The BLOOD

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Ned
The BLOOD?
easylearningwithned.blogspot.com/2022/12/the-blood.html
Blood is a type of connective tissue fluid, which is continuously flowing in the body to
provide all the essential needs to the organs or body. Blood is also known as the river of
life. Blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated. Oxygenated blood (carry oxygen)color is
bright red and the deoxygenated blood (carry carbon dioxide) color is purple. The specific
gravity is 1.06 and the pH of blood is 7.4. It is mildly alkaline.
The study of Blood is known as Hematology.
Blood consists of two parts, one is plasma and the other is cell part. The presence of
plasma is 55% and the presence of cell parts is 45%.
BLOOD
Plasma- is a light yellowish fluid. It consists 90% of water, 7% protein, 1% inorganic salt
and 2% waste products, dissolved gases , food material, Regulatory substance and
anticoagulant. Plasma takes up and loses these materials through the capillaries. It
transfers from one place to another place in the body.
1) Protein- There are a number of proteins present in plasma like albumin, globulin and
fibrinogen.
a) Albumin- the main function of albumin is to maintain the osmotic pressure of
intravascular space. It helps to transport the hormones, calcium, bilirubin and fatty acids
to the body and maintain the acid base balance. The presence of albumin in plasma is
58%.

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b) Globulin- the main function of globulin is to form antibodies against foreign particles or
antigens. These antibodies stop the activity of antigens. Some Globulin are called
immunoglobulins. It protects the body from microorganisms or toxins. Globulin also helps
to transport the insulin. The presence of globulin in the plasma is 38%.
c) Fibrinogen- the main function of fibrinogen is to stop the bleeding by converting
fibrinogen to fibrin. When the body is injured fibrinogen triggers and makes clot to stop
the excess blood loss. The presence of fibrinogen in plasma is 4%.
2) Inorganic salt- Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, iron, manganese , phosphate
these are the inorganic salts present in the plasma. It maintains the body's balance.
3) 2% waste product- Urea, uric acid, creatinine and ammonia these are the waste
products present in the plasma. It originates from the kidney. The high amount of waste
product causes kidney problems.
4) Dissolved gases- oxygen, carbon-dioxide, nitrogen these are dissolved gases present
in plasma.
5) Food material- Amino acid , glucose, fatty acid and triglycerides are the food material
present in the plasma. It gives energy to the body but if the amount of food material
increases it causes many diseases like diabetes. If the glucose level rise higher than
normal range it causes hyperglycemia and if the glucose level goes too down it causes
hypoglycemia.
6) Regulatory substance- hormones, vitamins and enzymes are regulatory substances
present in the plasma.
7) Anticoagulant- The anticoagulant heparin present in the plasma. It helps to prevent
unwanted clotting in the body. It stops the formation of fibrin.
Cells- In blood, cells are divided into three parts-
i) Red blood cells
ii) White blood cells
iii) Platelets cells
Red blood cells- These are the most essential cells in the body. Its main function is to
provide oxygen to the body. The normal range of red blood cells is 5 to 4.5 million RBCs
per cubic millimeter. These cells carry a pigment known as hemoglobin and this
hemoglobin carries the oxygen. Hemoglobin is a color carrying pigment and it give red
color to the blood.
Shape- The normal shape of Red blood cells is a biconcave disc. But there are also
some other shapes like Sickle cells, Macrocyte, Microcyte, tear drop cell, target cell and
acanthocytes. These are some abnormal shapes of red blood cells.

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Size- the size of normal red blood cells is 7-8 micrometer in diameter and 2 micrometer
thick near the rim. But some cells are big in size like macrocytic cells and some cells are
small in size like microcytic cells.
Lifespan of a Red Blood Cell in blood is about 120 days. It forms in the liver and spleen
in the fetus. After birth it forms in red bone marrow.
White blood cells- White blood cells are fighters cells of our body. They did not contain
hemoglobin. White blood cells are also known as total leucocytes cells The normal range
of white blood cells is 4 thousand to 10 thousand. If the WBCs rise higher than normal
range in the blood it causes leukocytosis. If the WBCs fall down than normal range it
causes leukopenia.
Shape and Size- Shape of white blood cell is rounded or irregular and the size of white
blood cells are from 12 to 20micrometer.

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CELLs
The life span of White Blood cells in blood is 3-4 days only. It formed in lymph nodes,
spleen, thymus, and red bone marrow.
They are different in 2 Parts.
1) Granulocytes - are the type of WBCs which contain granules in it. These are three
types - Neutrophil, eosinophil, Basophil.
a) Neutrophil- are a granulocyte WBC, which have many lobes. The normal range of
neutrophil is 40% - 80%. When any bacteria or any virus enter the body, neutrophils fight
with them to defend the body.
b) Eosinophil- are 2- lobed granulocytes WBC. The normal range of eosinophil is 1%-
6%. If the body gets any parasitic infection, the eosinophil rises.
c) Basophil- are 3-lobed granulocytes WBC. The normal range of basophil is 0% - 2%.
These cells defend our body from allergens.
2) Agranulocytes- are the types of WBCs which have no granules. these are two types-
Lymphocyte, Monocyte
a) Lymphocytes- are the rounded agranulocyte WBCs, its nucleus covers most of the
cell part. It arises when the body gets any infection. Also, Lymphocytes help to kill the
cancer cells. The normal range of lymphocytes is 20% - 40%.
b) Monocytes- are the beaned shape agranulocyte WBCs. This is the biggest cell in all
white blood cells. Its function is to surround the foreign particle and engulf them. They are
phagocytic in action. The normal range of monocytes is 2%-10%.
Platelets- Platelets are non nucleated cells. It also did not contain hemoglobin. These are
round, disc-like bodies and are only 2-5 micrometer wide. The normal range of platelets is
1 lakh 50 thousand - 4 lakh. If the range of platelets arise higher than normal it causes
thrombocytosis, but if the platelets range fall down than normal range it causes
thrombocytopenia.
The life span of platelets in blood is 3-7 days only. It formed in Red bone marrow.
Platelets makes clot, that help to stop the flow of blood if we get any injury.
Functions-
Blood provides all essential needs to the whole body.
1) Red blood cells provide the oxygen to the body and carry the carbon dioxide for
removal from the body.

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2) White blood cells are the fighters of our body. They fight with all foreign substances or
any antigens that come from outside. It makes our health good.
3) Platelets help to stop the unwanted bleeding.
Some Important Questions:-
1) What is Thrombocytosis?
Ans. When the platelets cells arise higher than normal range in the blood it is called
thrombocytosis.
2) Which cells help to fight the foreign substance?
Ans. WBCs help to fight the foreign substances.
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