This presentation is for my school assessment on global environments. I chose coral reefs. My project explains coral reefs and the geographical processes involved with it as well.
Fins are the most distinctive morphological features of fish and they plays a predominant role for locomotion of fish under the water. It is important to know how many kinds of fins are present and their precise functions.
This presentation is for my school assessment on global environments. I chose coral reefs. My project explains coral reefs and the geographical processes involved with it as well.
Fins are the most distinctive morphological features of fish and they plays a predominant role for locomotion of fish under the water. It is important to know how many kinds of fins are present and their precise functions.
Marine Scoops Guide To Coral Reefs (Part 1/3)Marine Scoop
A brief introduction to coral biology, reef formation and coral reproduction. Check out more at www.marinescoop.com and sign up to our weekly newsletter to receive parts II and III as soon as they are released! Part II will cover natural threats to coral reefs, coral bleaching, reef pollution, reef sedimentation, coral reef acidification and coral disease. Part III will cover overexploitation of reefs, destructive fishing practices on reefs, coral reef management and marine protected areas. Feel free to suggest another marine ecosystem to cover!
SYSTEMATIC POSITION of clams
What is the difference between mussels, oysters, scallops and clams?
General characteristics of clams
Distribution and habitat of clams
BIOLOGY of clams
Breeding habit of clams
Present status of production
Craft and gear
Clams have two symmetrical shells(Bivalve)
They can filters their food
Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles
In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center
Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms
There are over 150 edible species.There are over 15,000 species of clams.Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shell develops.
The Giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years.
It takes 3-4 years for a clam to mature to market size.
Some clams can produce pearls.One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl.
A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten.
distribution:
Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
Freshwater clams inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Its related with the stream of Biology .
This is all about the Cartilaginous fish - easy explanation and classification.
Also include fundamental characterstics of Pisces
Which is a class of Superclass Pisces.
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
Marine Scoops Guide To Coral Reefs (Part 1/3)Marine Scoop
A brief introduction to coral biology, reef formation and coral reproduction. Check out more at www.marinescoop.com and sign up to our weekly newsletter to receive parts II and III as soon as they are released! Part II will cover natural threats to coral reefs, coral bleaching, reef pollution, reef sedimentation, coral reef acidification and coral disease. Part III will cover overexploitation of reefs, destructive fishing practices on reefs, coral reef management and marine protected areas. Feel free to suggest another marine ecosystem to cover!
SYSTEMATIC POSITION of clams
What is the difference between mussels, oysters, scallops and clams?
General characteristics of clams
Distribution and habitat of clams
BIOLOGY of clams
Breeding habit of clams
Present status of production
Craft and gear
Clams have two symmetrical shells(Bivalve)
They can filters their food
Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles
In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center
Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms
There are over 150 edible species.There are over 15,000 species of clams.Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shell develops.
The Giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years.
It takes 3-4 years for a clam to mature to market size.
Some clams can produce pearls.One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl.
A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten.
distribution:
Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
Freshwater clams inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Its related with the stream of Biology .
This is all about the Cartilaginous fish - easy explanation and classification.
Also include fundamental characterstics of Pisces
Which is a class of Superclass Pisces.
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
The area of the sea south of Cape Comorin has been generally known as the 'Wadge Bank'.
The area has been defined by the Fishery Survey of India (F. S. I) as that part of the sea bed between 76°. 30'E to 78°.00 E Long, and07°.00 to 8°. 20' N Lat.
The area is about 4000 Sq. Miles in area
Fish Farming and Aqua farming (Fish Processing and Preserving, Fish Products ...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Aquaculture has grown at an impressive rate over the past decades. It has helped to produce more food fish, kept the overall price of fish down, and made fish and seafood more accessible to consumers around the world. Fisheries and aquaculture depend on the use of natural renewable resources and other resources (e.g. aquatic species, land and water) as raw material. Other resources such as hatchery-produced seeds, feeds and fertilizers are artificially generated. Because fishery resources are finite, there is competition for them, within the sector and with other types of uses.
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Aquaculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, Aquaculture Business Ideas, Aquaculture Business Plan, Aquaculture Farming Technology, Aquaculture Production Technology, Aquaculture Small Business Startup, Aquaculture systems technology, Aquaculture Technology: Fish Farming, Best small and cottage scale industries, Business guidance for Fisheries and aquaculture, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Planning for Aquaculture, By-Products of Fishing Industry, Cold Water Fisheries of India, Composite Fish Culture, Construction of Fish Farms, Crustacean Fisheries, Culturable Fish and Shellfish, Culture of Fish Food Organisms, Culture of Ornamental Fishes, Culture of Trouts, Economic Importance of Fishes, Economics of Fish Culture, Fermented Fishery Products, Fish Aquarium, Fish business ideas, Fish business plan, Fish Diseases and Their Control, Fish Farming and Aqua farming, Fish Farming in India, Fish farming technology in India, Fish Farming with Agriculture and Livestock, Fish Meal, Fish Processing and Preserving, Fish Products and Fish By-Products, Fisheries and aquaculture Based Profitable Projects, Fisheries and aquaculture Business, Fisheries and aquaculture Industry in India, Fisheries and aquaculture Projects, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Fisheries business plan, Fisheries Technology, Fishing Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Fishing Technology, Hill Stream Fishes, How to start a fish and aqua farming?, How to Start a Fish Culture Business, How to start a successful Fisheries business, How to start farming fish on a small-scale, How to start fish farming, How to Start Fish Farming Business, How to Start Fisheries and aquaculture Industry in India, How to Start Your Own Fish Farming Business, Management of Fish Farms, Modern aquaculture Technology, Modern technology fish farming, Molluscan Fisheries, Most profitable fish to farm, Most Profitable Fisheries and aquaculture Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Fish farming industry
A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Coral reefs are important for many different reasons aside from supposedly containing the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. They:
• protect coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action and tropical storms
• provide habitats and shelter for many marine organisms
• are the source of nitrogen and other essential nutrients for marine food chains
• assist in carbon and nitrogen fixing
• nutrient recycling.
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
Plastisphere is a man-made ecosystem based on Plastic debris in the ecosystem. This PPT describes the formation and importance of Plastisphere in an aquatic ecosystem.
Biomarkers are the promising tool used to measure the Contaminant's exposure and its effect on living organism. This presentation deal with the concepts, approaches, development of novel biomarker, application in the aquatic environment and current status of research in India etc.
Climate change is one of the major concern which affects the coastal ecosystem heavily. This presentation deals with the effect of Climate change on Indian mangroves.
Detailed account of difference between Biosp[here Reserves and various MPAs were given; MPAs of India were listed with its key biodiversity resources...
Biomolecules (Mainly Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids ) Production form Microorganisms and their Industrial applications were discussed....
PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ENVT. MANAGEMENT - BIOTECHNOLGY ROLE...KANTHARAJAN GANESAN
It deals with, the various technologies involved in phytoremediation, mechanism, factors and biotechnology interventions for the improvement of remediation process etc...
ECOlogical SANitation - closing the loop between waste to food...
- Its a concept of producing food material from the waste material produced from the household ...Form of pollution management technique.
IAS are the second important aspect which causes biodiversity loss next to Habitat destruction. This PPT describes the impact of IAS mainly in aquatic ecosystem...
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. INTRODUCTION
Coral reefs - important for nature, also represent a very high value for
humankind
Supporting millions of people
as a source of food & income
The most biologically diverse and economically valuable
ecosystems on the planet
Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting, 2003
Armin Sahari (a fisherman from Tomia village in
Wakatobi, Indonesia) returns to his village after a
night of fishing
Functions of coral reefs
considered as those of forests
At least 500 mil. people rely on
reefs for food, coastal
protection, & livelihoods
4. GLOBAL VALUES
World’s coral reefs total net
benefit is $29.8 billion/yr
Tourism & recreation account for $9.6 billion/yr
Coastal protection for $9.0 billion/yr
Fisheries for $5.7 billion/yr
Biodiversity for $5.5 billion/yr
SOURCE: www.reefresilience.org
5. One among the most biologically rich ecosystems on earth
4,000 species of fish & 800 species of reef-building corals (The UN
Atlas of the Oceans)
Occupying < 1% of the ocean floor, home to > 25% of marine life
Diverse ecosystem - more resilient to changing conditions & can
withstand significant disturbances.
Diversity is important for a variety of reasons - Survival of life
Biodiverse ecosystems, provide nursery habitat to edible fish
species, which would be difficult and expensive to reproduce
artificially.
REEFs & BIODIVERSITY
6. REEF ecosystem Biodiversity
Brightly colored, spotted, striped, speckled
Eating different kinds of algae
Sharks, groupers, and other predatory fish keep populations of smaller fish &
other organisms in balance
Parrotfish scrape at the coral to get to the small algae living inside the coral
polyp, then grind up the coral skeleton with teeth in their throats and excrete
it as sand
“Cleaner” fish (and shrimp) keep other fish healthy by freeing them of
parasites
Crabs & sea cucumbers crawl about, scavenging & cleaning up detritus on the
reef & ocean floor
Worms filter organic matter in the water and sediments, while Gastropods
such as limpets and conchs graze on algae.
7. 798 reef associated fishes from A&N Islands
- Highest among Indian reef fish diversity
- Wrasses dominant
- 400 Spp. Commercial important food fishes (Rajan et al., 2012)
REEF fish diversity
365 species of fishes from GoK coral reef
Venkatramani et al. (2005) reported 113 species of ornamental fishes
throughout the Gulf of Mannar region
SOURCE:http://www.academia.edu/5435425/18_The_contribution_of_coral_reef_fishes_to_Andaman_fisheries_production_Grouper_fishery_and_its
_monitoring_and_implications_for_management
8. An est. 6 mil. fishermen in 99 reef countries & territories worldwide
Supporters of subsistence and commercial fisheries
Approximately 5-15 t of fish and seafood products can be yielded per km2 of
reef on a healthy reef system
Coral reefs provide essential shelter, feeding, nursery and spawning
grounds for a number of marine organisms including reef-associated fish
On average, reef-associated fish catch can also account for 25% of the
total fish catch in developing countries.
REEFs & Fisheries
SOURCE: http://coral.org
9. In developing countries, contribute towards poverty alleviation by providing
food, income & employment
Major source of fisheries in Indonesia, Philippines, India, Vietnam, & China
In Southeast Asia, coral reef fisheries alone are estimated to yield US$ 2.4
billion annually while the annual net benefits from coral reef fisheries
worldwide in 2010 were valued at an estimated US$ 6.8 billion
The removal and processing of these foods for markets provides enormous
opportunities for employment on fishing vessels as well as in factories and in
local, national & global markets
10. Reef associated Ornamental fisheries in GoM
Collection of marine ornamentals is mainly done by using fish
traps, scoop nets & skin diving
Fish traps - indigenous bottom set gears that are left overnight
and are pulled out during the next visit the following day
It is an effective and safe method to collect the reef fishes
because there is no or minimal damage.
Scoop nets and skin diving methods are also useful at times for
collecting lethargic movers like clowns or gobid fishes - result in
some kind of extra stress or loss of scales from the bodies of the
collected fishes.
Fishermen engaged in the collection of marine ornamentals make
from Rs. 6000 to Rs. 8000 per month.
Some fishermen from Kanyakumari and Vizhinjam in Kerala are
also involved
After collection, the fishes are brought to Mandapam where they
are quarantined and then exported.
11. People the world over visit coral reefs to enjoy the recreational opportunities …
Snorkeling
Glass-bottom-boat viewing
Alternative to destructive fishing practices
SCUBA diving
About 13 lakh tourists had visited Sindhudurg in 2015
Reefs & Tourism
12. Awareness about the
ecosystem
Attract visitors from across the globe
Recreational activities require the support of local tour
operators providing further livelihood opportunities…
>100 countries & territories benefit from reef-associated
tourism
Other businesses based activities : hotels, restaurants etc…
TOURISM BENEFITS OF REEFS
15. Be ready for diving – call from ANGRIA BANK
140 km off the Malvan coast of Maharashtra,
600 sq km plateau is a submerged reef with “rich coral diversity unlike the
shallow reefs
During the expedition, the divers of NIO team, found corals in 10 out of
the 15 dive sites in the area
The expedition was conducted in 2014 as part of the GoI-UNDP gef
Sindhudurg Project
“We want the region to be a designated area for conservation under the
Maritime Zones Act, as the Angria Bank falls outside the territorial waters
but inside the EEZ of India,” – CCF, Forest Dept., MH.
Once it is protected, the Forest Department also wants to promote Angria
Bank as a high-end diving destination - Planning to train locals as scuba
instructors & guides for the tourists
SOURCE: http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/indias-great-barrier-reef/
16. Without coral reefs, many beaches and buildings would become
vulnerable to wave action and storm damage.
Healthy reefs act as natural barriers, protecting coastal cities,
communities, & beaches from pounding ocean waves.
Frequent & severe storms predicted as part of climate change,
coastal protection services will become even more important
Reefs & Coastal protection
17. Contd…
Systematic search of the scientific literature & analyzed
published data on the contributions of reefs to risk reduction
-showed that coral reefs dissipate 97 % of the
wave energy that would otherwise impact shorelines.
Wave energy is a key factor in storm damage & coastal erosion
Most of the wave energy (86 %) is attenuated by the reef crest
http://coral.org/coral-reefs
18. Cost of REEFs
Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004, some coastlines were spared
further damage as a result of healthy reefs
In another instance, when coral & sand was mined away in the Maldives, it
cost $10 million/km to build a wall to protect the coastline
Act as a natural breakwater & mangroves are a natural shock absorber
http://wwf.panda.org/?17672/Coral-reefs-and-mangroves-act-as-natural-barriers-against-tsunamis
Apprx. 1,50,000 km of coastline across 100 countries & territories receive
some protection from wave energy
The value of shoreline protection from coral reefs, based on the anticipated
loss of property, avoided damages & the cost of building artificial shoreline
protection structures (to substitute a reef) was US$10.7 billion in 2010.
19. CORAL REEF – SEAGRASS - MANGROVES
Not only protects the coastline from erosion but prevents damage to & /or
loss of seagrass beds, mangrove forests, coastal settlements &
infrastructure.
20. Natural medicines - effective against disease-causing agents like bacteria and
fungi already exist in nature - and could be developed into effective drugs
for humans if they can be isolated.
Many marine organisms found on coral reefs are rich in chemical
compounds known as marine natural products (MNPs)
Reefs & Bioactive compounds
Coral reefs are a likely place to find these natural products, due to their
tremendous biodiversity.
Many species found in coral
ecosystems produce chemical
compounds for defense or
attack, particularly the slow-
moving or stationary species
like nudibranchs and sponges.
21. BIOPROSPECTING of REEFs
Common in terrestrial environments for decades
• Creatures found in coral ecosystems are important sources of new medicines
Referred to as the medicine cabinets of the 21st century
‘’Searching for potential new pharmaceuticals’’
To treat cancer, arthritis, asthma, ulcers, human bacterial infections,
heart disease, viruses, and other diseases; as well as sources of
nutritional supplements, enzymes, & cosmetics
The list of approved and potential new drugs is ever growing
• Finding a new drug in the sea, especially among coral reef species, may be
300 to 400 times more likely than from a terrestrial
22. Soft coral Eleutherobia spp & encrusting Erythropodium caribaeorim coral -
production of Eleutherobin, a potent cancer cell inhibitor,
A valuation model of anti-cancer drugs alone suggests that a 20% loss of coral
reef biodiversity would equate to a market value loss of US$112 billion - 1.14
trillion
the Caribbean sea squirt has been found to contain an anti-cancer agent
that can be used in the in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Other medicines and treatments that have derived from marine organisms
include AIDS inhibitors, anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulatants as well as
use of coral bone grafts.
The antiviral drugs Ara-A and AZT and the anticancer agent Ara-C,
developed from extracts of sponges found on a Caribbean reef, were
among the earliest modern medicines obtained from coral reefs
BIOPROSPECTING of REEFs
23. Indian Context
Sponge-associated bacteria of Lakshadweep coral reefs - extracellular
hydrolytic enzymes (Amylase and phosphatase )
Aspergillus terreus collected from Sinularia kavarattiensis – Aspernolide A,
shows Acytotoxic & Anticancer activities
Sesquiterpene compound isolated from S. kavarattiensis & Cladiella krempfi –
from Mandapam & Lakshadweep – shows anti-inflammatory and anti-fouling
properties (Kalyan et al., 2017)
SOURCE: file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/IJMS%2046(4)%20647-662.pdf
http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/4574/Mar_Drugs_12_4045.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Antifouling activity of a novel diterpene, 6- hydroxy polyanthellin isolated
from Cladiella sp., collected from shallow waters around Kavaratti Island,
Lakshadweep archipelago, against the fouling diatom, Navicula transitans.
Indian soft coral, S. kavarattiensis, showed promising activity
against the CHIKV replicon. (Lillsunde et al., 2014)
24. U.S. bioprospecting group collected 1,600 kg of a sea hare to isolate 10 mg
of a compound used to fight melanoma.
Another group collected 2,400 kg of an Indo-Pacific sponge to produce 1 mg
of an anticancer compound. Yet, as much as 1 kg of a bioactive metabolite
may ultimately be required for drug development.
ASSOCIATED THREAT
SOURCE: Bruckner, Andrew W. "Life-Saving Products from Coral Reefs." Issues in Science and
Technology 18, no. 3 (Spring 2002).
25. CONCLUSION
Coral reefs provide innumerous benefits to human community
At the same time pose huge Anthropocene threats
Valuation of Indian coral reef context needs much attention from
researchers
The sustainable utility of these ecosystem can be ensured by effective
conservation & management
26. THANK YOU
A view of SINDHUDURG FORT, MALVAN MPA, Maharashtra, India