Cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. It was first observed by Robert Hooke in 1665 under a microscope where he saw compartments in cork and named them 'cells'. Key parts of the cell include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and a nucleus. Cells can be either prokaryotic with no nucleus or eukaryotic with a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. Cells come in different shapes and sizes and perform specialized functions depending on their type.
Cell basic unit of life Biology Chapter No 4Sajjad Mirani
This Slide Contain All Basic Terms and Detail Of Cell With Pictures New Course Of Sindh Text Book Board
By Sajjad Hussain Mirani Sindh University Jamshoro
Cell basic unit of life Biology Chapter No 4Sajjad Mirani
This Slide Contain All Basic Terms and Detail Of Cell With Pictures New Course Of Sindh Text Book Board
By Sajjad Hussain Mirani Sindh University Jamshoro
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
easylearningwithned.blogspot.com-What is CELL Discovery Types structure and Functions of cell.pdf
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Ned
What is CELL? Discovery, Types, structure and
Functions of cell?
easylearningwithned.blogspot.com/2022/11/what-is-cell-discovery-types-structure.html
Cell is the basic unit of living organism. It is a small mass of cytoplasm (fluid present
inside the cell) containing nucleus with functional organelles and these organelles are
covered by cell membrane either single membrane or double membrane.
A double membrane cell
Discovery-
In 1665, Scientist ROBERT HOOKE examined thin slice of cork under a primitive
microscope. This microscope was assembled by Robert Hooke itself. He saw small,
empty space or compartments and called them cellulae. Now the term is refer as Cells.
From 1675 to 1680, Anton von Leeuwenhoek designed the simple microscope and
studied many of cells like sperm cells, bacteria, red blood cells and protozoan. He was a
Dutch merchant and pursued microscopy as a hobby. In 1772, Alfonso corti noted the
living material in the cell. The nucleus of cell is discovered by Robert Brown in 1831 and
he also found that the cell is surrounded by a membrane that is cell membrane.
The study of cell is known as Cytology.
Life exists only in cells. The physical structure, chemical composition and basic metabolic
reaction of all cells are same. The organism contains single cell only called unicellular
organism. Example Amoeba. On the other side if, the organism are made up by numbers
of cells known as multicellular example animal cells.
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Unicellular organisms- The organisms have only single cell is known as unicellular. A
single cell carries all their life functions, so that its life span is short. If cell get injured it
cannot be recovered, it lead to death of the organism. Example of unicellular is Amoeba,
Paramecium, Euglena, Yeast.
Multicellular Organisms- the organisms have more than one cells is known as
multicellular organisms. All cells divide their work, so that its life span is more than
unicellular organisms. If cell get injured it did not lead to death of organism. Some dead
cells can keep functioning. Example of multicellular organism is Human, Plants, Animal.
Types of cells- Cells are basically two types.
1) Prokaryotic Cells
2) Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells- are the most primitive cells, about 3.5 billion years ago. These are
single membrane system and no membrane enveloping on the genetic material. Its
membrane bears respiratory enzymes and may enfold to form mesosomas. Cell
membrane control the movement of molecules from in to out of the cell. In prokaryotic
cells the 70S ribosomes presents. It may be lie free in the cytoplasm or attached on the
cell membrane.
The general size of prokaryotic cells is 1 to 10micrometer and they have different types of
shapes like Sphere, Commas, Rods, Helices.
forms of bacteria
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1) Spheres- Cocci
2) Commas - Vibrio's
3) Rods - Bacilli
4) Helices - Spirillum
Prokaryotic cells are occurred in Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasmas, Chlamydia's
and Rickettsia's. Bacteria is observed under the microscope by stained it using gram
stain. If bacteria retain the stain that known as Gram positive bacteria and if it loses the
stain it known as gram negative bacteria.
A Bacteria
Cell Membrane:- Three types of layers present on gram negative bacteria.
i) The first layer of bacteria is coated with a slime layer and capsule. This slime layer and
capsule are formed of polysaccharides, but also contain polypeptide. This layer protects
the cell from any virus attack. It did not allow to retain the stain.
ii) Then the second layer is cell wall, it maintains its shape and structure of cell. It
prevents bursting of cells. It consists with peptidoglycan cross linked by short- peptides.
Small thread like Pili attached with cell wall. It helps bacteria to attached on surface.
iii) The third layer is cell membrane, it maintains the movement of material in and out and
bears respiratory enzymes. It also holds receptor molecules to detect chemical in the
surroundings.
Cytoplasm:-
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i) The cytoplasm contain only Ribosomes as a organelle. 70s Ribosomes are present in it.
It may be present freely or in group. The ribosomes in group known as polysomes.
ii) The cytoplasm also contain biosynthetic enzymes that is transfer RNA (tRNAs) and
mRNAs.
iii) It contain variety of organic and inorganic molecules like fat droplets, protein droplets.
iv) Some gas vacuoles move freely in prokaryotic cells.
The tail like Solid flagellum is originate from cytoplasm. Its one end is inside the
cytoplasm and the other end is move freely outside the environment. It provide the
motility to the organism.
Nucleus:-
The genetic material lie directly in the cytoplasm without any envelope and the shape of
genetic material is circular and Helical. These cells have only one copy of chromosome.
Eukaryotic cells- have double-membrane system. First membrane surrounds the cell
and second membrane surround the nucleus. Its cell membrane lacks the respiratory
enzymes. 80S ribosomes are present in eukaryotic cells. These ribosomes lie freely or
attached to endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. Most of Eukaryotic are sexual
organisms and they are great in size. The range of eukaryotic cell size is about 10 to
100micrometer and the Shape of eukaryotic cell is may be:-
oval, spherical, disc-like, cuboidal, columnar, spindle like, irregular.
The Eukaryotic cells are occurred in algae, fungi, plants and animals.
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Shapes of cells
Animal cell is observed under electron microscope.
Cell Membrane:-
Animal cell contains number of organelles and covered with thin, flexible, cell membrane.
This cell membrane maintains the shape of cell, protect from any virus attack and allow
the movement of material inside or outside by exocytosis, pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
Microvilli are present on cell membrane for the secretion or adsorption.
Cytoplasm:-Inside the cell membrane, the cytoplasm contains all organelles like
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Golgi complex
Lysosomes
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Centrosome
Microfilaments
Intermediate fibers
Microtubules
Microbodies
Ribosomes.
These all organelles keep their functions.
Nucleus:-
The Nucleus present center of the cytoplasm, so that it called controller of cell. It covered
with nuclear envelope known as second membrane and the fluidic part present inside the
nuclear membrane is known as nucleoplasm. Nucleus contain chromosomes and
nucleolus. This nucleolus is known as small nucleus, which synthesize and store the
RNA. The shape of genetic material is linear and circular.
Function of cell:-
1) Cell provide the shape of body.
2) It control the movement of material.
3) It maintain homeostasis.
4) It store the genetic information.
5) Some cells may die but still keep functioning. Example- Xylem vessels and horny cells.
Some Important Questions
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Q1) Who introduced the term Cell?
Ans- Scientist ROBERT HOOKE introduced the term cell.
Q2) Who discovered the Nucleus?
Ans- ROBERT BROWN discovered the nucleus.
Q3) What is the control center of cell?
Ans- Nucleus is the control center of the cell.
Q4) Where is nucleolus found and what is its another name?
Ans- Nucleolus found in nucleus and the other name of nucleolus is small nucleus.
Who is the Father of Biology ?
What is the unit of Living organism ?