Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells that contain digestive enzymes. They help digest food, engulf foreign objects, and break down cellular waste and old cell components. Lysosomes were first observed under an electron microscope in 1955 and are formed from the Golgi complex. They contain over 40 enzymes and function to digest materials within the cell, defend against invaders, and aid in cellular renewal and degradation of dead cells.
- Definition of lysosome
- Structure of lysosome
- Discovery of lysosome
- Synthesis of primary and secondary lysosome
- Functions of lysosome
- 4 intracellular processes by lysosome – phagocytosis, exocytosis, endocytosis and autolysis
- Definition of lysosome
- Structure of lysosome
- Discovery of lysosome
- Synthesis of primary and secondary lysosome
- Functions of lysosome
- 4 intracellular processes by lysosome – phagocytosis, exocytosis, endocytosis and autolysis
Lysosomes are membrane enclosed organelles that contains a numbers of enzymes capable for breaking down some polymers like nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins etc. They are found in
animal cell but in case of plant cell same performance is done by such organelles. That is called Lytic vacuoles. Lysosome is also
known as 'Suicidal Bag'. So, to gather more knowledge about Lysosome, see it
Introduction
Structure of Plasma Membranes
Functions of Plasma Membranes
Cytoplasm: Cytosol, Organelles
Functions of Cytoplasm
Ribosome, Functions of Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and its Functions
b. Smooth ER and its Functions
3. Golgi complex and its Functions
4.Lysosomes and its Functions
5. Peroxisomes and its Functions
6. Proteasomes and its Functions
7.Mitochondria and its Functions
8. Cytoskeletal
a. Microfilaments and its Functions
b. Intermediate filaments and its Functions
c. Microtubules and its Functions
9. Centrosome and its Functions
10. Cilia and Flagella and its Functions
11. Nucleus and its Functions
a. Nuclear Membrane and its Functions
b. Nucleoplasm and its Functions
c. Chromosomes and its Functions
d. Nucleolus and its Functions
The chapter contain detail descriptions regarding structures and functions of different cell organelles of plant and animal cells which is helpful to UG and PG students of Science. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms. The basic constituents of plant and animal cells are the same,
viz nucleic acid, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and various inorganic substances
They organized in the same fundamental manner. The shape of plant cell is rectangular and that of animal cell is round with irregular appearance. Cell organelles various membrane bound structures that are
found within a cell such as nucleus, plastids, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum etc.
This presentation file contains all about cell discovery, cell theory, organelles which are present within the cell and cell comparison between prokaryotic and Eukaryotic organisms.
Lysosomes are membrane enclosed organelles that contains a numbers of enzymes capable for breaking down some polymers like nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins etc. They are found in
animal cell but in case of plant cell same performance is done by such organelles. That is called Lytic vacuoles. Lysosome is also
known as 'Suicidal Bag'. So, to gather more knowledge about Lysosome, see it
Introduction
Structure of Plasma Membranes
Functions of Plasma Membranes
Cytoplasm: Cytosol, Organelles
Functions of Cytoplasm
Ribosome, Functions of Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and its Functions
b. Smooth ER and its Functions
3. Golgi complex and its Functions
4.Lysosomes and its Functions
5. Peroxisomes and its Functions
6. Proteasomes and its Functions
7.Mitochondria and its Functions
8. Cytoskeletal
a. Microfilaments and its Functions
b. Intermediate filaments and its Functions
c. Microtubules and its Functions
9. Centrosome and its Functions
10. Cilia and Flagella and its Functions
11. Nucleus and its Functions
a. Nuclear Membrane and its Functions
b. Nucleoplasm and its Functions
c. Chromosomes and its Functions
d. Nucleolus and its Functions
The chapter contain detail descriptions regarding structures and functions of different cell organelles of plant and animal cells which is helpful to UG and PG students of Science. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms. The basic constituents of plant and animal cells are the same,
viz nucleic acid, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and various inorganic substances
They organized in the same fundamental manner. The shape of plant cell is rectangular and that of animal cell is round with irregular appearance. Cell organelles various membrane bound structures that are
found within a cell such as nucleus, plastids, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum etc.
This presentation file contains all about cell discovery, cell theory, organelles which are present within the cell and cell comparison between prokaryotic and Eukaryotic organisms.
Similar to easylearningwithned.blogspot.com-What is Lysosomes Origin and Occurrence Morphology Mechanism and its Functions.pdf (20)
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India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Administering medications and treatments.
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Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
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Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
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easylearningwithned.blogspot.com-What is Lysosomes Origin and Occurrence Morphology Mechanism and its Functions.pdf
1. 1/5
Ned
What is Lysosomes, Origin and Occurrence,
Morphology, Mechanism and its Functions.
easylearningwithned.blogspot.com/2022/11/what-is-lysosomes-origin-and-occurrence.html
Lysosomes are small unit membrane bound sacs that store acid hydrolases . It is also
known as "Suicidal bags". Lysosomes helps to digest the food, outside bodies and
intracellular debris . It also help to recycle cell components. We can only see lysosomes
under an electron microscope .
In 1955, Belgian cytologist and biochemist Christain de Duve firstly reported the
lysosomes on the basis of biochemical study. But the term lysosome was coined by
Novikoff. In 1956 Novikoff observed lysosomes in the cell with the help of an electron
microscope.
Origin and Occurrence - The lysosomes arise from the Golgi complex. Their membrane
and hydrolytic enzymes are synthesized on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, then
transported in transport vesicles to the Golgi complex for modification and packaging.
Secretory vesicles filled with lysosomal enzymes bud off from the trans face of the Golgi
complex as primary lysosomes.
The lysosomes occur in animal cells, Plant cells, fungi and protozoans. But they are less
prevalent in plant cells than in animal cells.
Animal lysosomes
Morphology - The lysosomes are generally in spherical form and vary in size from 0.2 to
0.8 micrometer. It is a tiny sac bounded by a single unit membrane of lipoprotein.
Lysosomes contain a dense, finely granular fluid consisting of digestive enzymes for
hydrolysis called acid hydrolases. It includes lipases, nucleases, proteases, acid
phosphatases. More than 40 different digestive enzymes present in human lysosomes.
These enzymes break all the major biological macromolecules that present in the cells.
Lysosomes pH is 5 and these are active in acidic medium.
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Structure of lysosome
MECHANISM -
As we know that lysosomes store the hydrolyzing enzymes in the cell. Their membrane
prevents the enzymes from escaping into the cytoplasm and destroying it. The material
needing hydrolysis must enter the lysosomes because enzymes remain confined within
them. When the cells are injured and dead, the lysosome membrane ruptures and
releases the enzymes that lyse the weakened cells. This process is known as post-
mortem degeneration. Also, when an outside particle enters inside the cells, the
lysosomes engulf them and are disposed of by exocytosis.
General Mechanism of Lysosomes
Kinds - according to the time, the lysosomes change their nature of contents in the same
cell. This change or this variation is referred to as polymorphism.
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Four types of lysosomes are recognized on the basis of their contents.
1) Primary lysosomes - Those lysosomes which are newly formed and only contain
enzymes are known as primary lysosomes. In primary lysosomes the enzymes are in an
inactive state.
2) Secondary Lysosomes - The fusion of a primary lysosomes with a vacuole or secretory
granule is known as secondary lysosomes. In this, some material to be digested enters
primary lysosomes.
3) Residual bodies - After the digestion of incoming material the indigestible matter
remains in the secondary lysosomes are known as residual bodies. This residual body
after that meets with the cell membrane and by exocytosis released from the cell.
4) Autophagic Vacuoles - when a cell digests its own organelles known as autophagic
vacuoles. It is also known as Autolysis means breakdown.
Plant Lysosomes -
In plants, lysosomes contain certain reserve food material beside the digestive enzymes.
Plant lysosomes are 3 Kinds -
1) Spherosomes - The Spherosomes are spherical bodies about 0.5-1 micrometer wide
and enclosed by a single membrane. These spherosomes contain granules that are rich
in lipids but also have some protein. Spherosomes arise from endoplasmic reticulum.
They occur in most plants. Also, in Maize root tip the spherosomes have hydrolytic
enzymes.
2) Aleurone Grains - are membrane -bound, spherical bodies containing proteins and
phosphate. They occur in the cells of endosperm and cotyledons of seeds.
3) Vacuoles - are rounded sacs bounded by single unit membranes containing a variety of
hydrolytic enzymes.
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Functions -
The main function of lysosomes is to take part in several decomposition processes in a
cell. Like -
1) Digestion of Harmful material - The lysosomes dispose of harmful particles like viruses,
bacteria and toxic molecules by hydrolyzing them in certain leukocytes and macrophages.
This process is known as natural defence.
2) Digestion of Useful materials - Cells take the organic substance in vacuoles from the
environment and then digest it in lysosomes. This is called intracellular digestion.
3) Cell's Protection - The lysosomal membrane protects the cell contents from autolysis
by lysosomal enzymes.
4) Renewal of Cells and Organelles - The lysosomes have a facility to renew the cells and
organelles.
5) Digestion of unwanted material - The lysosomes digest the dead cells and debris that
accumulate at the site of injury.
Some Important Questions: -
Q1) What is Autolysis?
Ans. Auto means itself and lysis means breakdown. The breakdown of a cell by its own
enzymes called autolysis.
Q2) What is Exocytosis?
Ans. Some unwanted material is disposed of from the cell membrane called exocytosis.
Reference book- Pradeep's Biology Text Book .
5. 5/5
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