Paper Clinic: Academic Writing and Ethical Practice in Writing 2019

Two Days Interactive Sessions at the
Sikkim University, Gangtok in the
Research Methodology Course / Workshop in Social
Sciences for Faculty Members and Scholars
Paper Clinic: Academic Writing and Ethical
Practice in Writing
27th & 28th Nov, 2019
Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

Brief Outline
Social Sciences
Ethics and
Legalities
Style and
Standards
Academic
Writing
Software and
Techniques
September--2014 Vinod K Kanvaria: OER at AIE

27th & 28th Nov, 2019Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

The Gazette of India, 31st July, 2018

That it is UNETHICAL to:
• Copy the words, ideas, graphs,
images, etc. of others without proper
credit
• Cut and paste various ideas together
from different sources without proper
credit
• Use the same paper in more than one
class without permission
• Edit material between quote marks
without proper notice (look in the APA
6th manual for instructions on how to
do it properly)
DID YOU KNOW. . . ?

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
• Plagiarism is “the action or practice of taking someone else's
work, idea, etc., and passing it off as one's own; literary
theft.”
• Plagiarism is not merely copying of text; it also refers to
using another's ideas as one's own, regardless of the specific
words or constructs used to express that idea
• You will commit plagiarism if fail to include quotations or
acknowledge the sources in your paper
• Articles increasingly available as electronic text in Internet,
has made the physical act of copying the work of others much
easier, imply increasing risk of plagiarism

27th & 28th Nov, 2019
EXAMPLE OF PLAGIARISM
Word-to-word Copy
• Original
• Your Text:
The concept of identity construction is crucial in second
language learning. English learning at the tertiary level is
both a process of acquiring language skills, and a process
of understanding who the learners are and how they are
related to the learning community, the national
sociocultural context and the imagined global community.
Plagiarized!

Using other’s words and ideas without acknowledgment
• Original
• Your Text:
The concept of identity construction is crucial in second
language learning. Post-secondary level English learning
not only represents a process of acquiring language skills,
but also helps the learners to understand own identities
and their relationship with the learning community.
Plagiarized!
Example of Plagiarism

27th & 28th
Nov, 2019
MORE ABOUT PLAGIARISM
• Is it plagiarism, if I just copy a few
words from other’s work?
• Is it an act of plagiarism, if I copy
from an unpublished work?
• What is the result, if I found
committing plagiarism?
• Is plagiarism the same as copyright
infringement?

COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT PLAGIARISM
• After changing the words, we don’t need to cite the source
and it’s not plagiarism
• Every fact needs to be cited
• Plagiarism is when the text is copied as it is from some
source
• To avoid plagiarism, only paper (printed) sources need to
be cited
• Plagiarism can be detected by plagiarism checker or
software
• Plagiarism doesn’t happen, when you copy the ideas from
non-copyrighted material
• Plagiarism is always a planned action
• Plagiarism and similarity are one and the same

TRICKS SCHOLARS PLAY
• Copy texts from several sources and paste
• Copy texts from several sources and use 1-2
connecting sentences between the 2
• Change alternative sentences
• Change a few words in a sentence
• Change every nth word
• Copy text from some source and References from some
other source
• Copy several citations from some other single source
• Use software in an unethical manner e.g. spinning, etc.
• Steal text from software database
• Delete citations from a copied text
• Change the citation for disguising others

27th & 28th Nov,
2019
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?
• Use Quotations to show clearly the extent of other’s work
1. Direct quotation
When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital
resources, Straw warned that:
Preservation and security concerns will also arise in putting together
digital partnerships. Proper professional handling of archival, original,
fragile, unique, and sometimes rare items during the digitization
process should be taken seriously. (Straw, 2009, p. 109)
2. Quoting short part of sentence
When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital
resources, Straw pointed out the critical issues of “preservation and security
concerns”. Safe handling of materials during digitization must be assured
among digital partners. (Straw, 2009)
• Paraphrasing (re-writing in your own words) with in-text citation
• Cite & list the sources

CITING REFERENCES
 Allows to use other people’s work by giving credit to the original
author without plagiarizing
 Strengthens the work by lending outside support to arguments
 Provides the source information for others, who want to find out
more about specific ideas
 Accurately prepared references help establish credibility as a
careful researcher
 Out of order/incomplete citations cause inaccurate citation
network indexing
 Provide documentation for all facts and figures that are not
common knowledge

What are NECESSARY to be cited?
Online Articles in Periodicals, Other Online Materials, Print &
Misc. Non-online
• Article is assigned a DOI, ERIC Document (PDF full-text) (including papers presented at
conferences & available as an ED), Article in Professional /Scholarly Journal: With & without
DOI assigned
• Article is not assigned a DOI: Provide Journal/Magazine/ Newspaper (periodical) home
page URL, Web Site/Page, Article in Popular Magazine
• Article is not assigned a DOI, is either published in a discontinued periodical or journal web
page does not exist, and is ONLY available in an electronic database: Provide holding
database source URL, YouTube (Video Weblog), Video Webcast, and Audio Podcast,
Newspaper Article
• Advance Online Publication/Preprint (not final permanent format) version of article, Online
Technical/Research Report/Document, Electronic/e-Book, e-Book Chapter, ERIC
Document (including papers presented at conferences & available as an ED)
• Newsletter article, Online Government Publication, Legal Materials, Bills (not yet passed), &
Laws, Book, Technical/Research Report, Book Chapter, & Encyclopaedia
• Online Master's Thesis or Dissertation, Unpublished Master's Thesis; Doctoral Dissertation
Indexed in Dissertation Abstracts International (published)
27th & 28th Nov,
2019

• Online Reference Material (encyclopaedia, dictionary,
etc.), Government Publication, Legal Materials, Bills (not yet
passed), & Laws
• Meetings & Symposia (if provided as an ERIC document,
use ERIC examples, not these), Proceedings of Meetings &
Symposia; Poster (if provided as an ERIC document, use
ERIC examples, not these)
• Graphic representation of data generated from a data set /
data bank, Film / Movie / Motion Picture [DVD]
• Abstract of a Work from either publisher site or database,
Personal & Other Communications (letters, memos, etc.)
• Message Posted to Blog, or to an Electronic Mailing List
(Archived)
• Personal & Other Electronic Communications (e-mail,
memos, etc.) 27th & 28th
Nov, 2019

What is the difference between
Reference list and Bibliography?
A reference list consists of all sources cited in the text of a
paper, listed alphabetically by author’s surname or in a
prescribed order.
A bibliography may include resources that were consulted,
but not cited in the text as well as an annotated
description of each one.
Bibliographies may be organized chronologically, or by
subject, rather than alphabetically.

A FEW CITATION STYLES
APA Style
Walser, R. D., & Westrup, D. (2009). The mindful couple: How acceptance and
mindfulness can lead you to the love you want. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger
Publications.
Chicago Style
Walser, Robyn D., and Darrah Westrup. 2009. The mindful couple: How acceptance and
mindfulness can lead you to the love you want. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger
Publications.
MLA Style
Walser, Robyn D., and Darrah Westrup. The Mindful Couple: How Acceptance and
Mindfulness Can Lead You to the Love You Want. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger
Publications, 2009. Print.
Harvard Style
Walser, RD & Westrup, D 2009, The mindful couple: how acceptance and mindfulness can
lead you to the love you want, Oakland, CA, New Harbinger Publications.

APA STYLE
HTTP://WWW.APASTYLE.ORG
• Developed by the American Psychological
Association
• Widely used in Psychology, Education & Social
Sciences journals
• Latest edition (6th ed.) released in July 2009
• Manuscripts submitted to APA journals must
conform to the 6th edition

What is APA for?
The American Psychological Association (APA)
citation style is the most commonly used format for
manuscripts.
1. Stylistics: Paper Formatting
Style
2. In-text Citation
3. Reference List / End-text Citation

APA 6TH ED.: LEVELS OF HEADING
1.
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and
Lowercase Heading
2.
Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and
Lowercase Heading
3.
Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph
heading ending with a period.
4.
Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase
paragraph heading ending with a period.
5.
Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph
heading ending with a period.

27th & 28th Nov, 2019

APA STYLE: CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT
• References are cited in text with author-date system and listed
alphabetically in the reference list
• Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list
• Each entry in the reference list must be cited in text
• Two kinds of material are cited only in text
1. Classical works: Bible, Qu’ran, Dao De Jing, etc.
e.g. (2 Cor. 5:17 New International Version)
(Qur’an 5:3-4)
2. Personal communications (non-recoverable data)
e.g. B. H. Philips (personal communication, May 11, 2001)

RESOURCES FOR APA STYLE (6TH ED.)
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
APA Style Home Page http://www.apastyle.org/
• Online Tutorials
• Supplemental Materials
• Sample Papers
Update on APA Style
• APA Style Blog http://blog.apastyle.org/
• Facebook http://www.facebook.com/APAStyle
• Twitter http://twitter.com/APA_Style
27th & 28th
Nov, 2019

FRAMEWORK FOR A RESEARCH PAPER

Reporting Standards for Research
Mastery over Both
are Important
Natural Sciences Social Sciences
Meta-analysis Journal Article
MARS JARS
September--2014 Vinod K Kanvaria: OER at AIE

Even Punctuation Matters

TIME
FOR
SHIFTING FROM
TALK TO SOFT
27th & 28th
Nov, 2019Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

PLAGIARISM SOFTWARE
 Duplichecker
 Smallseotools
 Quetext
 Plagscan
 Theseotools

PLAGIARISM SOFTWARE
 Dustball
 Plagiarismdetector
 Doccop
 Plagiarismsoftware.net
 Plagiarisma

PLAGIARISM SOFTWARE
 Paperrater
 Shambles.net/pages/staff/ptools
 Noplag
 Plagiarismcheck
 Copyleaks
 Scanmyessay – Viper
 Docoloc.de 27th & 28th Nov, 2019Vinod K Kanvaria, DU, Delhi

MULTIFUNCTIONAL
SOFTWARE/WEBSITES
The Besties
 Grammarly & Ginger
 WhiteSmoke
 IndiaTyping

References and More Help
• Kanvaria, V. K. (Ed.) (2016). Perspectives and perceptions on
academic writing and citations. New Delhi: VL Media Solutions.
• Kanvaria, V. K. (Ed.) (2018). Academic writing, anti-plagiarism
and citations. Delhi: Shipra Publications.
• Paper formatting video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY
• Title: APA Format Citations-Sixth (6th) Edition
• APA Reference List Sample
http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/data/resources/references-
sample.pdf
• APA Sample Paper
http://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-Corrected-Sample-Papers.pdf
• APA Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
• http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx

Queries
or
Concerns
27th & 28th Nov, 2019
Thank You
Sikkim University,
All the Participants
And
Present and Future of
Indian Education
System

Paper Clinic: Academic Writing and Ethical Practice in Writing 2019

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