This document defines different types of inflation including demand-pull inflation which occurs when demand exceeds supply, and cost-push inflation which is caused by rising input costs like wages, taxes, or import prices. It also discusses deflation as the opposite of inflation where prices decline. Stagflation is defined as slow economic growth combined with rising prices. Hyperinflation occurs when a large money supply increase is not supported by economic growth, causing sharp price rises. The main measures to control inflation discussed are monetary policy, fiscal policy, direct controls of prices and rationing, increasing output, controlling smuggling, maintaining industrial peace, and controlling the money supply through tight monetary policy without deficit financing.

1. Presented By:
Mamta
Vamsi

2. In economics inflation means, a rise in
general level of prices of goods and
services in a economy over a period of
time.
 When the general price level rises,
each unit of currency buys fewer goods
and services. Thus, inflation results in
loss of value of money.

3.  DEMAND - PULL INFLATION:
In this type of inflation prices increase results from an excess
of demand over supply for the economy as a whole.
Demand inflation occurs when supply cannot expand any
more to meet demand; that is, when critical production factors
are being fully utilized, also called Demand inflation.
 COST - PUSH INFLATION:
This type of inflation occurs when general price levels rise
owing to rising input costs.
In general, there are three factors that could contribute to
Cost-Push inflation: rising wages, increases in corporate
taxes, and imported inflation. [imported raw or partly-finished
goods may become expensive due to rise in international
costs or as a result of depreciation of local currency ]

4.  Deflation is the opposite of inflation.
 Deflation refers to situation, where there is decline in general
price levels.
 Thus, deflation occurs when the inflation rate falls below 0%
(or it is negative inflation rate).
 Deflation increases the real value of money and allows one to
buy more goods with the same amount of money over time.
 Deflation can occur owing to reduction in the supply of money
or credit.
 Deflation can also occur due to direct contractions in
spending, either in the form of a reduction in government
spending, personal spending or investment spending.
Deflation has often had the side effect of increasing
unemployment in an economy, since the process often leads
to a lower level of demand in the economy.

5.  Stagflation refers to economic condition where economic
growth is very slow or stagnant and prices are rising.
 The term stagflation was coined by British politician Iain
Macleod, who used the phrase in his speech to parliament in
1965, when he said: “We now have the worst of both worlds -
not just inflation on the one side or stagnation on the other.
We have a sort of ‘stagflation’ situation.”
 Stagflation occurs when the prices of goods rise while
unemployment increases and spending declines.
 At international level, this happened during mid 1970s, when
world oil prices rose dramatically, fuelling sharp inflation in
developed countries.

6.  Hyperinflation is a situation where the price
increases are too sharp.
 Hyperinflation often occurs when there is a
large increase in the money supply, which
is not supported by growth in Gross
Domestic Product (GDP).
 Such a situation results in an imbalance in
the supply and demand for the money.
 In this this remains unchecked; it results into
sharp increase in prices and depreciation of
the domestic currency.

7.  Main measures:
 Monitory policy
Monetary policy consists of the actions of a central bank, currency board or
other regulatory committee that determine the size and rate of growth of
the money supply, which in turn affects interest rates.
 Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy involves the decisions that a government makes regarding
collection of revenue, through taxation and about spending that
revenue. It is often administered by an executive under laws of a
legislature.
 Direct measures and other measures
Direct controls refer to the regulatory measures undertaken with objectives
of converting an open inflation into a suppressed one. Direct control on
prices and rationing of scarce goods are the two such regulatory
measures.

8. Other measures:
 Increase in output
-increase the supply of goods
 Control of smuggling
-check and punish
 Industrial peace
-to maintain the supply of goods and avoid the danger of
scarcity.
 Control of money supply
-Volume of credit and money supply should be control. This can
be done if tight monitory policy is followed.
 No deficit financing