This document summarizes an economic regulation and antitrust intervention experience in Italy regarding the gas, electricity, and railways sectors. [1] It finds that incumbents from the formerly state-owned monopolies still dominate the industries despite partial liberalization, and lack of proper sectoral regulation in railways hampers advancement. [2] Joint action from sectoral regulators and the competition authority helps ensure competition is preserved by sanctioning collusive practices and that firms do not abuse dominance in monopolistic segments to block competition in competitive ones. [3] Sectoral regulators provide ex ante direction while the competition authority focuses on ex post anti-competitive practices.
Transmission System Augmentation: A Crucial Link for India's Power Sector Growthsmoothcriminal
Transmission sector plays a vital role in enabling transfer of power across from the generation to consumption centres. Transmission network in India, during past decades, has been developed simultaneously with growth in installed capacity. In India, bulk transmission has increased from 3,708 ckm in 1950 to 245,401 ckm at present.
9/9 FRI 2:45 | Planning for Electric Vehicle Infrastructure 3APA Florida
Jon Ippel
By 2015, a total of one million Electric Vehicles (EVs) will be available in the United States. This paradigm shift will require new infrastructure
and permitting standards, as well as the foundation
of new working relationships between utilities, cars, charging companies, and municipalities. Building codes, zoning codes and architectural standards must adapt to provide charging access
at home, work and around the city. The session provides an overview of EVs, charging technologies, and emerging issues such as fitting EVs into the city. The session will cover current information on codes, policies, smart grid integration, cost/benefits, and charging station best practices.
Transmission System Augmentation: A Crucial Link for India's Power Sector Growthsmoothcriminal
Transmission sector plays a vital role in enabling transfer of power across from the generation to consumption centres. Transmission network in India, during past decades, has been developed simultaneously with growth in installed capacity. In India, bulk transmission has increased from 3,708 ckm in 1950 to 245,401 ckm at present.
9/9 FRI 2:45 | Planning for Electric Vehicle Infrastructure 3APA Florida
Jon Ippel
By 2015, a total of one million Electric Vehicles (EVs) will be available in the United States. This paradigm shift will require new infrastructure
and permitting standards, as well as the foundation
of new working relationships between utilities, cars, charging companies, and municipalities. Building codes, zoning codes and architectural standards must adapt to provide charging access
at home, work and around the city. The session provides an overview of EVs, charging technologies, and emerging issues such as fitting EVs into the city. The session will cover current information on codes, policies, smart grid integration, cost/benefits, and charging station best practices.
Exploring Ideas on the Regulation of Local Public Services: A Q-Methodology S...Alberto Asquer
Several scholarly works hold that ideas, argumentation, and discourse are important to explain policy stability and change, although it is not so clear how exactly. Attention to the ideational sphere, moreover, poses crucial methodological issues, including how can we access the subjective world of policy actors. This Q methodology study provides some evidence of the variety of ideas held by elected public officers on the regulation of local public services. Results indicate how ideas can be grouped into alternative and partially conflicting views. The findings bear some relevance for better understanding sources of stability and change of regulatory regimes of public services at the local level.
Interested to know the most popular activities are on LinkedIn and what features members find to be most useful? Check out the following infographic: Portrait of a LinkedIn User 2014 via www.powerformual.net
There is a problem of finding the correct operating services In a distributed systems with dynamic configuration. Currently, there are designed one and more solutions for the ever-changing storage configuration. It should be mentioned at least Netflix Eureka, Consul, etcd or good old Zookeeper. Spring Cloud project allows to integrate some of these solutions to your project and provides powerful solutions for typical problems. However, on the way to unicorns not the most obvious subtleties of implementation and associated problems of use in real projects wait for a developer.
This talk will review the internal structure SpringCloud, implementation of Client-Side Service Discovery pattern, and specific details of concrete implementations on the example of the official libraries and the author's own library.
Transmission System Augmentation: A Crucial Link for India's Power Sector Growthsmoothcriminal
Transmission sector plays a vital role in enabling transfer of power across from the generation to consumption centres. Transmission network in India, during past decades, has been developed simultaneously with growth in installed capacity. In India, bulk transmission has increased from 3,708 ckm in 1950 to 245,401 ckm at present.
Exploring Ideas on the Regulation of Local Public Services: A Q-Methodology S...Alberto Asquer
Several scholarly works hold that ideas, argumentation, and discourse are important to explain policy stability and change, although it is not so clear how exactly. Attention to the ideational sphere, moreover, poses crucial methodological issues, including how can we access the subjective world of policy actors. This Q methodology study provides some evidence of the variety of ideas held by elected public officers on the regulation of local public services. Results indicate how ideas can be grouped into alternative and partially conflicting views. The findings bear some relevance for better understanding sources of stability and change of regulatory regimes of public services at the local level.
Interested to know the most popular activities are on LinkedIn and what features members find to be most useful? Check out the following infographic: Portrait of a LinkedIn User 2014 via www.powerformual.net
There is a problem of finding the correct operating services In a distributed systems with dynamic configuration. Currently, there are designed one and more solutions for the ever-changing storage configuration. It should be mentioned at least Netflix Eureka, Consul, etcd or good old Zookeeper. Spring Cloud project allows to integrate some of these solutions to your project and provides powerful solutions for typical problems. However, on the way to unicorns not the most obvious subtleties of implementation and associated problems of use in real projects wait for a developer.
This talk will review the internal structure SpringCloud, implementation of Client-Side Service Discovery pattern, and specific details of concrete implementations on the example of the official libraries and the author's own library.
Transmission System Augmentation: A Crucial Link for India's Power Sector Growthsmoothcriminal
Transmission sector plays a vital role in enabling transfer of power across from the generation to consumption centres. Transmission network in India, during past decades, has been developed simultaneously with growth in installed capacity. In India, bulk transmission has increased from 3,708 ckm in 1950 to 245,401 ckm at present.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Economic regulation and antitrust intervention: experiences in gas, electricity, and railways in Italy
1. Reviewing the Global Experience with Economic Regulation
A Forward Looking Perspective
New Delhi, April 18-20, 2011
Economic Regulation and Antitrust Intervention:
Experiences in Gas, Electricity,
and Railways in Italy
Alberto Asquer
Dipartimento di Ricerche Aziendali
Faculty of Economics
University of Cagliari, Italy
2. Introduction
Economic regulation as functional equivalent to competition
and as provisional substitute to competition ('holding the fort
until competition arrives').
Many industries subjected to regulation do not necessarily
evolve into competitive regimes:
What is the role played by regulatory authorities in industries
partially opened to competitive pressures while retaining
monopolistic traits in some segments?
What is the role played by antitrust authorities, and how do
they complement with sectoral regulators in steering the
behaviour of firms?
3. Introduction
Economic regulation: various meanings (Jordana and Levi-
Faur, 2004; Baldwin et al., 1998)
Different models of infrastructure regulation (Gomez Ibanez,
2003)
- Public ownership of infrastructure firms
- Franchise allocation
- Discretionary regulation
- Private ownership of infrastructure in conjunction with
liberalisation of access, prices, and quality
Three cases of regulatory regimes: gas, electricity, and
railways in Italy.
4. The gas sector Competition
Authority
Infrastructure/service delivery system features Main actors
Local governments
Nation-wide infrastructure,
National government
Internationally connected Mandated
Energy & Gas Authority
(Some) vertical segmentation ENI to do
ENI group
Local government-owned Investment
firms plan
Industry community features
Business companies
Incumbents' dominant position
Selected performance aspects
Local governments' ownership
National government
ownership Prices relatively stable
(increasing?)
Investments less than
Regulatory system features expected
Franchise allocation Evaluation / Issues
Price cap
Import quotas
Tender offer competition
Long-term import contracts
5. The electricity sector Competition
Authority
Infrastructure/service delivery system features Main actors
Local governments
Nation-wide infrastructure,
National government Mandated
Internationally connected Energy & Gas Authority ENEL to sell
(Some) vertical segmentation
ENEL group to qualified
Local government-owned customers
firms at regulated
Industry community features
Business companies price
Incumbents' dominant position
Selected performance aspects
Local governments' ownership
National government
ownership
Prices relatively high
Regulatory system features
Franchise allocation Evaluation / Issues
Price cap
Generation quotas
Tender offer competition
Long-term contracts
6. The railways sector Competition
Authority
Infrastructure/service delivery system features Main actors
CIPE (inter-ministerial
Nation-wide infrastructure,
committee economic Mandated
Internationally connected
planning) FS to remove
Ministry of Treasury surcharge for
FS group ground-based
Industry community features Business companies SCS
Incumbent dominant position Selected performance aspects
National government
ownership
Prices relatively low
Investments less than
expected
Regulatory system features
Evaluation / Issues
Licences
Price cap (somehow)
Regulatory governance
Tender offer competition
Regulatory independence
7. Discussion
Common traits: formerly state ownership of national
monopolies, currently partial opening to competitive
pressures with former monopolists retaining dominant or
highly influential position.
Differences: electricity unbundled and relatively more open
to competitive pressures, while gas and railways vertically
integrated and less open; sectoral regulator for electricity
and gas, no proper regulator in railways
Electricity Gas Railways
Partial opening Some competition, Modest levels
to competition esp. downstream of competition
Fragmented
Sectoral regulator AEEG regulation
8. Discussion
Interventions of the competition authority influential in all
three industries – on the way incumbent operators seemed
to exploit their control of monopolistic segments of the
infrastructure industries for hampering the development of
competitors in the competitive segments.
– E.g., ENEL's potentially collusive behaviour and
contractual practices; ENI's investments in the capacity
of international gas pipelines
Different attitudes of the competition authority and sectoral
regulators, in part accounted for by differences in statutory
roles and responsibilities.
– E.g., Stove agreement in gas. → Sectoral regulator
more 'benevolent' if behaviour ensures continuity and
reliability of service, at the expense of barriers to entry
9. Conclusions
Incumbents persist having a dominant role in the regulated
industries, and the lack of a 'proper' sectoral regulator may
hamper advance in the liberalisation process.
Sectoral regulation, however, does not ensure that firms do
not engage in anti-competitive practices. The joint action of
the competition authority and sectoral regulation ensures:
- competition is preserved where barriers to entry are
lowered by sanctioning collusive practices,
- firms in monopolistic segments do not abuse their
dominant position for blocking competition in the more
competitive ones.
(Sectoral regulator provides ex ante direction, while
competition authority focuses on ex post anti-competitive
practices)