept of identity construction is crucial in second
language learning. Post-secondary level English learning
not only represents a process of acquiring language skills,
but also helps the learners to understand own identities
and their relationship with the learning community.
Plagiarized!
Example of Plagiarism
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

14. 18th March,
2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi
MORE ABOUT PLAGIARISM
• Is it plagiarism, if I just copy a few
words from other’s work?
• Is it an act of plagiarism, if I copy
from an unpublished work?
• What is the result, if I found
committing plagiarism?
• Is plagiarism the same as copyright
infringement?

15. COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT PLAGIARISM
• AFTER CHANGING THE WORDS, WE DON’T NEED TO CITE THE SOURCE
AND IT’S NOT PLAGIARISM
• EVERY FACT NEEDS TO BE CITED
• PLAGIARISM IS WHEN THE TEXT IS COPIED AS IT IS FROM SOME SOURCE
• TO AVOID PLAGIARISM, ONLY PAPER (PRINTED) SOURCES NEED TO BE
CITED
• PLAGIARISM CAN BE DETECTED BY PLAGIARISM CHECKER OR SOFTWARE
• PLAGIARISM DOESN’T HAPPEN, WHEN YOU COPY THE IDEAS FROM NON-
COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
• PLAGIARISM IS ALWAYS A PLANNED ACTION
• PLAGIARISM AND SIMILARITY ARE ONE AND THE SAME
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

16. TRICKS THAT CONTENT DEVELOPERS PLAY…
• COPY TEXTS FROM SEVERAL SOURCES AND PASTE
• COPY TEXTS FROM SEVERAL SOURCES AND USE 1-2 CONNECTING SENTENCES
BETWEEN THE 2
• CHANGE ALTERNATIVE SENTENCES
• CHANGE A FEW WORDS IN A SENTENCE
• CHANGE EVERY NTH WORD
• COPY TEXT FROM SOME SOURCE AND REFERENCES FROM SOME OTHER SOURCE
• COPY SEVERAL CITATIONS FROM SOME OTHER SINGLE SOURCE
• USE SOFTWARE IN AN UNETHICAL MANNER E.G. SPINNING, ETC.
• STEAL TEXT FROM SOFTWARE DATABASE
• DELETE CITATIONS FROM A COPIED TEXT
• CHANGE THE CITATION FOR DISGUISING OTHERS
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

17. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?
• Use Quotations to show clearly the extent of other’s work
1. Direct quotation
When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital
resources, Straw warned that:
Preservation and security concerns will also arise in putting together
digital partnerships. Proper professional handling of archival, original,
fragile, unique, and sometimes rare items during the digitization
process should be taken seriously. (Straw, 2009, p. 109)
2. Quoting short part of sentence
When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital
resources, Straw pointed out the critical issues of “preservation and security
concerns”. Safe handling of materials during digitization must be assured
among digital partners. (Straw, 2009)
• Paraphrasing (re-writing in your own words) with in-text citation
• Cite & list the sources

18. CITING REFERENCES
 ALLOWS TO USE OTHER PEOPLE’S WORK BY GIVING CREDIT
TO THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR WITHOUT PLAGIARIZING
 STRENGTHENS THE WORK BY LENDING OUTSIDE SUPPORT TO
ARGUMENTS
 PROVIDES THE SOURCE INFORMATION FOR OTHERS, WHO
WANT TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT SPECIFIC IDEAS
 ACCURATELY PREPARED REFERENCES HELP ESTABLISH
CREDIBILITY AS A CAREFUL RESEARCHER
 OUT OF ORDER/INCOMPLETE CITATIONS CAUSE INACCURATE
CITATION NETWORK INDEXING
 PROVIDE DOCUMENTATION FOR ALL FACTS AND FIGURES
THAT ARE NOT COMMON KNOWLEDGE 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

19. WHAT ARE NECESSARY TO BE CITED?
ONLINE ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS, OTHER ONLINE MATERIALS, PRINT &
MISC. NON-ONLINE
• ARTICLE IS ASSIGNED A DOI, ERIC DOCUMENT (PDF FULL-TEXT) (INCLUDING PAPERS PRESENTED AT
CONFERENCES & AVAILABLE AS AN ED), ARTICLE IN PROFESSIONAL /SCHOLARLY JOURNAL: WITH &
WITHOUT DOI ASSIGNED
• ARTICLE IS NOT ASSIGNED A DOI: PROVIDE JOURNAL/MAGAZINE/ NEWSPAPER (PERIODICAL) HOME
PAGE URL, WEB SITE/PAGE, ARTICLE IN POPULAR MAGAZINE
• ARTICLE IS NOT ASSIGNED A DOI, IS EITHER PUBLISHED IN A DISCONTINUED PERIODICAL OR JOURNAL
WEB PAGE DOES NOT EXIST, AND IS ONLY AVAILABLE IN AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE: PROVIDE
HOLDING DATABASE SOURCE URL, YOUTUBE (VIDEO WEBLOG), VIDEO WEBCAST, AND AUDIO
PODCAST, NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
• ADVANCE ONLINE PUBLICATION/PREPRINT (NOT FINAL PERMANENT FORMAT) VERSION OF ARTICLE,
ONLINE TECHNICAL/RESEARCH REPORT/DOCUMENT, ELECTRONIC/E-BOOK, E-BOOK CHAPTER, ERIC
DOCUMENT (INCLUDING PAPERS PRESENTED AT CONFERENCES & AVAILABLE AS AN ED)
• NEWSLETTER ARTICLE, ONLINE GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION, LEGAL MATERIALS, BILLS (NOT YET
PASSED), & LAWS, BOOK, TECHNICAL/RESEARCH REPORT, BOOK CHAPTER, & ENCYCLOPAEDIA
• ONLINE MASTER'S THESIS OR DISSERTATION, UNPUBLISHED MASTER'S THESIS; DOCTORAL
DISSERTATION INDEXED IN DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS INTERNATIONAL (PUBLISHED) 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

20. • ONLINE REFERENCE MATERIAL (ENCYCLOPAEDIA, DICTIONARY, ETC.),
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION, LEGAL MATERIALS, BILLS (NOT YET PASSED),
& LAWS
• MEETINGS & SYMPOSIA (IF PROVIDED AS AN ERIC DOCUMENT, USE ERIC
EXAMPLES, NOT THESE), PROCEEDINGS OF MEETINGS & SYMPOSIA;
POSTER (IF PROVIDED AS AN ERIC DOCUMENT, USE ERIC EXAMPLES, NOT
THESE)
• GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF DATA GENERATED FROM A DATA SET /
DATA BANK, FILM / MOVIE / MOTION PICTURE [DVD]
• ABSTRACT OF A WORK FROM EITHER PUBLISHER SITE OR DATABASE,
PERSONAL & OTHER COMMUNICATIONS (LETTERS, MEMOS, ETC.)
• MESSAGE POSTED TO BLOG, OR TO AN ELECTRONIC MAILING LIST
(ARCHIVED)
• PERSONAL & OTHER ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS (E-MAIL, MEMOS,
ETC.)
18th March,
2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

21. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
REFERENCE LIST AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY?
A REFERENCE LIST CONSISTS OF ALL SOURCES CITED IN THE TEXT OF A
PAPER, LISTED ALPHABETICALLY BY AUTHOR’S SURNAME OR IN A
PRESCRIBED ORDER.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY MAY INCLUDE RESOURCES THAT WERE CONSULTED,
BUT NOT CITED IN THE TEXT AS WELL AS AN ANNOTATED DESCRIPTION
OF EACH ONE.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES MAY BE ORGANIZED CHRONOLOGICALLY, OR BY
SUBJECT, RATHER THAN ALPHABETICALLY.
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

22. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi
A FEW CITATION STYLES
APA STYLE
WALSER, R. D., & WESTRUP, D. (2009). THE MINDFUL COUPLE: HOW ACCEPTANCE AND MINDFULNESS CAN
LEAD YOU TO THE LOVE YOU WANT. OAKLAND, CA: NEW HARBINGER PUBLICATIONS.
CHICAGO STYLE
WALSER, ROBYN D., AND DARRAH WESTRUP. 2009. THE MINDFUL COUPLE: HOW ACCEPTANCE AND
MINDFULNESS CAN LEAD YOU TO THE LOVE YOU WANT. OAKLAND, CA: NEW HARBINGER
PUBLICATIONS.
MLA STYLE
WALSER, ROBYN D., AND DARRAH WESTRUP. THE MINDFUL COUPLE: HOW ACCEPTANCE AND MINDFULNESS
CAN LEAD YOU TO THE LOVE YOU WANT. OAKLAND, CA: NEW HARBINGER PUBLICATIONS, 2009. PRINT.
HARVARD STYLE
WALSER, RD & WESTRUP, D 2009, THE MINDFUL COUPLE: HOW ACCEPTANCE AND MINDFULNESS CAN LEAD
YOU TO THE LOVE YOU WANT, OAKLAND, CA, NEW HARBINGER PUBLICATIONS.

23. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi
APA STYLE
HTTP://WWW.APASTYLE.ORG
• DEVELOPED BY THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION
• WIDELY USED IN PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATION &
SOCIAL SCIENCES
• MANUSCRIPTS SUBMITTED TO APA JOURNALS
MUST CONFORM TO THE 7TH / 6TH EDITION

24. What is APA for?
The American Psychological Association (APA)
citation style is the most commonly used format for
manuscripts.
1. Stylistics: Paper Formatting
Style
2. In-text Citation
3. Reference List / End-text Citation
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

25. A GLIMPSE FROM APA 6TH ED.: LEVELS OF HEADING
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi
1.
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and
Lowercase Heading
2.
Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and
Lowercase Heading
3.
Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph
heading ending with a period.
4.
Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase
paragraph heading ending with a period.
5.
Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph
heading ending with a period.

26. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

27. APA STYLE: CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi
• References are cited in text with author-date system and listed
alphabetically in the reference list
• Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list
• Each entry in the reference list must be cited in text
• Two kinds of material are cited only in text
1. Classical works: Bible, Qu’ran, Dao De Jing, etc.
e.g. (2 Cor. 5:17 New International Version)
(Qur’an 5:3-4)
2. Personal communications (non-recoverable data)
e.g. B. H. Philips (personal communication, May 11, 2001)

28. RESOURCES FOR APA STYLE (7TH ED.)
APA STYLE HOME PAGE HTTP://WWW.APASTYLE.ORG/
• ONLINE TUTORIALS
• SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS
• SAMPLE PAPERS
UPDATE ON APA STYLE
• APA STYLE BLOG HTTP://BLOG.APASTYLE.ORG/
• FACEBOOK HTTP://WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/APASTYLE
• TWITTER HTTP://TWITTER.COM/APA_STYLE
18th March,
2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

29. ISSUE 1
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

30. ISSUE 2
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

31. ISSUE 3
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

32. Reporting Standards for Research
Mastery over Both
are Important
Natural Sciences Social Sciences
Meta-analysis Journal Article
MARS JARS
18th March, 2023 Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

33. 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi
Even Punctuation Matters

34. TIME
FOR
SHIFTING FROM
TALK TO SOFT
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

35. SIMILARITY CHECK SOFTWARE
 DUPLICHECKER
 SMALLSEOTOOLS
 QUETEXT
 PLAGSCAN
 THESEOTOOLS 18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

36. SIMILARITY CHECK SOFTWARE
 DUSTBALL
 PLAGIARISMDETECTOR
 DOCCOP
 PLAGIARISMSOFTWARE.NET
 PLAGIARISMA
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

37. SIMILARITY CHECK SOFTWARE
 PAPERRATER
 SHAMBLES.NET/PAGES/STAFF/PTOOLS
 NOPLAG
 PLAGIARISMCHECK
 COPYLEAKS
 SCANMYESSAY – VIPER
 DOCOLOC.DE
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

38. MULTIFUNCTIONAL SOFTWARE/WEBSITES
THE BESTIES
 GRAMMARLY & GINGER
 WHITESMOKE
 INDIATYPING
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

39. References and More Help
• KANVARIA, V. K. (ED.) (2016). PERSPECTIVES AND PERCEPTIONS ON ACADEMIC
WRITING AND CITATIONS. NEW DELHI: VL MEDIA SOLUTIONS.
• KANVARIA, V. K. (ED.) (2018). ACADEMIC WRITING, ANTI-PLAGIARISM AND
CITATIONS. DELHI: SHIPRA PUBLICATIONS.
• PAPER FORMATTING VIDEO: APA FORMAT CITATIONS-SIXTH (6TH) EDITION
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=9PBUONA5TYY
• APA REFERENCE LIST SAMPLE
HTTP://FLASH1R.APA.ORG/APASTYLE/BASICS/DATA/RESOURCES/REFERENCES-SAMPLE.PDF
• APA SAMPLE PAPER
HTTP://SUPP.APA.ORG/STYLE/PM6E-CORRECTED-SAMPLE-PAPERS.PDF
• APA FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)
• HTTP://WWW.APASTYLE.ORG/LEARN/FAQS/INDEX.ASPX
18th March, 2023
Dr. Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

40. Queries
or
Concerns
Thank You
UGC-HRDC, University of
Calicut,
All the Participants
And
Present and Future of
the Indian Education
System
Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria, DU, Delhi.
vinodpr111@gmail.com 9810086033