Inflation can be caused by demand pull, cost push, and increases in the money supply. Demand pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds supply, like during the Celtic Tiger in Ireland when easy credit led to rising house prices. Cost push inflation is due to supply constraints increasing costs, such as the 1970s oil crisis raising energy prices. Increasing the money supply, such as through printing money, led to hyperinflation in Zimbabwe and Yugoslavia in the late 20th century. High inflation can cause problems like worsening the balance of payments, increasing shoe leather and menu costs, and redistributing income away from those on fixed incomes.
in simple language inflation is hike in prices. here i covered some topics about inflation.
1.that topics are introduction to inflation.
2.characteristics of inflation
3.types of inflation
inflation-causes types and control methodsIMS GHAZIABAD
PPT on inflationary trends in INDIA, which consists of all the information about inflation begning from types of inflation to causes and trends of inflation in INDIA.
in simple language inflation is hike in prices. here i covered some topics about inflation.
1.that topics are introduction to inflation.
2.characteristics of inflation
3.types of inflation
inflation-causes types and control methodsIMS GHAZIABAD
PPT on inflationary trends in INDIA, which consists of all the information about inflation begning from types of inflation to causes and trends of inflation in INDIA.
This is a short presentation of my research paper "Inflation and economic growth". Purpose of this paper is to research how inflation affects economic growth. We explore multi facets of inflation within the frame of its interference with economic output. To avoid short view and generalization we will explore parameters of inflation and real GDP for four different countries: United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Japan during seven time periods covering economic output from 1914 up to 2016.
This is a short presentation of my research paper "Inflation and economic growth". Purpose of this paper is to research how inflation affects economic growth. We explore multi facets of inflation within the frame of its interference with economic output. To avoid short view and generalization we will explore parameters of inflation and real GDP for four different countries: United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Japan during seven time periods covering economic output from 1914 up to 2016.
1. Definition
2. Variations of Inflation
3. Calculation of Inflation
4. Keynisian view of Inflation/Causes of Inflation
5. Effects of Inflation
6. Methods to Control Inflation
7. Is inflation good or bad?
8. Inflation and GDP
In today’s global economy, fears of inflation are front and center for many. This fear is driven by massive government stimulus in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
However, many market participants nowadays haven’t experienced truly unhealthy levels of inflation and therefore aren’t prepared to protect themselves against it.
In order to understand where this fear originates from and how one can better protect themselves from unhealthy levels of inflation, it is paramount that market participants and everyday individuals understand the ins and outs of inflation.
In this report, we break down inflation, elaborate on its causes and effects, discuss how central banks manage it, explain what it means for society, and lend insight into how anyone can protect themselves against it.
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Explore our most comprehensive guide on lookback analysis at SafePaaS, covering access governance and how it can transform modern ERP audits. Browse now!
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
2. Question 6. Inflation
(i) With reference to research that you have completed, discuss in
detail each of the THREE main causes of inflation
This research must be cited in the body of your slides and should
include two examples from economic history of times that Demand
Pull, Cost Push and Increases in Money Supply caused inflation.
(ii) Outline three problems caused by high inflation.
3. Overview
1. Inflation
2. Causes of inflation
(Demand Pull, Cost Push, Increase in Money Supply)
3. Problems caused by inflation
4. Conclusion
4. Inflation
Inflation is defined as a steady and persistent increase in the general level of
prices.
Its the rate at which your money loses its value to buy goods and services.
In Europe, the ECB aims to try to maintain inflation rate below, but close to,
2% over the medium term. The Central banks attempt to stop severe
inflation, along with severe deflation, in an attempt to keep excessive
growth of prices to a minimum.
Inflation is measured by CPI or by PPI. CPI (consumer price index) is a
measure of price changes in consumer goods and services such as gasoline,
food, clothing and automobiles (basket of goods).
PPI (producer price indexes) is a family of indexes that measure the average
change over time in selling prices by domestic producers of goods and
services.
5. Current rates of inflation
Central Statistics Office (CSO) & Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Average rate of inflation 2013: 0.56%
7. Demand Pull Inflation
Occurs when aggregate demand is greater than aggregate
supply, therefore increasing prices.
Causes of demand pull inflation?
•
•
•
•
•
Growing economy
Continued rise in aggregated demand
Easy access to bank credit (celtic tiger)
Increase in government expenditure
Consumer purchasing power
8. Property Bubble in Ireland
From 1991 to 2001, Ireland’s real GDP growth averaged
above 7% and Ireland was reaching full employment. Per
capita income reached above average in the EU. This meant
that the population had more income to spend. Lending to
households from 2003-2007 was one of the highest in the
euro area.
House prices increase by 17% between May 2000 and May
2001 alone. Since the population had more to spend, people
invested into housing. The amount of people wanting to buy a
house exceeded the amount of houses available for sale.
9. GOLD
The direct aftermath of the 2008
global financial crisis caused an
inflation for one particular asset,
gold.
Investors worries grew over over the economic fallout
from both the eurozone and U.S debit crisis. This led to an
increase in demand pull inflation for gold.
The price of gold reached a record of $1,895 per ounce in
2011.
10. Cost Push Inflation
Cost Push inflation occurs when there is a shortage of
supply of labor, raw materials and capital. Demand for
products and services remains constant but the prices of
commodities increase causing a rise in the overall price
level.
Cost push inflation occurs when firms increase prices to
maintain or protect margins after experiencing a rise in
their costs of production, wages, electricity bills. Firms
will cover these costs by partly passing it on the
customer (increase price) and by cutting back
production.
11. Crude Oil
Oil is an example of a cost push inflation. If oil prices increase, then they
may lead to sustained increase in the overall inflation rate. If rising oil
prices lead to higher inflation over the longer term, rising energy and
wage costs are more likely to be passed through in terms of rising
consumer prices. However if oil prices stabilise, the corresponding
inflationary pressure will disappear.
1970s Oil crisis
Series of energy caused by problems in
the Middle East. Price of crude oil rose
from 3 to 12 dollars by 1974. The price
of petrol rocketed,making transport
more expensive. Inflation rate hit more
than 24%.
12. Natural disasters
Natural disaster or the environment can be catalysts for cost push inflation.
In 2011, a 9 magnitude earthquake and tsunami destroyed towns and cities in
Japan. This greatly affected Japan’s economy as well due the massive
damages to factories and production plants. Japan manufacturers 20% of the
world’s semiconductor products. Since production were halted, there was less
products manufactured and available which resulted in increase of prices.
In 2013, olive oil production was affected by series of natural disasters. Olive
trees in Italy are affected by a plant germ. This plant germ is killing centuries
old trees which are a great part of olive oil production. In Greece, bad
weather affected the olive trees which led to a shortage of crops. In Spain,
shortage of olive oil was due to the lack of water during the long hot summer
weather. The price of Spanish olive oil has risen by roughly 30 % while the
olive oil from Greece has risen in price by nearly 50%.
13. Increase in Money Supply
Inflation can occur due to the increase in money supply in the economy. As
more and more money is released into circulation, the more likely it can
increase inflation.
Increase of money supply in circulation can occur due to
1. Monetization (more money being printed)
2. Banks lending loans
3. Banks giving out credit cards
4. Quantitative easing ( A monetary policy in which a central bank purchases
government securities from the market in order to lower interest rate and
increase the money supply)
Inflation caused by the increasing money supply circulation happened in
Zimbabwe, Hungary, Germany, Yugoslavia and Argentina (these countries
experienced hyperinflation due to the monetization).
14. Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe was the first in 21st century to experience hyperinflation due to
the large monetization by the government. Before becoming independent in
1980, the country was involved with guerrilla wars.Inflation occurred due to
the preceded economic decline over several years and the mounting public
debt.
Economy of Zimbabwe started to decline in 1999, when
external debt increased and commercial output
worsened. There was uncontrolled government
spending which greatly affected the economy as well.
Tax collection did not help to cover the large
government expenditure thus the government decided
to begin monetization. The government printed even
more money when they were unable to cover
expenditures thus increasing money supply in the
economy.
15. In summer 2008, inflation reached 231,000,000%.
In 2009, the Zimbabwean Government issued the highest
denomination which was one hundred trillion dollar
(100,000,000,000,000). Compared to this, in 1980, when
Zimbabwe gained independence, existed only Z$2, Z$5,
Z$10 and Z$20 denominations.
The high inflation rates throughout the years
eroded currency’s purchasing power. Usually when
the currency is almost worthless, the use of foreign
exchange or barter frequently occurs-People traded
gold for products and services, Zimbabwean dollar
became irrelevant.
By the end of 2009, the population started to use
US dollars which helped in stabilising the economy
of Zimbabwe.
16. Yugoslavia
Under Tito (Dictator), Yugoslavia (now Serbia and Montenegro) ran a budget deficit
that was financed by printing money. This led to a rate of inflation of 15 to 25
percent per year. New policies led to heavier reliance upon printing, creating money
to finance the operation of the government and the socialist economy. This created
hyperinflation.
The government tried to counter the inflation by imposing price controls. But when
inflation continued, the government price controls made the price producers were
getting so ridiculous low that they simply stopped producing. Later the government
tried to curb inflation by requiring stores to file paperwork every time they raised a
price. This meant that many store employees had to devote their time to fill out
these official forms. Instead of curbing inflation, this new policy actually increased
inflation because store owners tended to increase prices by a large increments so
they would not have to fill forms each time price changed.
17. In october of 1993, the Yugoslavian government created a new currency. One
that was worth one million of the ‘old’ dinars. The government simply removed
six zeros from the paper money. This did not stop the inflation. Between
October 1993 to January 1995, prices increased by 5 quadrillion percent. Many
Yugoslavian businesses refused to take the Yugoslavian currency and instead
used the German Deutsche Mark. The average daily rate of inflation was 100%.
In January 1994, the government introduced the ‘super’ dinar equal to 10
million of the ‘new’ dinars.
19. Balance of payments
Balance of payments record the flow of money between
residents of the country and the rest of the world. Inflation is
likely to worsen the balance of payments.
If a country suffers from relatively high inflation, its exports
will become less competitive in world markets (prices
increasing). Imports will become relatively cheaper than home
produced goods. Thus exports will fall and imports will rise. As
a result, the balance of payments will deteriorate and/or the
exchange rate will fall.
20. Shoe leather and Menu cost
Shoe leather refers to the costs (in time and energy) of efforts
intended to counteract the effect of inflation. The term comes
from the belief that people will cope with inflation by keeping
less cash on hand and making more trips to the bank. When
inflation is high, interest rates go up as well, which means
that keeping money in interest bearing accounts can be a
good strategy.
Menu cost occurs during high inflation. Minor costs of
changing catalogues, price labels or adjust slot machines due
the changing prices in the economy.
21. Income Re-Distribution
Inflation redistributes income away from those on fixed incomes and
those in a weak bargaining position, to those who can use their
economic power to gain large pay, rent or profit increases. Those
people on fixed incomes (social welfare) suffer when inflation is high
as their incomes remain at the fixed rate while prices continue to rise
thus reducing their standard of living.
High inflation redistributes wealth to those with assets that rise in
value particularly rapidly during periods of inflation, and away from
those with types of savings that pay rates of interest below the rate of
inflation and hence whose value is eroded by inflation. Unexpected
inflation can lead to borrowers paying a smaller real interest rate,
transferring wealth from creditors to borrowers.
23. References
Amadeo, K. Cost-Push inflation Definition [Accessed on 30th november 2013]
http://useconomy.about.com/od/inflationfaq/f/Cost-Push-Inflation.htm
Amadeo, K. What is Demand Pull Inflation [Accessed on 1st December 2013]
http://useconomy.about.com/od/inflationfaq/f/demand-pull-inflation.htm
Amadeo, K. impact of Japan’s Earthquake: How it affects the global economy [Accessed 1st December 2013]
http://useconomy.about.com/od/criticalssues/a/Japan-Earthquake.htm
Business Dictionary: Shoe Leather Cost [Accessed on 1st December]
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/shoe-leather-cost.html
Cavallo, M. (2008) Oil Prices and Inflation. [Accessed on 30th November 2013]
http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2008/october/oil-prices-inflation/
ECB: Inflation and the euro [Accessed on 29th November 2013]
http://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/prices/hicp/html/inflation.en.html
ECB: Monetary Policy [Accessed on 1st December 2013]
https://www.ecb.europa.eu/mopo/html/index.en.html
24. Economics Times: Cost push inflation [Accessed on 27th November 2013]
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/cost-push-inflation
Federal reserve Bank of Dallas (2011) Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe. Globalization and Monetary Policy Institute 2011 Annual
Report [Accessed on 16th November 2013]
http://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/institute/annual/2011/annual11b.pdf
Financial Statistics: Summary Chart Report (29/11/2013) [Accessed on 30th November 2013]
http://www.centralbank.ie/polstats/stats/summarychart/Documents/ie_financial_statistics_summary_chart_pack.pdf
HARARE (2013) In Dollars they trust. [Accessed on 16th November 2013]
http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21576665-grubby-greenbacks-dear-credit-full-shops-and-emptyfactories-dollars-they
Hayes, S., Murray, T. M., & O'Connor, B. (2012). Positive economics leaving certificate.
IMF (2002) Ireland: 2002 Article IV consultation [Accessed 30th November 2013]
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2002/cr02170.pdf
Inflation definition (investopedia) [Accessed on 25th November 2013]
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/inflation.asp
Inflation: How it is measured? (investopedia) [Accessed on 25th November 2013]
http://www.investopedia.com/university/inflation/inflation2.asp
25. Kelto, A. (2012) How Crumbling U.S. Dollars bailed out Zimbabwe. [Accessed on 15th November 2013]
http://www.npr.org/2012/05/25/153425459/how-crumbling-u-s-dollars-bailed-out-zimbabwe
Lyon. J (1996) Yugoslavia's Hyperinflation, 1993-1994: A Social History. East European Politics and Societies vol. 10, no. 2
(Spring 1996), pp. 293-327 [Accessed on 28th November 2013]
http://www.rogershermansociety.org/yugoslavia.htm
Macalister, T. (2011) Background: what caused the 1970s oil price shock? [Accessed 30th November 2013]
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/03/1970s-oil-price-shock
Sloman, J. (2003) Economics(5th Ed.). Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
Trading Economics: Inflation rate in Ireland[Accessed on 15th November 2013]
http://www.tradingeconomics.com/ireland/inflation-cpi
Tutor2u: Cost push inflation [Accessed on 27th November 2013]
http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/inflation/cost_push_inflation.htm
What are causes and effects of inflation [Accessed on 30th November 2013]
http://test.scoilnet.ie/Res/charlieotoole030899161845_2.htm