Economics is a social science that studies how societies allocate scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It is made up of microeconomics, which studies individual agents, and macroeconomics, which studies the entire economy. Economics analyzes how households, firms, governments, banks, and other agents interact in markets to satisfy consumer needs and wants. It examines the production of goods and services using resources like land, labor, capital, and organization to transform inputs into outputs. Business activity is divided into four main sectors - primary (raw materials), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services), and an advanced tertiary sector focused on information technologies.

1. ECONOMICS
A SOCIAL SCIENCE

2. What is economics?
• It’s a social science.
• It studies wealth production and wealth distribution
between different countries and different agents.
• It studies different situations through models.
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Pie chart Histogram, bar chart

3. It is made up of:
• Microeconomics: it
studies the
behaviour of single
economic agents
• Macroeconomics: it
studies the
behaviour of the
economy as a whole

4. What does it study?
• How to satisfy the needs and wants of the
consumers through goods and services
• The relations among many agents

5. Why is it important to study
economics?
• Everyone (rational
agent) knows all the
available
alternatives very
well and tries to get
the best result from
their action.

7. Who are the agents?
• Households
• Firms
• Government
• Banks
• The rest of the world

8. Who are the agents?
• ……so economic activity takes place
within societies to satisfy the needs and
wants of the consumers!!

9. • Primary needs are also called NEEDS
because we cannot live without them and
they are essential for our existence. They
are:
• Food;
• Clothing;
• Shelter;

10. • Secondary needs are also called
WANTS because we do not really need
them. They are:
• Cars;
• Phones;
• Holidays;
• Computers;
• Sport;
Life is much easier with these comforts!

11. Needs and wants
• Our idea of needs and wants is always
changing.
• As a result of consumers’ increased
demands (request) the market now offers
(supply) an enormous number of different
products.
• There are two main types of products:
goods and services

12. Goods are physical objects we can
either see or touch. They can be
divided into 2 categories:
• Non-durable goods (newspapers,
tobacco)
• Durable goods (cars, furniture)

13. • DIRECT: used directly to satisfy an
immediate need (sandwiches);
• INSTRUMENTAL: used to produce more
goods (wool→ sweaters);
• COMPLEMENTARY: goods that better
satisfy a need if used together (coffee +
sugar)
• SURROGATES: different goods that
satisfy the same need (butter and
margarine).
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14. Services are non-physical products; they
are: tourism, education, transport.
Services are performances that can be
used to satisfy people’s needs.

15. PRODUCTION
• ….to satisfy needs and wants it is
necessary to produce some goods and
services

16. The meaning of “production”:
• Production is the activity that
makes use of natural goods to
satisfy people’s needs.
• A lot of goods can’t be used when
they are in their natural state, so
they have to be transformed
through work and machineries in
order to be useful or more useful.

17. Production stages
• Turning raw materials
into finished products
• Carrying them from
the place of
production to the
place of consumption
• Enabling consumers
to buy them where
and when they want

19. IMPORTANT!!!!!
• The production factors are in short
supply. As a result, it is important to use
resources efficiently, in order to maximise
the output that can be produced from them

20. Land or natural resources
We find them in nature, for example mineral, water, solar
power, wood etc.
Natural resources are fundamental for the production of all
goods

21. Labour
In economics, labour is the work carried out by
human beings. So it refers to the number of people
working and to their skills.

22. Capital
It is the money invested to run a business. It is used to build
factories, machinery, vehicles, buildings and equipment
and anything that is needed to produce goods or services
(this is what makes it a factor of production).

23. Organization
It is the phase that coordinates all the factors.
Through the organization an enterprise combines the
factors to obtain the most favorable economic
results.

25. Economics
sectors
Business activity is
the process of
transforming inputs
into outputs by
adding
value. There are
four main
sectors of business
activity:

26. PRIMARY SECTOR
It includes business
organisation
regarding the
production or
extraction of raw
materials from natural
sources

27. Industries in the primary sector include:
• Farming and
agriculture
• Forestry
• Fishing
• Oil extraction
• Mineral extraction

28. decline
• There is a constant
decline in
employment in many
primary activities, due
to the use of new
technologies.

29. SECONDARY SECTOR
• It includes
manufacturing
industries which make
finished products as
well as construction
industries.

30. Industries in the secondary sector include:
• Metal and mineral
products
• Chemicals and artificial
fibres
• Engineering and car
production
• Food, drink and tobacco
• Textiles, clothing
• Building
• Civil engineering (roads,
etc.)

31. • Employment in the
secondary sector is
declining too, due to
the competition from
newly industrialised
countries in the Far
East, such as China,
Taiwan etc.

32. TERTIARY SECTOR
• It includes service
industries that get
their name because
they provide a service
rather than a product.

33. Industries in the tertiary sector include:
• Retailing
• Distribution
• Hotels and catering
• Banking and financial
services
• Post and
telecommunications
• Education
• Health services
• Public administration

34. Tertiary advanced sector
The advanced tertiary sector is
represented by new
information technologies.
Companies dealing with
telecommunications,
information technologies,
media consulting services,
and information processing
are all part of the advanced
tertiary sector. The term
“advanced tertiary” was
coined in the last decades to
distinguish between the
companies offering service at