Market structure
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This document summarizes different market structures: - Perfect competition has many small firms, identical products, free entry and exit, and firms are price takers. - Monopoly has a single seller, high barriers to entry, and the firm can influence the market price. - Monopolistic competition is between perfect competition and monopoly with many firms selling differentiated goods. - Oligopoly has a few large firms producing either differentiated or similar products, where each firm is influenced by competitors.
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This document provides an overview of market structures and pricing policies. It defines key terms like market, competition, and market structures. It then describes different market structures in more detail like perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and their features. It also discusses equilibrium points for different market structures and how price and output are determined. Pricing methods and objectives are introduced along with strategies for pricing in competitive markets.
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For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Pranto Karmoker (leader)
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Monopolistic competition is a market structure in which there are many firms selling differentiated products.
Production Function
The document discusses production functions and the law of diminishing returns. It defines production as the process of combining inputs to make goods or services. There are different forms of production like job production, batch production, and mass production. The key factors of production are land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. The Cobb-Douglas production function represents the relationship between capital, labor and output. The law of diminishing returns states that increasing one variable input while holding others constant leads to lower marginal returns after a point, as illustrated by the marginal, total and average product curves.
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A simple and useful presentation for professors to teach market structure in economics class. Contains relevant illustrations
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Perfect competition is an idealized market structure that achieves an efficient allocation of resources.
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Market structure identifies how competitive a market is based on factors like the number of firms, nature of products, degree of monopoly power, and barriers to entry. It ranges from perfect competition on the highly competitive end to pure monopoly on the less competitive end. The further right on the scale, the greater the monopoly power of firms. Market structure models are representations of reality that help analyze industry competition levels and firm behavior.
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For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Pranto Karmoker (leader)
Ariful Islam
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Monopolistic competition
Monopolistic competition is a market structure with many small businesses that produce differentiated products. Each business has some control over price due to product differentiation but faces competition from substitutable products. Key features include differentiated but substitutable products, many sellers and buyers, free entry and exit, and profit maximization through product differentiation and non-price competition like advertising. In long run equilibrium, firms earn only normal profits as entry by new firms eliminates excess profits. Output is lower and prices higher under monopolistic competition compared to perfect competition.
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The document outlines four main market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Perfect competition is defined by a large number of buyers and sellers of homogeneous products, with all participants being price takers. A monopoly exists when there is a single seller of a unique product with no close substitutes, allowing the seller to be a price maker. Monopolistic competition involves many sellers of differentiated products with some control over price. Oligopoly describes a market with few sellers that can influence prices through cooperation or collusion.
Imperfect competion 2
This document discusses different market structures including imperfect competition. It provides examples of monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. For monopolistic competition, it describes characteristics like differentiated products, freedom of entry/exit, and firms having control over prices while facing downward sloping demand curves. For oligopoly, it notes the interdependence between a small number of firms. The document also discusses the Cournot model of duopoly and provides the De Beers diamond cartel as an example of collusion between firms.
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It creates efficiency and smoothens up the process of final consumption of goods and services.
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It deepens our understanding.
Consumption is a broader term and it is the essence of economics. Economists generally consider consumption to be the final purpose of economic activity, hence consumption per person is a central measure of an economy’s productive success.
Consumption in economics means utilization of a product or a commodity and to derive benefits from the same. The utility of a product will help us in satisfying our needs and hence it is consumption.
Consumption can be defined in different ways, but is usually best described as the final purchase of goods and services by individuals. The purchase of a new pair of shoes, a burger at the fast food restaurant, or the service of getting your house cleaned are all examples of consumption.
It is a state of maximum satisfaction from a consumption.
A producer will obtain the stage of equilibrium when he will get maximum profit from his production.
In economics, economic equilibrium is a state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences the (equilibrium) values of economic variables will not change.
Equilibrium occurs at the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal. Market equilibrium in this case refers to a condition where a market price is established through competition.
This price is often called the competitive price or market clearing price and will tend not to change unless demand or supply changes and the quantity is called "competitive quantity" or market clearing quantity.
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This document introduces market structure models and their characteristics. It discusses the four main market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. It outlines their key characteristics such as the number and size of firms, nature of products, barriers to entry and examples. It then examines how firm behavior is affected differently under each market structure in terms of pricing, costs, branding and profitability. The document emphasizes that more competitive market structures are generally more efficient for allocating resources.
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This document discusses production functions and their key concepts. It defines a production function as expressing the relationship between physical inputs and physical output of a firm for a given technology. It describes factors of production as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. It also discusses the difference between short-run and long-run production functions, fixed and variable factors, laws of variable proportions and returns to scale.
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This document discusses bilateral monopoly, which refers to a market situation with a single seller (monopolist) and single buyer (monopsonist) of a product. It outlines the assumptions of bilateral monopoly and describes how price and output are determined. Specifically, it notes that the monopolist will seek to sell at a higher price where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, while the monopsonist will seek to buy at a lower price where marginal expenditure equals marginal utility. The actual price and quantity transacted will depend on the relative bargaining strengths of the monopolist and monopsonist, settling somewhere between the two preferred prices.
Perfect Competition
Students should be able to:
Understand the assumptions of perfect competition and be able to explain the behaviour of firms in this market structure.
Understand the significance of firms as price-takers in perfectly competitive markets. An understanding of the meaning of shut-down point is required. The impact of entry into and exit from the industry should be considered.
Elasticityof demand
The document discusses the concept of elasticity of demand. It defines elasticity as the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. There are three main types of elasticities - price elasticity, income elasticity, and cross elasticity. Price elasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in the price of the good. Income elasticity measures the responsiveness to a change in consumer income. Cross elasticity measures the responsiveness to a change in the price of a substitute or complementary good. The document also discusses factors that influence each type of elasticity, and the importance of understanding elasticities for business decisions.
Market structure
The document discusses different types of market structures:
1) Monopolistic competition is characterized by many firms producing similar but differentiated products that are not perfect substitutes for one another. Firms compete by differentiating their products and set prices taking competitors' prices as given.
2) Perfect competition exists when many small firms produce identical products and are price takers. There are no barriers to entry or exit.
3) Monopoly is dominated by a single seller of a unique product without close substitutes. Monopolists can influence market prices.
4) Oligopoly has a small number of interdependent firms that recognize how each other's actions impact prices and market shares.
Oligopolistic Competitive Market Structure
This document defines and describes oligopolistic competition. It begins by defining oligopoly as a market structure with a small number of firms that have significant influence over each other. It then describes key characteristics of oligopolistic markets, including that a few dominant firms share the market and competition is limited. The document outlines that in oligopolies, firms may cooperate with each other or compete non-collusively. It also differentiates between pure oligopolies where goods are homogeneous and imperfect oligopolies where goods are differentiated.
Economics
1. The document summarizes Baumol's sales maximization model, which proposes that firms aim to maximize sales revenue rather than profit.
2. It outlines the key assumptions of the model, including that firms operate in single periods and must meet minimum profit constraints.
3. The document then applies the model to both a single product firm without advertising and with advertising, showing how a sales maximizer would produce a higher output level than a profit maximizer in both cases.
Monopoly
The document discusses key aspects of monopoly markets including:
- A monopoly is defined as a single seller of a product without close substitutes that controls the entire market.
- Features of monopoly include barriers to entry that allow the firm to be a price maker and make independent output decisions.
- Monopolies can maximize profits in the short run but aim for normal profits in the long run to deter new competition.
- Monopolies are economically inefficient as they produce at lower output levels than would be optimal, resulting in deadweight loss.
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This document provides an overview of imperfect competition. It discusses the key characteristics of monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly market structures. For each structure, it outlines the number of firms, ability to affect price, entry barriers, and examples. The document then examines pricing decisions under imperfect competition and provides examples of the De Beers cartel, which dominated the global diamond industry through controlling supply. In summary, the document analyzes different forms of imperfect competition and pricing models.
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Monopolistic market
Monopolistic competition is an imperfect market structure with many sellers producing differentiated products. Edward Chamberlin is considered the founder of the theory of monopolistic competition. Key characteristics include product differentiation, free entry and exit, and firms having some control over pricing. Examples include fast food, clothing, and hairstylists. In the short run, firms maximize profits by producing where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. In the long run, entry by other firms shifts demand, so firms can no longer price above average costs and earn pure economic profits.
Market Structure
The document discusses different market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Under perfect competition, there are many small firms and buyers, products are identical, price is uniform, and there is free entry and exit into the market. A monopoly has a single seller, barriers to entry, no substitutes for its product, and the ability to influence prices. Monopolistic competition has many firms that sell differentiated but similar products and engage in non-price competition like advertising.
Main market forms
The document discusses different market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and duopoly. Perfect competition is characterized by many small firms, homogeneous products, perfect information, and price-taking behavior. Monopoly involves a single seller controlling the market. Monopolistic competition and oligopoly involve a small number of firms with some product differentiation. Oligopoly features mutual interdependence between firms. Duopoly is a special case of oligopoly with two firms.
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Monopolistic competition
Monopolistic competition is a market structure with many small businesses that produce differentiated products. Each business has some control over price due to product differentiation but faces competition from substitutable products. Key features include differentiated but substitutable products, many sellers and buyers, free entry and exit, and profit maximization through product differentiation and non-price competition like advertising. In long run equilibrium, firms earn only normal profits as entry by new firms eliminates excess profits. Output is lower and prices higher under monopolistic competition compared to perfect competition.
Market Structure
The document outlines four main market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Perfect competition is defined by a large number of buyers and sellers of homogeneous products, with all participants being price takers. A monopoly exists when there is a single seller of a unique product with no close substitutes, allowing the seller to be a price maker. Monopolistic competition involves many sellers of differentiated products with some control over price. Oligopoly describes a market with few sellers that can influence prices through cooperation or collusion.
Imperfect competion 2
This document discusses different market structures including imperfect competition. It provides examples of monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. For monopolistic competition, it describes characteristics like differentiated products, freedom of entry/exit, and firms having control over prices while facing downward sloping demand curves. For oligopoly, it notes the interdependence between a small number of firms. The document also discusses the Cournot model of duopoly and provides the De Beers diamond cartel as an example of collusion between firms.
Equilibrium
It is a stream of social sciences and commerce.
It is a study of production, consumption, distribution and regulation of flow of goods and services in an economy.
It has a direct relation with money.
It studies the economic aspect of goods and services provided in the economy.
It is a wider concept and hence affects the overall conditions of the economy.
It has two major segments: micro and macro. It is derived from Greek word ‘Mikros’.
It creates efficiency and smoothens up the process of final consumption of goods and services.
It tries to understand the problems that occur while producing, distributing and consuming a product.
It deepens our understanding.
Consumption is a broader term and it is the essence of economics. Economists generally consider consumption to be the final purpose of economic activity, hence consumption per person is a central measure of an economy’s productive success.
Consumption in economics means utilization of a product or a commodity and to derive benefits from the same. The utility of a product will help us in satisfying our needs and hence it is consumption.
Consumption can be defined in different ways, but is usually best described as the final purchase of goods and services by individuals. The purchase of a new pair of shoes, a burger at the fast food restaurant, or the service of getting your house cleaned are all examples of consumption.
It is a state of maximum satisfaction from a consumption.
A producer will obtain the stage of equilibrium when he will get maximum profit from his production.
In economics, economic equilibrium is a state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences the (equilibrium) values of economic variables will not change.
Equilibrium occurs at the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal. Market equilibrium in this case refers to a condition where a market price is established through competition.
This price is often called the competitive price or market clearing price and will tend not to change unless demand or supply changes and the quantity is called "competitive quantity" or market clearing quantity.
Introduction to market structures
This document introduces market structure models and their characteristics. It discusses the four main market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. It outlines their key characteristics such as the number and size of firms, nature of products, barriers to entry and examples. It then examines how firm behavior is affected differently under each market structure in terms of pricing, costs, branding and profitability. The document emphasizes that more competitive market structures are generally more efficient for allocating resources.
Economics - Market Structure
This is a presentation on market structure - topic of Economics -
It includes:
What is Market?
What is market structure?
Characteristics of Market
Classification of Market
1)Area or region
2)Time
3)Functions
4)nature of Commodity
5)Legality
Types of Market structure
characteristics of all market structures
This can be useful for BBA student of 1st year.
Production Function
This document discusses production functions and their key concepts. It defines a production function as expressing the relationship between physical inputs and physical output of a firm for a given technology. It describes factors of production as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. It also discusses the difference between short-run and long-run production functions, fixed and variable factors, laws of variable proportions and returns to scale.
Bilateral monopoly
This document discusses bilateral monopoly, which refers to a market situation with a single seller (monopolist) and single buyer (monopsonist) of a product. It outlines the assumptions of bilateral monopoly and describes how price and output are determined. Specifically, it notes that the monopolist will seek to sell at a higher price where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, while the monopsonist will seek to buy at a lower price where marginal expenditure equals marginal utility. The actual price and quantity transacted will depend on the relative bargaining strengths of the monopolist and monopsonist, settling somewhere between the two preferred prices.
Perfect Competition
Students should be able to:
Understand the assumptions of perfect competition and be able to explain the behaviour of firms in this market structure.
Understand the significance of firms as price-takers in perfectly competitive markets. An understanding of the meaning of shut-down point is required. The impact of entry into and exit from the industry should be considered.
Elasticityof demand
The document discusses the concept of elasticity of demand. It defines elasticity as the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. There are three main types of elasticities - price elasticity, income elasticity, and cross elasticity. Price elasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in the price of the good. Income elasticity measures the responsiveness to a change in consumer income. Cross elasticity measures the responsiveness to a change in the price of a substitute or complementary good. The document also discusses factors that influence each type of elasticity, and the importance of understanding elasticities for business decisions.
Market structure
The document discusses different types of market structures:
1) Monopolistic competition is characterized by many firms producing similar but differentiated products that are not perfect substitutes for one another. Firms compete by differentiating their products and set prices taking competitors' prices as given.
2) Perfect competition exists when many small firms produce identical products and are price takers. There are no barriers to entry or exit.
3) Monopoly is dominated by a single seller of a unique product without close substitutes. Monopolists can influence market prices.
4) Oligopoly has a small number of interdependent firms that recognize how each other's actions impact prices and market shares.
Oligopolistic Competitive Market Structure
This document defines and describes oligopolistic competition. It begins by defining oligopoly as a market structure with a small number of firms that have significant influence over each other. It then describes key characteristics of oligopolistic markets, including that a few dominant firms share the market and competition is limited. The document outlines that in oligopolies, firms may cooperate with each other or compete non-collusively. It also differentiates between pure oligopolies where goods are homogeneous and imperfect oligopolies where goods are differentiated.
Economics
1. The document summarizes Baumol's sales maximization model, which proposes that firms aim to maximize sales revenue rather than profit.
2. It outlines the key assumptions of the model, including that firms operate in single periods and must meet minimum profit constraints.
3. The document then applies the model to both a single product firm without advertising and with advertising, showing how a sales maximizer would produce a higher output level than a profit maximizer in both cases.
Monopoly
The document discusses key aspects of monopoly markets including:
- A monopoly is defined as a single seller of a product without close substitutes that controls the entire market.
- Features of monopoly include barriers to entry that allow the firm to be a price maker and make independent output decisions.
- Monopolies can maximize profits in the short run but aim for normal profits in the long run to deter new competition.
- Monopolies are economically inefficient as they produce at lower output levels than would be optimal, resulting in deadweight loss.
Indifference Curve
Given by J.R. Hicks and R.G.D. Allen.
It is a reconsideration of the theory of Value. Again it was reproduced Indifference Curve theory of Consumer's demand in "Value and Capital" by Hicks.
Consumer producer surplus
This document defines and provides examples of consumer surplus and producer surplus. Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good and what they actually pay, represented by the area under the demand curve. Producer surplus is the difference between the price producers are willing to supply a good for and the actual market price, shown as the area above the supply curve. The levels of consumer and producer surplus change with market price fluctuations. At equilibrium, consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve above the market price, while producer surplus is the area above the supply curve below the market price.
Imperfect competion 2
This document provides an overview of imperfect competition. It discusses the key characteristics of monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly market structures. For each structure, it outlines the number of firms, ability to affect price, entry barriers, and examples. The document then examines pricing decisions under imperfect competition and provides examples of the De Beers cartel, which dominated the global diamond industry through controlling supply. In summary, the document analyzes different forms of imperfect competition and pricing models.
Pure monopoly
This document discusses the concept of monopoly and profit maximization by monopolistic firms. It covers the key features of monopoly markets including barriers to entry, downward sloping demand curves, and the ability of monopolies to be price makers. The document also examines how monopolies can engage in price discrimination by charging different prices to different consumer groups in order to maximize profits. Government policies aimed at regulating monopolies through anti-trust laws and taxes are also summarized.
Presentation on importance of microeconomics
This document discusses the importance and uses of microeconomics. It explains that microeconomics helps understand how economies operate by examining resource allocation, production and consumption efficiency, and economic welfare. It also discusses how microeconomics provides tools for business and economic decision making, such as determining optimal production levels, prices, and government policies. Finally, the document notes that microeconomics is useful for efficiently managing resources, making trade and exchange rate decisions, and predicting economic trends.
Monopolistic market
Monopolistic competition is an imperfect market structure with many sellers producing differentiated products. Edward Chamberlin is considered the founder of the theory of monopolistic competition. Key characteristics include product differentiation, free entry and exit, and firms having some control over pricing. Examples include fast food, clothing, and hairstylists. In the short run, firms maximize profits by producing where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. In the long run, entry by other firms shifts demand, so firms can no longer price above average costs and earn pure economic profits.
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A market is defined as a place where buyers and sellers engage in transactions of various products. The structure of a market determines the price and level of production in that market. There are four main types of market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Under perfect competition, there are many small firms and buyers/sellers, products are homogeneous, there is free entry and exit into the market, and prices are determined by supply and demand forces.
market structure -khushi maniktala.pptx
This document defines different types of markets and discusses the concept of market equilibrium. It begins by defining what constitutes a market and describing different market structures, including perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. It then explains market equilibrium as the state where supply equals demand. The key factors that influence equilibrium are defined as supply and demand, price, quantity, consumer preferences, producer costs, and government policies. Finally, the document provides an example of market equilibrium using a supply and demand graph and defines the equilibrium price as the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect.
14. Managerial Economics Market Structures.pptx
This document discusses different market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. It provides characteristics and examples of each. Perfect competition is defined as having many small firms, homogeneous products, perfect information and mobility. Monopoly is defined as having a single seller and no close substitutes. Monopolistic competition involves differentiated products and some product substitutes. Oligopoly involves a small number of firms producing similar or identical products. The document also discusses concepts like welfare costs of monopolies, price discrimination, and kinked demand curves.
Perfect competition
This document discusses perfect competition in markets. It defines a perfectly competitive market as one with many potential buyers and sellers, homogeneous products, and prices determined by market forces alone. Firms in a perfectly competitive market are price takers and will enter or exit the market in response to profits and losses. The key characteristics of a perfectly competitive market include free entry and exit, perfect information, and mobility of resources.
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Economics project on concept on revenue on markets
Economics project on concept on revenue on markets
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Marketing system of agriculture produce
There are several types of agricultural markets in India, including primary markets that are organized weekly in villages, secondary markets that cater to more distant demand, wholesale markets located in important towns, and retail markets consisting of shops in centralized locations. Other market types include terminal markets established for export and distribution, livestock markets for buying and selling animals, and online markets like eNAM that facilitate online trading of over 90 commodities. Primary markets are where most farmers sell directly to traders and buyers, facing issues like indebtedness, lack of price information, and malpractices.
Insurance intermediaries
An insurance intermediary helps consumers purchase insurance policies. The main types are insurance agents, brokers, corporate agents, and bancassurance. Insurance agents work for insurance companies and sell only their products. Brokers can compare policies from multiple insurers. The primary difference is that agents represent insurers while brokers represent consumers. Agents have actual, apparent, and authority of necessity. Their duties include acting in the principal's interests, obtaining instructions, avoiding conflicts, and protecting the principal. Agents' rights include retaining sums due, receiving remuneration, and lien on the principal's property.
Green marketing
This document discusses green marketing, which aims to satisfy human needs and wants while minimizing negative environmental impact. It involves reusing, reducing, and recycling at all stages of marketing from production to distribution. Green marketing strategies include using locally produced products to reduce transportation costs, electronic promotion materials, green packaging that can be easily disposed, and labeling to promote responsible product use and disposal. Green marketing tools are green labeling to indicate environmental friendliness, green branding to transform brand design, and green advertising to influence customers to buy eco-friendly products. Examples provided are Nokia's phone recycling program, Dell using plastic from the sea in products, and Starbucks plans to eliminate plastic straws and open eco-friendly stores.
Advertising Medium
The document is a presentation by Ms. Priya, an assistant professor in commerce at Dayanand Mahila Mahavidyalya in KKR. Ms. Priya will be presenting on an unknown topic as her position and the college are identified, but no other details about the presentation are provided in the 3 line document.
Perception and Consumer Behaviour
The document discusses perception and sensation. It defines perception as understanding or interpreting information acquired through the senses with a particular point of view, while sensation refers to responses of sensory receptors to external stimuli. Perception involves interpreting this sensory information based on past experiences. The perceptual process involves input, processing, and output stages. Perception is affected by internal factors like needs and motives as well as external stimuli characteristics. People selectively perceive based on their expectations and motives. Perception results from interpreting stimuli in a way that fulfills one's needs based on assumptions and previous experiences.
Time value of money
The time value of money states that the value of money received today is greater than the same amount received in the future due to interest. There are formulas to calculate the future value of a single payment or a series of payments by compounding interest over time. Interest can be compounded annually, quarterly, or semi-annually, with more frequent compounding yielding higher future values. An annuity is a series of equal payments over a period of time, and its future value can be calculated using annuity compound interest factors.
Sources of Finance
Venture capital is an innovative source of finance that provides funding to startup companies and small businesses with strong growth potential. It involves investment in ownership stakes of companies in exchange for equity or debt and is characterized by active involvement of investors in the management of companies. Venture capital funds help entrepreneurs turn innovative ideas into successful businesses and can generate high returns for investors through the growth of these companies.
Life style and consumer behaviour
The document discusses lifestyle and consumer behavior. It defines lifestyle as a pattern of consumption reflecting how a person spends their time and money. Lifestyle is influenced by needs, wants, motivations, culture, family, reference groups, and social class. It represents a person's interests, preferences, and how they interact with their environment. Some key features of lifestyles mentioned are that they influence group behavior, quality of relationships, are flexible but centered around core interests like family and work, and determine buying behavior. The document also notes that lifestyle depends on various factors and changes in those factors can change consumer behavior.
Income tax deductions
Section 80C allows tax deductions up to Rs. 1,50,000 for investments and payments such as life insurance premiums, contributions to provident funds, PPF, tuition fees, senior citizen savings schemes, and more. Section 80CCC provides an additional deduction up to Rs. 50,000 for contributions to pension plans. The maximum deduction under Section 80C and 80CCC together is Rs. 1,50,000. Section 80D allows tax deductions for preventive health checkups for self, spouse, children and parents up to Rs. 75,000-1,00,000 depending on their age.
Family and consumer Behaviour
Family consumer behavior refers to the purchasing decisions and consumption patterns of families. An assistant professor named Ms. Priya from Dayanand Mahila Mahavidyalya in KKR presented on the topic of family and consumer behavior. The presentation focused on how families make purchasing decisions and their consumption patterns.
Consumer Behaviour introduction and Determinants
This document discusses consumer behavior, including its definition, models, and factors that influence it. Consumer behavior is defined as how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related items. The document outlines an economic model of consumer behavior that is influenced by factors like income, savings, credit availability. It also discusses personal factors (age, occupation), psychological factors (motivation, perception, learning), and cultural/social factors (culture, subculture, social class, reference groups) that shape consumer decision-making. Studying consumer behavior is important for marketers to understand purchase influences and behaviors.
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Who Is Abhay Bhutada, MD of Poonawalla Fincorp
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
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Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.This assessment plan proposal is to outline a structured approach to evaluati...
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Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptx
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
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Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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如果您是以下情况，我们都能竭诚为您解决实际问题：【公司采用定金+余款的付款流程，以最大化保障您的利益，让您放心无忧】
1、在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业，拿不到官方毕业证+微信95270640
2、面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到伯明翰大学伯明翰大学硕士毕业证成绩单；
3、不清楚流程以及材料该如何准备伯明翰大学伯明翰大学硕士毕业证成绩单；
4、回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
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Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
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"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.Recently uploaded (20)
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Market structure
- 2. Market • In economics, market means a social system through which the sellers and purchasers of a commodity or a service (or a group of commodities and services) can interact with each other. • Market does not refers to a place or a location. • It refers to an institutional relationship between purchaser and the seller. • It links buyer and the seller.
- 5. Perfect Competition • Perfect competition is a market structure in which number of sellers sell a homogenous product at uniform rate. • A market is said to be Perfectly Competitive if it satisfies the following features. a. Large number of buyers and sellers b. Firm under perfect competition is a price taker not a price maker. c. Homogenous product d. Price is uniform e. Free entry and exit
- 6. Perfect Competition f. Profit maximization g. No government regulation h. Perfect mobility of factors: resources can move freely from one firm to another without any restriction. i. Perfect knowledge j. Absence of transportation cost k. Perfectly elastic demand curve
- 7. Perfectly Elastic Demand Curve
- 8. Crux Of Perfect Competition
- 10. Monopoly • Monopoly refers to the market situation where there is one seller and there is no close substitute to the commodities sold by the seller. • Seller has full control over the supply of that commodity. • One seller, so the monopoly firm and an industry are the same. • No close substitute • Restriction on entry and exit of new firm • Price maker • Possibility of price discrimination
- 11. Monopoly Features Price Discrimination Price Maker
- 13. Monopolistic Competition • It is that form of market in which there are large numbers of sellers selling differentiated products which are similar in nature but not homogenous. • This are closely related goods with a little difference in Odour, size and shape. • This was developed by an American Economist “Chamberline”. • It is a combination of Perfect Competition and Monopoly.
- 14. Examples Of Monopolistic Competition
- 15. Oligopoly • Oligopoly is a market situation in which there are few firms producing either differential goods or closely differentiated goods. • The number of firms is so small that every seller is affected by the activities of the others. • Oligopoly is of two types i.e. pure oligopoly and differentiated oligopoly • Control over supply, lack of uniformity of size of firm, price rigidity, intense competition are other features of oligopoly market.