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WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL
STRUCTURE ??
ACCORDING TO J.S.BAIN :“ A group of sellers or
of close substitute output who supply to a
common group of buyers ”
In similar term a group of firms producing close
substitute for the common group of buyer. It is not
necessary that the substitute good comes from
the same industry.
For example Wooden blanket and electric room
heaters are used for removal of cold but they
cannot be cannot as output of one industry . The
nature of these product is different. They are
based on different technologies. So, one easily
conceive them as output of different industries.
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Demand side ( market based ) criteria
We would come to know how consumer
distinguish between particular products
although the technology involved are similar.
Example – DELL AND HP
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2 . Supply side ( technology based )
criteria
Grouping those product that have similar
technological expertise
Example- manufactures of rolls Royce
producing a smaller car that would compete
with the mini.
7. MARKET STRUCTURE
By the structure of any complex body we mean
the pattern or form or manner in which the
constituent part of the body are arranged
together. Taking the market as complex body, we
have to examine how its different constituent i.e.
seller and buyer linked together
8. Features of market
structure
Degree of Seller
Concentration
Degree of buyer
concentration
Degree of product
Differentiation
Condition of entry to
10. Perfect competition
Perfect competition refers to a market situation
where there are a large number of buyers and
sellers. The sellers sells homogeneous product at
uniform price.
AND
The price is not determined by firms but by the
industries.
11. Characteristics of perfect competition
Large number of buyers and
sellers
Homogeneous product
Independent decision making
Freedom of entry and exit of
the firms
Perfect knowledge
Absence of transportation
12. Monopolistic competition
Monopolistic competition is a market structure in
which there are many sellers of a commodity but
the product of ech seller differs from that of the
other seller in one respect or the other.
For example : Different brands of the product,
Different trademark, Difference in shape, colour
and quality.
OR
The firms producing variety of toothpastes,
such as Pepsodent, Colgate, Babool etc are the
example of monopolistic competition
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Monopoly
Monopoly is the market form which has always
attracted the attention of the economists. This
word has come from Greek words, monos
(single), polein (selling), which means alone to
sell, it implies a market structure , where there is
a single seller. In economics theory , monopoly is
characterised by sole producer selling a distinct
product for which there are no close substitute
and there are strong barriers to entry. This sole
producer controls entire supply of the market.
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Characteristics of monopoly
One seller and large numbers
of buyers
Monopoly is also an industry
Restriction on the entry of
new firms
No close substitute
Price maker
Price discrimination
16. Oligopoly
It is the form of market in which there is a
competition among a few firm . A small number of
firms are producing a commodity and competing
in the market
Example: coke ,Pepsi and a few other competing
in the global market of soft drink
17. Characteristics of Oligopoly
Few sellers and many
buyers
Homogeneous or
differentiated products
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Some barriers to entry
18. Kinked demand curve
It has been observe that in many oligopolistic
industries prices remain stick or rigid or inflexible
– changed or every rate changeable for a long
period of time, even when the cost declines . This
can be explained with the help of Paul sweezy’s
kinked demand curve model.
Assumptions:-
1. Each oligopolist belives that if he lowers the
prices the competitors will follow him and
accordingly lowers prices
2. Each oligopolist belives that if he increases the
prices the competitors will not follow him and
will not increase the prices